The Global Market for Bioplastics 2024-2034

2.1 BIOREFINERIES
2.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
2.3 PLANT-BASED
2.3.1 STARCH
2.3.1.1 Overview
2.3.1.2 Sources
2.3.1.3 Global production
2.3.1.4 Lysine
2.3.1.4.1 Source
2.3.1.4.2 Applications
2.3.1.4.3 Global production
2.3.1.5 Glucose
2.3.1.5.1 HMDA
2.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.2 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
2.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
2.3.1.5.3.1 Isosorbide
2.3.1.5.3.1.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.3.1.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.3.1.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.3.1.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
2.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
2.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
2.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
2.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
2.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.6 3-HP
2.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
2.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
2.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
2.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
2.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.7.5.3 Gobal production
2.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
2.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
2.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.8.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.8.3 Caprolactame
2.3.1.5.8.3.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.8.3.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.8.3.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
2.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.9.5 p-Xylene
2.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.9.5.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.9.5.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.9.5.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.9.5.5 Terephthalic acid
2.3.1.5.9.5.6 Overview
2.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
2.3.1.5.10.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.11 Monoethylene glycol (MEG)
2.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
2.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
2.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
2.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
2.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
2.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
2.3.2.1 Saccharose
2.3.2.1.1 Aniline
2.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2 Fructose
2.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
2.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
2.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
2.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
2.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
2.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
2.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
2.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
2.3.3.1.1 Overview
2.3.3.1.2 Applications
2.3.3.1.3 Global production
2.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
2.3.3.2.1 Overview
2.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
2.3.3.2.3 Global production
2.3.3.2.4 Furfural
2.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
2.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
2.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
2.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
2.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
2.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
2.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
2.3.3.3 Lignin
2.3.3.3.1 Overview
2.3.3.3.2 Sources
2.3.3.3.3 Applications
2.3.3.3.3.1 Aromatic compounds
2.3.3.3.3.1.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
2.3.3.3.3.1.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
2.3.3.3.3.1.3 Vanillin
2.3.3.3.3.2 Polymers
2.3.3.3.4 Global production
2.3.4 PLANT OILS
2.3.4.1 Overview
2.3.4.2 Glycerol
2.3.4.2.1 Overview
2.3.4.2.2 Applications
2.3.4.2.3 Global production
2.3.4.2.4 MPG
2.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
2.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
2.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
2.3.4.2.5 ECH
2.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
2.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
2.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
2.3.4.3 Fatty acids
2.3.4.3.1 Overview
2.3.4.3.2 Applications
2.3.4.3.3 Global production
2.3.4.4 Castor oil
2.3.4.4.1 Overview
2.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
2.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
2.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
2.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
2.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
2.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
2.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
2.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
2.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
2.3.4.5.1 Overview
2.3.4.5.2 Applications
2.3.4.5.3 Global production
2.3.4.6 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
2.3.4.6.1 Overview
2.3.4.6.2 Applications
2.3.4.6.3 Global production
2.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
2.3.5.1 Casein
2.3.5.1.1 Overview
2.3.5.1.2 Applications
2.3.5.1.3 Global production
2.4 WASTE
2.4.1 Food waste
2.4.1.1 Overview
2.4.1.2 Products and applications
2.4.1.2.1 Global production
2.4.2 Agricultural waste
2.4.2.1 Overview
2.4.2.2 Products and applications
2.4.2.3 Global production
2.4.3 Forestry waste
2.4.3.1 Overview
2.4.3.2 Products and applications
2.4.3.3 Global production
2.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
2.4.4.1 Overview
2.4.4.2 Products and applications
2.4.4.3 Global production
2.4.5 Municipal solid waste
2.4.5.1 Overview
2.4.5.2 Products and applications
2.4.5.3 Global production
2.4.6 Industrial waste
2.4.6.1 Overview
2.4.7 Waste oils
2.4.7.1 Overview
2.4.7.2 Products and applications
2.4.7.3 Global production
2.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
2.5.1 Microalgae
2.5.1.1 Overview
2.5.1.2 Products and applications
2.5.1.3 Global production
2.5.2 Macroalgae
2.5.2.1 Overview
2.5.2.2 Products and applications
2.5.2.3 Global production
2.5.3 Mineral sources
2.5.3.1 Overview
2.5.3.2 Products and applications
2.6 GASEOUS
2.6.1 Biogas
2.6.1.1 Overview
2.6.1.2 Products and applications
2.6.1.3 Global production
2.6.2 Syngas
2.6.2.1 Overview
2.6.2.2 Products and applications
2.6.2.3 Global production
2.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
2.6.3.1 Overview
2.6.3.2 Products and applications
2.7 COMPANY PROFILES 140 (115 company profiles)

3.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
3.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
3.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
3.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
3.2.1 Biodegradability
3.2.2 Compostability
3.3 TYPES
3.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
3.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
3.5.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
3.5.1.1 Market analysis
3.5.1.2 Production
3.5.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
3.5.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
3.5.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities
3.5.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.5.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
3.5.2.1 Market analysis
3.5.2.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.5.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
3.5.3.1 Market analysis
3.5.3.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.5.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
3.5.4.1 Market analysis
3.5.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
3.5.4.3 Producers and production capacities
3.5.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
3.5.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.5.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
3.5.5.1 Market analysis
3.5.5.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.5.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
3.5.6.1 Market analysis
3.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.5.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
3.5.7.1 Market analysis
3.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.5.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
3.5.8.1 Market analysis
3.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.5.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
3.5.9.1 Market analysis
3.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
3.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
3.6.1.1 Technology description
3.6.1.2 Types
3.6.1.2.1 PHB
3.6.1.2.2 PHBV
3.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
3.6.1.4 Market analysis
3.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
3.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
3.6.1.6.1 Packaging
3.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
3.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
3.6.1.6.3 Medical
3.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
3.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
3.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
3.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
3.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
3.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
3.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
3.6.2 Cellulose
3.6.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
3.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
3.6.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities
3.6.2.2 Nanocellulose
3.6.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
3.6.2.2.1.1 Synthesis
3.6.2.2.1.2 Properties
3.6.2.2.1.3 Production
3.6.2.2.1.4 Applications
3.6.2.2.1.5 Market analysis
3.6.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities
3.6.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers
3.6.2.2.2.1 Applications
3.6.2.2.2.2 Market analysis
3.6.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities
3.6.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
3.6.2.2.3.1 Production
3.6.2.2.3.2 Applications
3.6.3 Protein-based bioplastics
3.6.3.1 Types, applications and producers
3.6.4 Algal and fungal
3.6.4.1 Algal
3.6.4.1.1 Advantages
3.6.4.1.2 Production
3.6.4.1.3 Producers
3.6.4.2 Mycelium
3.6.4.2.1 Properties
3.6.4.2.2 Applications
3.6.4.2.3 Commercialization
3.6.5 Chitosan
3.6.5.1 Technology description
3.7 PRODUCTION OF BIO-BASED AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION
3.7.1 North America
3.7.2 Europe
3.7.3 Asia-Pacific
3.7.3.1 China
3.7.3.2 Japan
3.7.3.3 Thailand
3.7.3.4 Indonesia
3.7.4 Latin America
3.8 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS
3.8.1 Packaging
3.8.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
3.8.1.2 Applications
3.8.1.3 Flexible packaging
3.8.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.1.4 Rigid packaging
3.8.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.2 Consumer products
3.8.2.1 Applications
3.8.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.3 Automotive
3.8.3.1 Applications
3.8.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.4 Building & construction
3.8.4.1 Applications
3.8.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.5 Textiles
3.8.5.1 Apparel
3.8.5.2 Footwear
3.8.5.3 Medical textiles
3.8.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.6 Electronics
3.8.6.1 Applications
3.8.6.2 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.7 Agriculture and horticulture
3.8.7.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.9 NATURAL FIBERS
3.9.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
3.9.2 Advantages of natural fibers
3.9.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
3.9.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
3.9.5 Challenges
3.9.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
3.9.6.1 Seed fibers
3.9.6.1.1 Cotton
3.9.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.1.2 Kapok
3.9.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.1.3 Luffa
3.9.6.2 Bast fibers
3.9.6.2.1 Jute
3.9.6.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.2.2.1 Hemp
3.9.6.2.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.2.3 Flax
3.9.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.2.4 Ramie
3.9.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.2.5 Kenaf
3.9.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.3 Leaf fibers
3.9.6.3.1 Sisal
3.9.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.3.2 Abaca
3.9.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.4 Fruit fibers
3.9.6.4.1 Coir
3.9.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.4.2 Banana
3.9.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.4.3 Pineapple
3.9.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
3.9.6.5.1 Rice fiber
3.9.6.5.2 Corn
3.9.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
3.9.6.6.1 Switch grass
3.9.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
3.9.6.6.3 Bamboo
3.9.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
3.9.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
3.9.7.1 Wool
3.9.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
3.9.7.1.2 Producers
3.9.7.2 Silk fiber
3.9.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
3.9.7.2.1.1 Producers
3.9.7.3 Leather
3.9.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
3.9.7.3.1.1 Producers
3.9.7.4 Fur
3.9.7.4.1 Producers
3.9.7.5 Down
3.9.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
3.9.7.5.1.1 Producers
3.9.8 Markets for natural fibers
3.9.8.1 Composites
3.9.8.2 Applications
3.9.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
3.9.8.3.1 Properties
3.9.8.3.2 Applications
3.9.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
3.9.8.4.1 Automotive
3.9.8.4.2 Applications
3.9.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
3.9.8.6 Natural fiber bio-based polymer compounds
3.9.8.7 Natural fiber bio-based polymer non-woven mats
3.9.8.7.1 Flax
3.9.8.7.2 Kenaf
3.9.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
3.9.8.9 Aerospace
3.9.8.9.1 Market overview
3.9.8.10 Automotive
3.9.8.10.1 Market overview
3.9.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
3.9.8.11 Building/construction
3.9.8.11.1 Market overview
3.9.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers
3.9.8.12 Sports and leisure
3.9.8.12.1 Market overview
3.9.8.13 Textiles
3.9.8.13.1 Market overview
3.9.8.13.2 Consumer apparel
3.9.8.13.3 Geotextiles
3.9.8.14 Packaging
3.9.8.14.1 Market overview
3.9.9 Global production of natural fibers
3.9.9.1 Overall global fibers market
3.9.9.2 Plant-based fiber production
3.9.9.3 Animal-based natural fiber production
3.10 LIGNIN
3.10.1 Introduction
3.10.1.1 What is lignin?
3.10.1.1.1 Lignin structure
3.10.1.2 Types of lignin
3.10.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
3.10.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
3.10.1.3 Properties
3.10.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
3.10.1.5 Markets and applications
3.10.1.6 Challenges for using lignin
3.10.2 Lignin production processes
3.10.2.1 Lignosulphonates
3.10.2.2 Kraft Lignin
3.10.2.2.1 LignoBoost process
3.10.2.2.2 LignoForce method
3.10.2.2.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
3.10.2.2.4 A-Recovery
3.10.2.3 Soda lignin
3.10.2.4 Biorefinery lignin
3.10.2.4.1 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
3.10.2.5 Organosolv lignins
3.10.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin
3.10.3 Markets for lignin
3.10.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin
3.10.3.2 Production capacities
3.10.3.2.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
3.10.3.2.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
3.10.3.3 Estimated consumption of lignin
3.10.3.4 Prices
3.10.3.5 Heat and power energy
3.10.3.6 Pyrolysis and syngas
3.10.3.7 Aromatic compounds
3.10.3.7.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
3.10.3.7.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
3.10.3.7.3 Vanillin
3.10.3.8 Plastics and polymers
3.11 COMPANY PROFILES (516 COMPANY PROFILES)

Table 1. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 2. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 3. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 4. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
Table 5. Common lysine sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
Table 6. Applications of lysine as a feedstock for biochemicals
Table 7. HDMA sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
Table 8. Applications of bio-based HDMA
Table 9. Bio-based feedstocks that can be used to produce 1,5-diaminopentane (DA5)
Table 10. Applications of DN5
Table 11. Bio-based feedstocks for isosorbide
Table 12. Applications of bio-based isosorbide
Table 13. Lactide applications
Table 14. Bio-based feedstock sources for itaconic acid
Table 15. Applications of bio-based itaconic acid
Table 16. Bio-based feedstock sources for 3-HP
Table 17. Applications of 3-HP
Table 18. Applications of bio-based acrylic acid
Table 19. Applications of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
Table 20. Bio-based feedstock sources for Succinic acid
Table 21. Applications of succinic acid
Table 22. Applications of bio-based 1,4-Butanediol (BDO)
Table 23. Applications of bio-based Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
Table 24. Applications of bio-based adipic acid
Table 25. Applications of bio-based caprolactam
Table 26. Bio-based feedstock sources for isobutanol
Table 27. Applications of bio-based isobutanol
Table 28. Bio-based feedstock sources for p-Xylene
Table 29. Applications of bio-based p-Xylene
Table 30. Applications of bio-based Terephthalic acid (TPA)
Table 31. Bio-based feedstock sources for 1,3 Proppanediol
Table 32. Applications of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol
Table 33. Bio-based feedstock sources for MEG
Table 34. Applications of bio-based MEG
Table 35. Bio-based MEG producers capacities
Table 36. Bio-based feedstock sources for ethanol
Table 37. Applications of bio-based ethanol
Table 38. Applications of bio-based ethylene
Table 39. Applications of bio-based propylene
Table 40. Applications of bio-based vinyl chloride
Table 41. Applications of bio-based Methly methacrylate
Table 42. Applications of bio-based aniline
Table 43. Applications of bio-based fructose
Table 44. Applications of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
Table 45. Applications of 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF)
Table 46. Applications of Levulinic acid
Table 47. Markets and applications for bio-based FDME
Table 48. Applications of FDCA
Table 49. Markets and applications for bio-based levoglucosenone
Table 50. Biochemicals derived from hemicellulose
Table 51. Markets and applications for bio-based hemicellulose
Table 52. Markets and applications for bio-based furfuryl alcohol
Table 53. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 54. Lignin aromatic compound products
Table 55. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
Table 56. Lignin products in polymeric materials
Table 57. Application of lignin in plastics and composites
Table 58. Markets and applications for bio-based glycerol
Table 59. Markets and applications for Bio-based MPG
Table 60. Markets and applications: Bio-based ECH
Table 61. Mineral source products and applications
Table 62. Type of biodegradation
Table 63. Advantages and disadvantages of bio-based plastics compared to conventional plastics
Table 64. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications
Table 65. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types
Table 66. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 67. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
Table 68. PLA producers and production capacities
Table 69. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China
Table 70. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 71. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
Table 72. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 73. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers
Table 74. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 75. PEF vs. PET
Table 76. FDCA and PEF producers
Table 77. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 78. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities
Table 79. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 80. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands
Table 81. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 82. Leading PBS producers and production capacities
Table 83. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 84. Leading Bio-PE producers
Table 85. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 86. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities
Table 87. Types of PHAs and properties
Table 88. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers
Table 89. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods
Table 90. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
Table 91. Commercially available PHAs
Table 92. Markets and applications for PHAs
Table 93. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
Table 94. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
Table 95. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 96. Leading MFC producers and capacities
Table 97. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)
Table 98. CNC sources, size and yield
Table 99. CNC properties
Table 100. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials
Table 101. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)
Table 102. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis
Table 103: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
Table 104. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
Table 105. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
Table 106. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
Table 107. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
Table 108. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 109. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 110. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 111. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
Table 112. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 113. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics
Table 114. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 115. Global production capacities of bio-based and sustainable plastics in 2019-2034, by region, 1,000 tonnes
Table 116. Bio-based and sustainable plastics producers in North America
Table 117. Bio-based and sustainable plastics producers in Europe
Table 118. Bio-based and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific
Table 119. Bio-based and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America
Table 120. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
Table 121. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
Table 122. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
Table 123. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
Table 124. Types of next-gen natural fibers
Table 125. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers
Table 126. Typical properties of natural fibers
Table 127. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
Table 128. Market drivers for natural fibers
Table 129. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 130. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 131. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 132. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 133. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 134. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 135. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 136. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 137. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 138. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 139. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 140. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 141. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 142. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 143. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 144. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications
Table 145. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size
Table 146. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 147. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 148. Alternative wool materials producers
Table 149. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size
Table 150. Alternative silk materials producers
Table 151. Alternative leather materials producers
Table 152. Next-gen fur producers
Table 153. Alternative down materials producers
Table 154. Applications of natural fiber composites
Table 155. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites
Table 156. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites
Table 157. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites
Table 158. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds
Table 159. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats
Table 160. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 161. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market
Table 162. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 163. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry
Table 164. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 165. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector
Table 166. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 167. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 168. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 169. Technical lignin types and applications
Table 170. Classification of technical lignins
Table 171. Lignin content of selected biomass
Table 172. Properties of lignins and their applications
Table 173. Example markets and applications for lignin
Table 174. Processes for lignin production
Table 175. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 176. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
Table 177. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 178. Market drivers and trends for lignin
Table 179. Production capacities of technical lignin producers
Table 180. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
Table 181. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2034 (000 MT)
Table 182. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
Table 183. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers
Table 184. Lactips plastic pellets
Table 185. Oji Holdings CNF products

Figure 1. Schematic of biorefinery processes
Figure 2. Global production of starch for bio-based chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 3. Global production of bio-based lysine, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 4. Global glucose production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 5. Global production volumes of bio-HMDA, 2018 to 2034 in metric tonnes
Figure 6. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 7. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 8. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 9. Global lactide production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 10. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 11. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 12. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 13. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 14. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 15. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 16. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 17. Overview of Toray process
Figure 18. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 19. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 20. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 21. Global production of bio-based terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 22. Global production of bio-based 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 23. Global production of bio-based MEG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 24. Global production of bio-based ethanol, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 25. Global production of bio-based ethylene, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 26. Global production of bio-based propylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 27. Global production of bio-based vinyl chloride, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 28. Global production of bio-based Methly methacrylate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 29. Global production of bio-based aniline, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 30. Global production of bio-based fructose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 31. Global production of bio-based 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 32. Global production of bio-based 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 33. Global production of bio-based Levulinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 34. Global production of bio-based FDME, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 35. Global production of bio-based Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 36. Global production projections for bio-based levoglucosenone from 2018 to 2034 in metric tonnes:
Figure 37. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 38. Global production of bio-based furfural, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 39. Global production of bio-based furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 40. Schematic of WISA plywood home
Figure 41. Global production of bio-based lignin, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 42. Global production of bio-based glycerol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 43. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 44. Global production of bio-based ECH, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 45. Global production of bio-based fatty acids, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 46. Global production of bio-based sebacic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 47. Global production of bio-based 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 48. Global production of bio-based Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 49. Global production of bio-based Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 50. Global production of bio-based casein, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 51. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 52. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 53. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 54. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 55. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 56. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 57. Global microalgae production, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 58. Global macroalgae production, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 59. Global production of biogas, 2018-2034 (billion m3)
Figure 60. Global production of syngas, 2018-2034 (billion m3)
Figure 61. formicobio™ technology
Figure 62. Domsjö process
Figure 63. TMP-Bio Process
Figure 64. Lignin gel
Figure 65. BioFlex process
Figure 66. LX Process
Figure 67. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology
Figure 68. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 69. Precision Photosynthesis™ technology
Figure 70. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
Figure 71. UPM biorefinery process
Figure 72. The Proesa® Process
Figure 73. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 74. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®
Figure 75. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics
Figure 76. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 77. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 78. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 79. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025
Figure 80. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 81. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 82. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 83. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 84. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 85. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 86. PHA family
Figure 87. PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tonnes).252
Figure 88. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
Figure 89. CNC preparation
Figure 90. Extracting CNC from trees
Figure 91. CNC slurry
Figure 92. CNF gel
Figure 93. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 94. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 95. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 96. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 97. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tonnes
Figure 98. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tonnes
Figure 99. PHA bioplastics products
Figure 100. The global market for bio-based and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes)
Figure 101. Production volumes for bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes)
Figure 102. Global production for bio-based and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 103. Global production capacities for bio-based and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 104. Global production volumes for bio-based and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 105. Global production volumes for bio-based and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 106. Global production volumes for bio-based and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 107. Biodegradable mulch films
Figure 108. Global production volulmes for bio-based and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2034, in 1,000 tonnes
Figure 109. Types of natural fibers
Figure 110. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap
Figure 111. Adidas algae-ink tees
Figure 112. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle
Figure 113. Miratex watch bands
Figure 114. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22
Figure 115. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
Figure 116. Cotton production volume 2018-2034 (Million MT)
Figure 117. Kapok production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 118. Luffa cylindrica fiber
Figure 119. Jute production volume 2018-2034 (Million MT)
Figure 120. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2034 ( MT)
Figure 121. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 122. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 123. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 124. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 125. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 126. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MILLION MT)
Figure 127. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 128. Pineapple fiber
Figure 129. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019
Figure 130. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MILLION MT)
Figure 131. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials
Figure 132. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel
Figure 133. Car door produced from Hemp fiber
Figure 134. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers
Figure 135. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
Figure 136. Coir mats for erosion control
Figure 137. Global fiber production in 2022, by fiber type, million MT and %
Figure 138. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2034
Figure 139. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, MT
Figure 140. Animal based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, million MT
Figure 141. High purity lignin
Figure 142. Lignocellulose architecture
Figure 143. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins
Figure 144. The lignocellulose biorefinery
Figure 145. LignoBoost process
Figure 146. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor
Figure 147. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system
Figure 148. A-Recovery chemical recovery concept
Figure 149. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
Figure 150. Organosolv lignin
Figure 151. Hydrolytic lignin powder
Figure 152. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2034 (000 MT)
Figure 153. Pluumo
Figure 154. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
Figure 155. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel
Figure 156. MEDICELLU™
Figure 157. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
Figure 158. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
Figure 159. CNF nonwoven fabric
Figure 160. Roof frame made of natural fiber
Figure 161. Beyond Leather Materials product
Figure 162. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
Figure 163. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
Figure 164. Fiber-based screw cap
Figure 165. formicobio™ technology
Figure 166. nanoforest-S
Figure 167. nanoforest-PDP
Figure 168. nanoforest-MB
Figure 169. sunliquid® production process
Figure 170. CuanSave film
Figure 171. Celish
Figure 172. Trunk lid incorporating CNF
Figure 173. ELLEX products
Figure 174. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
Figure 175. Kirekira! toilet wipes
Figure 176. Color CNF
Figure 177. Rheocrysta spray
Figure 178. DKS CNF products
Figure 179. Domsjö process
Figure 180. Mushroom leather
Figure 181. CNF based on citrus peel
Figure 182. Citrus cellulose nanofiber
Figure 183. Filler Bank CNC products
Figure 184. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing
Figure 185. TMP-Bio Process
Figure 186. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna
Figure 187. Water-repellent cellulose
Figure 188. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
Figure 189. PHA production process
Figure 190. CNF products from Furukawa Electric
Figure 191. AVAPTM process
Figure 192. GreenPower ™ process
Figure 193. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
Figure 194. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer)
Figure 195. CNF gel
Figure 196. Block nanocellulose material
Figure 197. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
Figure 198. Marine leather products
Figure 199. Inner Mettle Milk products
Figure 200. Kami Shoji CNF products
Figure 201. Dual Graft System
Figure 202. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins
Figure 203. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended)
Figure 204. Kel Labs yarn
Figure 205. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side)
Figure 206. Lignin gel
Figure 207. BioFlex process
Figure 208. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee
Figure 209. LX Process
Figure 210. Made of Air's HexChar panels
Figure 211. TransLeather
Figure 212. Chitin nanofiber product
Figure 213. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
Figure 214. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.578
Figure 215. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology
Figure 216. IPA synthesis method
Figure 217. MOGU-Wave panels
Figure 218. CNF slurries
Figure 219. Range of CNF products
Figure 220. Reishi
Figure 221. Compostable water pod
Figure 222. Leather made from leaves
Figure 223. Nike shoe with beLEAF™
Figure 224. CNF clear sheets
Figure 225. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
Figure 226. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 227. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
Figure 228. XCNF
Figure 229: Plantrose process
Figure 230. LOVR hemp leather
Figure 231. CNF insulation flat plates
Figure 232. Hansa lignin
Figure 233. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
Figure 234. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
Figure 235. 3D printed cellulose shoe
Figure 236. Lyocell process
Figure 237. North Face Spiber Moon Parka
Figure 238. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie
Figure 239. Spider silk production
Figure 240. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
Figure 241. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
Figure 242. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
Figure 243. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
Figure 244. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
Figure 245. Sulapac cosmetics containers
Figure 246. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
Figure 247. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins
Figure 248. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles
Figure 249. Corbion FDCA production process
Figure 250. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF
Figure 251. CNF resin products
Figure 252. UPM biorefinery process
Figure 253. Vegea production process
Figure 254. The Proesa® Process
Figure 255. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 256. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process
Figure 257. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 258. Worn Again products
Figure 259. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process