EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America - 3rd Edition

Table of Contents

 Executive Summary

1 EV Charging in Europe and North America
1.1 EV charging infrastructure in Europe
1.2 EV charging infrastructure in North America
1.3 The electric vehicle market
1.3.1 Vehicle types
1.3.2 The electric vehicle market in Europe
1.3.3 The electric vehicle market in North America
1.4 Market players
1.4.1 Charge point operators (CPOs)
1.4.2 Mobility service providers (MSPs)
1.4.3 Hardware and software providers

2 Charging Technologies and Standards
2.1 Electric vehicle charging
2.1.1 AC and DC
2.1.2 Charging modes and levels
2.1.3 Battery capacity and charging time
2.2 Connector Standards
2.2.1 Type 1/SAE J1772
2.2.2 Type 2
2.2.3 Combined charging system (CCS)
2.2.4 CHAdeMO
2.2.5 North American Charging Standard (Tesla)
2.2.6 GB/T
2.3 Connectivity and management software
2.3.1 Cellular IoT gateways, routers and modems
2.3.2 The open charge point protocol (OCPP)
2.3.3 Charging station management software
2.4 Payment solutions
2.4.1 Mobile payments and RFID tags
2.4.2 ISO 15118
2.4.3 Autocharge
2.4.4 Payment terminals

3  Charge Point Operators
3.1 Europe
3.1.1 Allego
3.1.2 Atlante
3.1.3 Be Charge
3.1.4 Bouygues Energies and Services (Bouygues Construction)
3.1.5 BP Pulse
3.1.6 CEZ Group
3.1.7 E.ON Group
3.1.8 EnBW
3.1.9 Eneco eMobility
3.1.10 Enel X (Enel Group)
3.1.11 ESB Group
3.1.12 Fastned
3.1.13 Freshmile
3.1.14 Iberdrola Group
3.1.15 InstaVolt
3.1.16 Ionity
3.1.17 Izivia (EDF)
3.1.18 Jolt Energy
3.1.19 Mer (Statkraft)
3.1.20 Power Dot
3.1.21 Recharge
3.1.22 Shell Recharge Solutions
3.1.23 TotalEnergies
3.1.24 Vattenfall Group
3.2 North America
3.2.1 Blink Charging
3.2.2 Electrify America
3.2.3 Electrify Canada
3.2.4 EVgo
3.2.5 Francis Energy
3.2.6 Hydro-Québec
3.2.7 Tesla
3.2.8 Volta Charging

4 Hardware and Software Providers
4.1 Europe
4.1.1 ABB
4.1.2 ABL
4.1.3 ADS-TEC Energy
4.1.4 Alfen
4.1.5 Alpitronic
4.1.6 Amina Charging
4.1.7 AMPECO
4.1.8 Charge Amps
4.1.9 Chargecloud
4.1.10 ChargeNode
4.1.11 Circontrol
4.1.12 Compleo Charging Solutions
4.1.13 CTEK
4.1.14 DBT Group
4.1.15 Driivz
4.1.16 Easee
4.1.17 Eaton
4.1.18 Ecotap (Legrand)
4.1.19 Efacec
4.1.20 Ekoenergetyka
4.1.21 Elli
4.1.22 eNovates
4.1.23 Ensto Building Systems (Legrand)
4.1.24 E-Totem
4.1.25 EO Charging
4.1.26 Etrel
4.1.27 EVBox (ENGIE)
4.1.28 Evtec
4.1.29 Fortum
4.1.30 Garo
4.1.31 Gnrgy
4.1.32 GreenFlux
4.1.33 Heidelberg Amperfied (Heidelberg Druckmaschinen)
4.1.34 Ingeteam
4.1.35 IES Synergy
4.1.36 Juice Technology
4.1.37 KEBA
4.1.38 Kempower
4.1.39 Kostad
4.1.40 L-Charge
4.1.41 Last Mile Solutions
4.1.42 Mennekes Group
4.1.43 Pod Point (EDF)
4.1.44 Rolec Services
4.1.45 Schneider Electric
4.1.46 Siemens
4.1.47 Smartlab
4.1.48 Teltonika
4.1.49 Tritium
4.1.50 Virta
4.1.51 Wallbox
4.1.52 Webasto
4.1.53 Wirelane
4.1.54 Zaptec
4.2 North America
4.2.1 Flo
4.2.2 BorgWarner
4.2.3 BTC Power (E.ON)
4.2.4 ChargePoint
4.2.5 ClipperCreek
4.2.6 Delta Electronics
4.2.7 Elmec
4.2.8 EV Connect
4.2.9 EvoCharge (Phillips & Temro)
4.2.10 EVPassport
4.2.11 FreeWire Technologies
4.2.12 InductEV
4.2.13 SemaConnect
4.2.14 SK Signet
4.3 Additional hardware vendors

5 Market Analysis and Trends
5.1 Market analysis
5.1.1 Market forecast
5.1.2 Regional market analysis
5.1.3 Government incentives and investments
5.2 Value chain analysis
5.2.1 EV charging hardware vendors
5.2.2 Software providers and charge point operators
5.2.3 Automotive industry players
5.2.4 Mergers and acquisitions
5.3 Market trends
5.3.1 The electric vehicle market continues to grow in spite of market uncertainty
5.3.2 The business case for connected charging stations continues to improve
5.3.3 M&As drive consolidation in the EV charging landscape
5.3.4 Going public gives access to growth capital
5.3.5 Demand for public and destination charging to increase rapidly in Europe
5.3.6 Open architectures alter the EV charging value chain
5.3.7 A modular design improves the case for DC charging
5.3.8 Car OEMs offer MSP services to lower barriers to EV adoption
5.3.9 Fast charging to move to more urban locations
5.3.10 Heavy commercial vehicle charging emerges as a new segment

Glossary

List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Public normal and fast charging points (EU22+3 2021)  
Figure 1.2: BEVs per public normal and fast charging points (EU22+3 in 2021)  
Figure 1.3: Normal and fast charging points (North America 2021) 
Figure 1.4: Electric vehicles per normal and fast charging points (North America 2021) 
Figure 1.5: Registered electric vehicles and new registrations (EU22+3 2021)  
Figure 1.6: Registered electric vehicles and sales (North America 2021) 
Figure 2.1: Charging using alternating current (left) and direct current (right) 
Figure 2.2: Charging modes 
Figure 2.3: Charging levels 
Figure 2.4: Examples of battery capacity for different car models 
Figure 2.5: Theoretical charging times for a 90-kWh battery 
Figure 2.6: Connector standards by geographical region 
Figure 2.7: Common features in cellular IoT gateways and routers 
Figure 2.8: Examples of routers used in EV charging applications  
Figure 2.9: Overview of a cluster configuration 
Figure 2.10: Example of a dashboard for management of charging operations 
Figure 2.11: Example of RFID card and tag  
Figure 2.12: Examples of payment terminals for EV charging stations 
Figure 3.1: An Allego fast charging location 
Figure 3.2: Enel X’s Juicebox 
Figure 3.3: A Fastned charging location 
Figure 3.4: An Ionity charging site 
Figure 3.5: Jolt’s MerlinOne mobile charger and swap truck 
Figure 3.6: Shell Recharge Solutions’ charger for businesses 
Figure 3.7: A Francis Energy charging station  
Figure 3.8: Tesla’s Supercharger  
Figure 3.9: Tesla’s Wall Connector 
Figure 3.10: Charging station from Volta Charging  
Figure 4.1: The Terra AC wallbox and Terra 360 from ABB  
Figure 4.2: ADS-TEC Energy’s ChargePost and ChargeBox options and dispenser  
Figure 4.3: The Hypercharger HYC300 
Figure 4.4: The wallbox from Amina Charging 
Figure 4.5: The Raption 400 and Raption 150 Compact chargers 
Figure 4.6: Chargestorm Connected and Njord Go on a wall mount from CTEK 
Figure 4.7: Easee’s wallbox charger 
Figure 4.8: Ecotap’s Homebox and DC150/180 chargers 
Figure 4.9: The Ensto One and Media chargers 
Figure 4.10: The INCH Pro from Etrel 
Figure 4.11: Troniq Modular and BusinessLine Double from EVBox 
Figure 4.12: Juice Booster 3 with connector and adapters 
Figure 4.13: KeContact P30 from KEBA 
Figure 4.14: Kempower Satellite and Station Charger
Figure 4.15: Unity22 and Unity360 from Kostad 
Figure 4.16: E-mobility Gateway and Amtron Compact from Mennekes 
Figure 4.17: Siemens VersiCharge wallbox 
Figure 4.18: Teltonika’s TeltoCharge  
Figure 4.19: The Tritium RT50 
Figure 4.20: Quasar 2 from Wallbox 
Figure 4.21: Next and TurboDX from Webasto 
Figure 4.22: BTC Power’s Gen 4 and 350 kW Dispenser unit 
Figure 4.23: ChargePoint Home and Express 
Figure 4.24: Overview of SemaConnect’s offering 
Figure 4.25: Additional hardware suppliers 
Figure 5.1: Installed base and shipments of charging points (Europe 2021-2026) 
Figure 5.2: Connected charging points by technology (Europe 2021-2026) 
Figure 5.3: Installed base and shipments of charging points (North America 2021-2026) 
Figure 5.4: Connected charging points by technology (North America 2021-2026) 
Figure 5.5: Policies active in major electric vehicle countries in Europe (Q4-2022) 
Figure 5.6: Installed base of charging points by vendor (Europe Q4-2022)  
Figure 5.7: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (Europe Q4-2022) 
Figure 5.8: Installed base of charging points by vendor (North America Q4-2022) 
Figure 5.9: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (North America Q4-2022)  
Figure 5.10: Connected charging points by software vendor (Europe Q4-2022)  
Figure 5.11: Connected charging points by software vendor (North America Q4-2022) 
Figure 5.12: Public charging networks (North America January 2022)  
Figure 5.13: Public DC charging networks (North America January 2022) 
Figure 5.14: M&As among companies active in EV charging (2017-2023) 
Figure 5.15: lPOs and listings via SPAC mergers (2014-2022)  
 

Samples

• ABB
• ABL
• ADS-TEC Energy
• Alfen
• Allego
• Alpitronic
• Amina Charging
• AMPECO
• Atlante
• Be Charge
• Blink Charging
• BorgWarner
• Bouygues Energies and Services (Bouygues Construction)
• BP Pulse
• BTC Power (E.ON)
• CEZ Group
• Charge Amps
• Chargecloud
• ChargeNode
• ChargePoint 
• Circontrol
• ClipperCreek
• Compleo Charging Solutions
• CTEK
• DBT Group
• Delta Electronics
• Driivz
• E-Totem
• E.ON Group
• Easee
• Eaton
• Ecotap (Legrand)
• Efacec
• Ekoenergetyka
• Electrify America
• Electrify Canada
• Elli
• Elmec
• EnBW
• Eneco eMobility
• Enel X (Enel Group)
• eNovates
• Ensto Building Systems (Legrand)
• EO Charging
• ESB Group
• Etrel
• EV Connect
• EVBox (Engie) 
• EVgo
• EvoCharge (Phillips & Temro)
• EVPassport
• Evtec
• Fastned
• Flo
• Fortum
• Francis Energy
• FreeWire Technologies
• Freshmile
• Garo
• Gnrgy
• GreenFlux
• Greenflux 
• Heidelberg Amperfied (Heidelberg Druckmaschinen)
• Hydro-Québec
• Iberdrola Group
• IES Synergy
• InductEV
• Ingeteam
• Innogy 
• InstaVolt
• Ionity
• Izivia (EDF)
• Jolt Energy
• Juice Technology
• KEBA
• Kempower
• Kostad
• L-Charge
• Last Mile Solutions
• Mennekes Group
• Mer (Statkraft)
• Pod Point (EDF)
• Pod Point and Zaptec 
• Power Dot
• Recharge
• Rolec Services
• Schneider Electric
• SemaConnect
• Shell Recharge Solutions 
• Siemens
• SK Signet
• Smartlab
• Teltonika
• Tesla
• TotalEnergies
• Tritium
• Vattenfall Group
• Virta
• Volta Charging
• Wallbox
• Webasto
• Wirelane
• Zaptec

Methodology