The objective of this book is to supply the reader with an exhaustive overview on the most up-to-date and available knowledge of these structures. It details the procedures that are currently being applied in the regions where geostructures are being implemented. The book is divided into three parts, each of which is divided into chapters, and is written by the brightest engineers and researchers in the field. After an introduction to the technology as well as to the main effects induced by temperature variation on the geostructures, Part 1 is devoted to the physical modeling of energy geostructures, including in situ investigations, centrifuge testing and small-scale experiments. The second part includes numerical simulation results of energy piles, tunnels and bridge foundations, while also considering the implementation of such structures in different climatic areas. The final part concerns practical engineering aspects, from the delivery of energy geostructures through the development of design tools for their geotechnical dimensioning. The book concludes with a real case study.
Contents
Part 1. Physical Modeling of Energy Piles at Different Scales
1. Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures, Alice Di Donna and Lyesse Laloui.
2. Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles, Thomas Mimouni and Lyesse Laloui.
3. Observed Response of Energy Geostructures, Peter Bourne-Webb.
4. Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling, Anh Minh Tang, Jean-Michel Pereira, Ghazi Hassen and Neda Yavari.
5. Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations, John S. McCartney.
Part 2. Numerical Modeling of Energy Geostructures
6. Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures, Fabrice Dupray, Thomas Mimouni and Lyesse Laloui.
7. Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading, Maria E. Suryatriyastuti, Hussein Mroueh , Sébastien Burlon and Julien Habert.
8. Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils, John S. McCartney, Charles J.R. Coccia , Nahed Alsherif and Melissa A. Stewart.
9. Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates, Ghassan Anis Akrouch, Marcelo Sanchez and Jean-Louis Briaud.
10. Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil, Maria E. Suryatriyastuti, Hussein Mroueh and Sébastien Burlon.
11. Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations, C. Guney Olgun and G. Allen Bowers.
Part 3. Engineering Practice
12. Delivery of Energy Geostructures, Peter Bourne-Webb with contributions from Tony Amis,
Jean-Baptiste Bernard, Wolf Friedemann, Nico Von Der Hude, Norbert Pralle, Veli Matti Uotinen and Bernhard Widerin.
13. Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles, Thomas Mimouni and Lyesse Laloui.
14. A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport, Daniel Pahud.
About the Authors
Lyesse Laloui is Chair Professor, Head of the Soil Mechanics, Geoengineering and CO2 storage Laboratory and Director of Civil Engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Alice Di Donna is a researcher at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Lyesse LALOUI and Alice DI DONNA
PART 1. PHYSICAL MODELING OF ENERGY PILES AT DIFFERENT SCALES 1
Chapter 1. Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures 3
Alice DI DONNA and Lyesse LALOUI
1.1. Introduction 4
1.2. Thermomechanical behavior of soils 5
1.2.1. Thermomechanical behavior of clays 6
1.3. Constitutive modeling of the thermomechanical behavior of soils 12
1.3.1. The ACMEG-T model 12
1.4. Acknowledgments 18
1.5. Bibliography 18
Chapter 2. Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles 23
Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI
2.1. Monitoring the thermomechanical response of energy piles 23
2.1.1. Measuring strains and temperature along the piles 23
2.1.2. Measuring pile tip compression 27
2.1.3. Monitoring the behavior of the soil 27
2.2. Description of the two full-scale in situ experimental sites 28
2.2.1. Single full-scale test pile 28
2.2.2. Full-scale test on a group of energy piles 31
2.2.3. Testing procedure 32
2.3. Thermomechanical behavior of energy piles 36
2.3.1. General methodology 36
2.3.2. Thermomechanical response of the single test pile 38
2.3.3. Thermomechanical response of a group of energy piles 40
2.4. Conclusions 42
2.5. Bibliography 42
Chapter 3. Observed Response of Energy Geostructures 45
Peter BOURNE-WEBB
3.1. Overview of published observational data sources 45
3.2. Thermal storage and harvesting 46
3.2.1. Overview 46
3.2.2. Energy injection/extraction rates 47
3.2.3. Thermal fields 52
3.3. Thermomechanical effects 58
3.3.1. Overview 58
3.3.2. Structural effects 58
3.3.3. Soil-structure interactions 62
3.4. Summary 65
3.5. Acknowledgments 66
3.6. Bibliography 67
Chapter 4. Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling 79
Anh Minh TANG, Jean-Michel PEREIRA, Ghazi HASSEN and Neda YAVARI
4.1. Introduction 79
4.2. Physical modeling of pile foundations 80
4.2.1. Boundary conditions 80
4.2.2. Mechanical loading system 81
4.2.3. Monitoring 81
4.2.4. Pile’s behavior 82
4.3. Physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 83
4.3.1. Experimental setup 83
4.3.2. Mechanical behavior of a pile under thermomechanical loading 85
4.3.3. Heat transfer 89
4.3.4. Soil–pile interface 90
4.3.5. Lessons learned from physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 91
4.4. Conclusions 94
4.5. Acknowledgments 94
4.6. Bibliography 94
Chapter 5. Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations 99
John S. MCCARTNEY
5.1. Introduction 99
5.2. Background on thermomechanical soil–structure interaction 100
5.3. Centrifuge modeling concepts 101
5.4. Centrifuge modeling components 101
5.4.1. Centrifuge model fabrication and characterization 101
5.4.2. Experimental setup 103
5.5. Centrifuge modeling tests for semi-floating foundations 105
5.5.1. Soil details 105
5.5.2. Foundation A: isothermal load tests to failure 106
5.5.3. Foundation B: thermomechanical stress–strain modeling 110
5.6. Conclusions 113
5.7. Acknowledgments 113
5.8. Bibliography 114
PART 2. NUMERICAL MODELING OF ENERGY GEOSTRUCTURES 117
Chapter 6. Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures 119
Fabrice DUPRAY, Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI
6.1. Small, dispersed foundations for deck de-icing 120
6.1.1. Heat demand and specificities of small foundations 121
6.1.2. Modeling of the pile 122
6.1.3. Results and analysis 126
6.2. Heat-exchanger anchors 131
6.2.1. Technical aspects and possible users 131
6.2.2. Method of investigation 132
6.2.3. Optimizing the heat production 134
6.2.4. Mechanical implications of heat production 135
6.3. Conclusions 136
6.4. Acknowledgments 137
6.5. Bibliography 137
Chapter 7. Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading 139
Maria E. SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH, Sébastien BURLON and Julien HABERT
7.1. Introduction 139
7.2. Bearing capacity of a pile under an additional thermal load 140
7.3. A constitutive law of soil–pile interface under cyclic loading: the Modjoin law 143
7.4. Numerical analysis of a thermoactive pile under thermal cyclic loading 145
7.4.1. Reaction to the upper structure 147
7.4.2. Normal force in the pile 148
7.4.3. Mobilized shaft frictions at the soil–pile interface 148
7.5. Recommendation for real-scale thermoactive piles 150
7.5.1. Effect of different loading rates for the applied mechanical load 150
7.5.2. Effect of thermoactive piles on piled raft foundation 150
7.6. Conclusions 153
7.7. Acknowledgments 153
7.8. Bibliography 154
Chapter 8. Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils 157
John S. MCCARTNEY, Charles J.R COCCIA, Nahed ALSHERIF and Melissa A. STEWART
8.1. Introduction 157
8.2. Thermally induced water flow 159
8.3. Thermal volume change in unsaturated soils 160
8.4. Thermal effects on soil strength and stiffness 161
8.5. Thermal effects on hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils 163
8.6. Thermal effects on soil–geosynthetic interaction 164
8.7. Conclusions 167
8.8. Acknowledgments 167
8.9. Bibliography 167
Chapter 9. Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates 175
Ghassan Anis AKROUCH, Marcelo SANCHEZ and Jean-Louis BRIAUD
9.1. Introduction 175
9.2. Climatic factors and their effects on soil conditions and properties 175
9.3. Saturated and unsaturated soil thermal properties and heat transfer 177
9.4. Impact of soil conditions on energy geostructures performance 179
9.4.1. Laboratory experimental design 179
9.4.2. Numerical modeling 180
9.4.3. Laboratory test and numerical results 183
9.4.4. Modeling the full pile 186
9.5. Full scale tests on energy piles 187
9.6. Conclusions 189
9.7. Acknowledgments 190
9.8. Bibliography 190
Chapter 10. Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil 193
Maria E. SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH and Sébastien BURLON
10.1. Introduction 193
10.2. Heat transfer phenomenon 194
10.2.1. Soil properties 195
10.2.2. Energy conservation in the transient regime 196
10.3. Numerical modeling of thermal diffusion in a thermoactive pile 197
10.3.1. A two-dimensional model – internal diffusion in the thermoactive pile 198
10.3.2. A three-dimensional model – external diffusion to the surrounding soil 201
10.4. Impact of the long-term thermal operation 202
10.4.1. Groundwater flow effect on the heat diffusion 202
10.4.2. Mechanical durability under thermal cyclic stress 205
10.5. Conclusions 205
10.6. Acknowledgments 207
10.7. Bibliography 208
Chapter 11. Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations 211
C. Guney OLGUN and G. Allen BOWERS
11.1. Introduction 211
11.2. Ground-source heating of bridge decks 213
11.3. Thermal processes and evaluation of energy demand for ground-source de-icing systems 214
11.4. Numerical modeling and analysis results 216
11.5. Summary and conclusions 223
11.6. Acknowledgments 223
11.7. Bibliography 224
PART 3. ENGINEERING PRACTICE 227
Chapter 12. Delivery of Energy Geostructures 229
Peter BOURNE-WEBB with contributions from Tony AMIS, Jean-Baptiste BERNARD, Wolf FRIEDEMANN, Nico VON DER HUDE, Norbert PRALLE, Veli Matti UOTINEN and Bernhard WIDERIN
12.1. Introduction 229
12.2. Planning and design 230
12.2.1. Coordination and communication 230
12.2.2. Design management 231
12.2.3. System design redundancy 231
12.2.4. Awareness and skills training 234
12.3. Construction 236
12.3.1. Process quality control 236
12.3.2. Installation details 237
12.4. System integration and commissioning 260
12.5. Summary 261
12.6. Acknowledgments 262
12.7. Bibliography 262
Chapter 13. Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles 265
Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI
13.1. Basic assumptions 265
13.2. Mathematical formulation and numerical implementation 266
13.2.1. The load-transfer method 266
13.2.2. Displacements induced by the mechanical load 268
13.2.3. Displacements induced by the thermal load 269
13.3. Validation of the method 270
13.4. Piled-beams with energy piles 271
13.4.1. General method 272
13.4.2. Determination of the integration constants 275
13.4.3. Example of simulation 276
13.5. Conclusions 277
13.6. Acknowledgments 278
13.7. Bibliography 278
Chapter 14. A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport 281
Daniel PAHUD
14.1. The Dock Midfield 281
14.2. Design process of the energy pile system 282
14.2.1. Pile system concept 282
14.2.2. Problems to solve 283
14.2.3. First calculations 284
14.2.4. Second calculations 285
14.2.5. Third calculations 287
14.2.6. Final simulations using the TRNSYS program 288
14.3. The PILESIM program 288
14.4. System design and measurement points 289
14.5. Measured thermal performances of the system 291
14.6. System optimization and integration 293
14.7. Conclusions 294
14.8. Acknowledgments 295
14.9. Bibliography 295
List of Authors 297
Index 299
