This study presents data from 27 academic and research libraries about how they obtain journal articles when they lack a subscription to the needed publication, and purchase articles through inter-library loan, direct from publisher websites, through ala carte services or rights clearing agencies. The study also looks at how these libraries satisfy some of their demand through free or open access services such as Research Gate, Google Scholar, digital repositories and other services.
The report gives detailed data on spending on ala carte journal articles for 2019-20 and projected for 2020-21 and gives similar data for spending on Copyright Clearance Center, downloads directly from publisher websites, as well as spending trends for on interlibrary loan services. Survey participants also provide data on their use of a range of free and open access services and give advice to their peers on general strategies for ala carte purchasing.
Data in the report is broken out for academic and other research libraries, by size and enrollment level of an educational institution, and by other useful variables.
Just of few of this 52-page report’s many findings are that:
- Nearly 56% of organizations surveyed plan to increase their ala carte spending on scholarly journal articles ala carte in the absence of subscriptions
- Traditional alternatives to subscriptions such as Google Scholar, digital repositories and inter-library loan satisfy about 75% of demand for scholarly journal articles in the absence of subscriptions but a lower percentage for the most research oriented institutions.
- Annual mean spending on articles downloaded from publisher websites was more than $6,000
Table of Contents
1. PARTICIPANTS LIST
- Characteristics of the Sample
2. SUMMARY OF MAIN FINDINGS
- Purchasing Plans for Journal Articles Ala Carte
- Spending on Journal Articles without a Subscription
- Purchases for Ongoing vs. Temporary Access
- Spending on Content from Copyright Clearance Center, 2019-20 & 2020-21
- Spending on Inter-Library Loan, 2019-20 & 2020-21
- Spending on Articles Downloaded from Publisher Websites
- Plans for Future Purchases of Articles Ala Carte
- Level of Success in Fulfilling Requests for Journal Articles After Subscription Cancellations
- Percentage of Article Demand Satisfied by Inter-Library Loan
- Percentage of Article Demand Satisfied by Digital and Pre-print Repositories
- Percentage of Article Demand Satisfied by Google Scholar
- Percentage of Article Demand Satisfied by ResearchGate
- Advice for Peers
List of Tables
Table 1.1 To what extent is the following statement true of your college or university: We plan to purchase fewer journals in bundled or mega journal packages and save money by purchasing individual titles ala carte.
Table 1.2 To what extent is the following statement true of your college or university: We plan to purchase fewer journals in bundled or mega journal packages and save money by purchasing individual titles ala carte. Broken out by tuition, $
Table 1.3 To what extent is the following statement true of your college or university: We plan to purchase fewer journals in bundled or mega journal packages and save money by purchasing individual titles ala carte. Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 1.4 To what extent is the following statement true of your college or university: We plan to purchase fewer journals in bundled or mega journal packages and save money by purchasing individual titles ala carte. Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 1.5 To what extent is the following statement true of your college or university: We plan to purchase fewer journals in bundled or mega journal packages and save money by purchasing individual titles ala carte. Broken out by enrollment
Table 2 Apart from spending on inter-library loan, how much did your library spend (in US $) in each of the following years for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Note that for this and subsequent questions 2019-20 and other annual year citations refer to a single academic or fiscal year.
Table 2.1.1 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2019-2020 for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription?
Table 2.1.2 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2019-2020 for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 2.1.3 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2019-2020 for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 2.1.4 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2019-2020 for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 2.1.5 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2019-2020 for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Broken out by enrollment
Table 2.2.1 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2020-2021 (estimated) for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription?
Table 2.2.2 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2020-2021 (estimated) for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 2.2.3 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2020-2021 (estimated) for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 2.2.4 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2020-2021 (estimated) for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 2.2.5 How much did your library spend (in US $) in 2020-2021 (estimated) for journal articles purchased individually in any format that did not involve a subscription? Broken out by enrollment
Table 3 As an estimate, about what percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without subscription are for ongoing as opposed to just temporary access?
Table 3.1.1 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for ongoing access?
Table 3.1.2 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for ongoing access? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 3.1.3 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for ongoing access? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 3.1.4 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for ongoing access? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 3.1.5 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for ongoing access? Broken out by enrollment
Table 3.2.1 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for temporary access?
Table 3.2.2 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for temporary access? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 3.2.3 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for temporary access? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 3.2.4 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for temporary access? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 3.2.5 What percentage of the articles or journal titles that the library purchases without a subscription are for temporary access? Broken out by enrollment
Table 4 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in each of the following years?
Table 4.1.1 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2019-20?
Table 4.1.2 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2019-20? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 4.1.3 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2019-20? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 4.1.4 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2019-20? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 4.1.5 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2019-20? Broken out by enrollment
Table 4.2.1 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2020-21?
Table 4.2.2 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2020-21? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 4.2.3 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2020-21? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 4.2.4 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2020-21? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 4.2.5 How much did the library spend (in US $) licensing content from Copyright Clearance Center or other rights clearinghouses in 2020-21? Broken out by enrollment
Table 5 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan for each of the following periods?
Table 5.1.1 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2019-2020?
Table 5.1.2 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2019-2020? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 5.1.3 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2019-2020? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 5.1.4 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2019-2020? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 5.1.5 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2019-2020? Broken out by enrollment
Table 5.2.1 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2020-2021?
Table 5.2.2 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2020-2021? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 5.2.3 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2020-2021? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 5.2.4 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2020-2021? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 5.2.5 What was the library's approximate spending (in US $), apart from salaries and benefits, on inter-library loan in 2020-2021? Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.1 About how much would you say that the library spends (in US $) annually on articles or single issues of journals downloaded from publisher websites?
Table 6.2 About how much would you say that the library spends (in US $) annually on articles or single issues of journals downloaded from publisher websites? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 6.3 About how much would you say that the library spends (in US $) annually on articles or single issues of journals downloaded from publisher websites? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 6.4 About how much would you say that the library spends (in US $) annually on articles or single issues of journals downloaded from publisher websites? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 6.5 About how much would you say that the library spends (in US $) annually on articles or single issues of journals downloaded from publisher websites? Broken out by enrollment
Does the library plan to increase spending on ala carte or by the article or issue of journal article, and if so, by how much, and what avenues will you use to do so? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 7.1 In the past when the library has cancelled journals titles, about what percentage of requests for access to these journals has been satisfied through other options such as interlibrary loan, use of digital repositories and other open access sources, or use of aggregator databases?
Table 7.2 In the past when the library has cancelled journals titles, about what percentage of requests for access to these journals has been satisfied through other options such as interlibrary loan, use of digital repositories and other open access sources, or use of aggregator databases. Broken out by tuition, $
Table 7.3 In the past when the library has cancelled journals titles, about what percentage of requests for access to these journals has been satisfied through other options such as interlibrary loan, use of digital repositories and other open access sources, or use of aggregator databases. Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 7.4 In the past when the library has cancelled journals titles, about what percentage of requests for access to these journals has been satisfied through other options such as interlibrary loan, use of digital repositories and other open access sources, or use of aggregator databases. Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 7.5 In the past when the library has cancelled journals titles, about what percentage of requests for access to these journals has been satisfied through other options such as interlibrary loan, use of digital repositories and other open access sources, or use of aggregator databases. Broken out by enrollment
Table 8 About what percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by each of the following sources?
Table 8.1.1 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by Inter-library loan?
Table 8.1.2 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by Inter-library loan? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 8.1.3 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by Inter-library loan? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 8.1.4 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by Inter-library loan? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 8.1.5 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by Inter-library loan? Broken out by enrollment
Table 8.2.1 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by digital and pre-print repositories?
Table 8.2.2 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by digital and pre-print repositories? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 8.2.3 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by digital and pre-print repositories? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 8.2.4 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by digital and pre-print repositories? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 8.2.5 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by digital and pre-print repositories? Broken out by enrollment
Table 8.3.1 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from Google Scholar?
Table 8.3.2 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from Google Scholar? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 8.3.3 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from Google Scholar? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 8.3.4 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from Google Scholar? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 8.3.5 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from Google Scholar? Broken out by enrollment
Table 8.4.1 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from ResearchGate?
Table 8.4.2 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from ResearchGate? Broken out by tuition, $
Table 8.4.3 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from ResearchGate? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Table 8.4.4 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from ResearchGate? Broken out for public and private colleges
Table 8.4.5 What percentage of faculty demand for articles from journals to which the library does not maintain subscriptions can be satisfied by full text from ResearchGate? Broken out by enrollment
What advice can you offer to your peers on measures to take to insure access to journals to which the library does not subscribe? Broken out by Carnegie class or type of institution
Samples
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Companies Mentioned
- American International College
- American Museum of Natural History
- Asian Art Museum -- C. Laan Chun Library
- Brackett Library - Harding University
- Bryan College
- CA Western School of Law
- Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Case Western Reserve University, Case School of Law - Law Library
- Central Community College
- College of DuPage
- Collin College
- Duquesne University
- Eastern Nazarene College
- EXANE BNPP
- Forschungszentrum Jülich
- Gateway Seminary
- Houston Graduate School of Theology
- Livingstone College
- Montana State University
- New College
- Northwest College
- Rhodes College - Barret Library
- Saint Vincent College and Seminary
- South Dakota State University
- Southern Utah Univ
- St. Francis Hospital
- US Coast Guard Academy
Methodology
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