A comprehensive guide on solid waste management
Interactions between human activities and the environment are complicated and often difficult to quantify. In many occasions, judging where the optimal balance should lie among environmental protection, social well–being, economic growth, and technological progress is complex. The use of a systems engineering approach will fill in the gap contributing to how we understand the intricacy by a holistic way and how we generate better sustainable solid waste management practices. This book aims to advance interdisciplinary understanding of intertwined facets between policy and technology relevant to solid waste management issues interrelated to climate change, land use, economic growth, environmental pollution, industrial ecology, and population dynamics.
Additional tools are implemented throughout the book to help grasp the concepts of sustainable solid waste management
- The main issues concerning all sustainability aspects in solid waste management are introduced in the preliminary chapters
- Practical cases are accompanied by illustrative examples
- Study questions and chapter recaps are included
Sustainable Solid Waste Management will help stimulate researchers in this field to work on more practical questions and provide some insights to solid waste management engineers who want to use systems analysis techniques for their application problems.
Ni–Bin Chang, PhD, is an elected fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Association for the Advancement of Society, an elected member of the European Academy of Sciences, as well as a senior member of the IEEE. He has co–authored and authored seven books including Systems Analysis for Sustainable Engineering: Theory and Applications and over 200 peer–reviewed journal articles.
Ana Pires, PhD, is a member of MARE – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (ex–IMAR–CMA), Portugal, and is a research engineer in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, New University of Lisbon (Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Universidade Nova de Lisboa).
Table of Contents
PREFACE xix
I FUNDAMENTAL BACKGROUND 1
1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 The Concept of Sustainable Development 3
1.2 Sustainability in the Context of SWM 10
1.3 The Framework for Sustainability Assessment 12
1.4 The Structure of this Book 13
References 16
2 TECHNOLOGY MATRIX FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 19
2.1 Waste Classification and Types of Waste 19
2.2 Waste Management Through Waste Hierarchy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, and Disposal 28
2.3 Waste Operational Units: Real–World Cases 34
2.4 Waste Operational Units: Equipment and Facilities 42
2.5 Technology Matrix for Multiple Solid Waste Streams 72
2.6 Final Remarks 90
References 90
3 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONCERNS 99
3.1 Financial Concerns 100
3.2 Economic Incentives and Socioeconomic Concerns 114
3.3 Social Concerns 123
3.4 Final Remarks 133
References 134
4 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONCERNS 141
4.1 SWM Legislation 141
4.2 Sustainable Waste Management Principles and Policies 151
4.3 Policy Instruments 155
4.4 ISWM Plans 162
4.5 Final Remarks 163
References 163
5 RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF RISK 171
5.1 Formulate the Problem: Inherent Hazards in Solid Waste Management 171
5.2 Risk Assessment in Solid Waste Management 176
5.3 Management of Risk 183
5.4 Risk Communication 184
5.5 How to Promote a Sustainable Solid Waste Management with Risk Analysis? 186
5.6 Final Remarks 188
References 188
II PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 193
6 GLOBAL CHANGE, SUSTAINABILITY, AND ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 195
6.1 Global Change Impacts 195
6.2 Sustainability Considerations and Criteria 208
6.3 Adaptive Management Strategies for Solid Waste Management Systems 208
6.4 Final Remarks 210
References 210
7 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 215
7.1 Systems Engineering Principles 215
7.2 System of Systems Engineering Approaches 222
7.3 Centralized Versus Decentralized Approaches 227
7.4 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification 230
7.5 Final Remarks 232
References 233
8 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TOOLS AND METHODS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 235
8.1 Systems Analysis, Waste Management, and Technology Hub 236
8.2 Cost Benefit Risk Trade–Offs and Single–Objective Optimization 240
8.3 Multicriteria Decision–Making 248
8.4 Game Theory and Conflict Resolution 283
8.5 System Dynamics Modeling 287
8.6 Final Remarks 290
References 292
Appendix Web Site Resources of Software Packages of LINDO and LINGO 299
III INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 301
9 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY AND MUNICIPAL UTILITY PARKS 303
9.1 Industrial Symbiosis and Industrial Ecology 303
9.2 Creation of Eco–Industrial Parks and Eco–Industrial Clusters 309
9.3 Municipal Utility Parks in Urban Regions 314
9.4 Final Remarks 319
References 321
10 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 323
10.1 Life Cycle Assessment for Solid Waste Management 323
10.2 Phases of Life Cycle Assessment 325
10.3 LCA Waste Management Software 355
10.4 Putting LCA into Practice 361
10.5 Life Cycle Management 374
10.6 Final Remarks 376
References 376
11 STREAMLINED LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR SOLID WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS 387
11.1 Application of Life Cycle Assessment for Solid Waste Management 388
11.2 LCA for Screening Technologies of Solid Waste Treatment 390
11.3 LCA Assessment Methodology 391
11.4 Description of the CSLCA 397
11.5 Interpretation of CSLCA Results 400
11.6 Final Remarks 412
References 412
12 CARBON–FOOTPRINT–BASED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 417
12.1 The Global–Warming Potential Impact 417
12.2 The Quantification Process 418
12.3 GWP Assessment for Solid Waste Management 426
12.4 Case Study 429
12.5 Systems Analysis 434
12.6 Final Remarks 436
References 436
IV INTEGRATED SYSTEMS PLANNING, DESIGN, AND MANAGEMENT 441
13 MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION–MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A CARBON–REGULATED ENVIRONMENT 443
13.1 Current Gaps of Cost Benefit Analyses for Solid Waste Management 444
13.2 Background of System Planning 446
13.3 Formulation of Systems Engineering Models for Comparative Analysis 451
13.4 Interpretation of Modeling Output for Decision Analysis 459
13.5 Comparative Analysis 464
13.6 Final Remarks 470
References 470
14 PLANNING REGIONAL MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITIES IN A FAST–GROWING URBAN REGION 475
14.1 Forecasting Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Optimal Siting of MRF in a Fast–growing Urban Region 476
14.2 Modeling Philosophy 478
14.3 Study Region and System Analysis Framework 480
14.4 Prediction of Solid Waste Generation 483
14.5 Regional Planning of Material Recovery Facilities 492
14.6 Final Remarks 506
References 508
15 OPTIMAL PLANNING FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION, RECYCLING, AND VEHICLE ROUTING 515
15.1 Systems Engineering Approaches for Solid Waste Collection 516
15.2 Simulation for Planning Solid Waste Recycling Drop–Off Stations 520
15.3 Multiobjective Programming for Planning Solid Waste Recycling Drop–Off Stations 533
15.4 Final Remarks 543
References 546
16 MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION–MAKING WITH SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS 553
16.1 Deterministic Multiple Attribute Decision–Making Process 554
16.2 MADM for Solid Waste Management 568
16.3 Final Remarks 579
References 580
17 DECISION ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL BALANCE BETWEEN SOLID WASTE INCINERATION AND RECYCLING PROGRAMS 585
17.1 Systems Analysis for Integrated Material Recycling and Waste–to–Energy Programs 586
17.2 Refuse–Derived Fuel Process for Solid Waste Management 587
17.3 Regional Shipping Strategies 594
17.4 Final Remarks 606
References 609
18 ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATICS FOR INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 611
18.1 How Does Environmental Informatics Help Solid Waste Management? 611
18.2 Sensors and Sensor Networks for Solid Waste Management 612
18.3 Database Design for Solid Waste Management 615
18.4 Spatial Analysis with GIS and GPS for Solid Waste Management 616
18.5 Expert Systems, Decision Support Systems, and Computational Intelligence Techniques 624
18.6 Integrated Environmental Information Systems 641
18.7 Final Remarks 644
References 646
V UNCERTAINTY ANALYSES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 665
19 STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING AND GAME THEORY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT DECISION–MAKING 667
19.1 Background of Stochastic Programming 667
19.2 Model Formulations of Stochastic Programming 668
19.3 Stochastic Programming with Multiple Objective Functions 682
19.4 Stochastic Dynamic Programming 686
19.5 Game Theory 689
19.6 Final Remarks 698
References 699
20 FUZZY MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION–MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH SOCIETAL COMPLICATIONS 703
20.1 Fundamentals of Fuzzy Set Theory 703
20.2 Siting a Regional Landfill with Fuzzy Multiattribute Decision–Making and GIS Techniques 713
20.3 Fair Fund Redistribution and Environmental Justice with GIS–based Fuzzy AHP Method 731
20.4 Final Remarks 751
References 753
21 FUZZY MULTIATTRIBUTE DECISION–MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WITH TECHNOLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS 759
21.1 Integrated Fuzzy Topsis and AHP Method for Screening Solid Waste Recycling Alternatives 759
21.2 The Algorithm of FIMADM Method 765
21.3 The Solid Waste Management System 771
21.4 Final Remarks 788
References 788
22 FUZZY MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION–MAKING FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 791
22.1 Fuzzy Linear Programming 791
22.2 Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming Fuzzy Global Criterion Method 796
22.3 Fuzzy Goal Programming 800
22.4 Case Study 802
22.5 Final Remarks 823
References 826
23 GREY SYSTEMS THEORY FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 829
23.1 Grey Systems Theory 829
23.2 Grey Linear Programming 831
23.3 The Stability Issues of Grey Programming Models 840
23.4 The Hybrid Approach for Various Cases of Uncertainty Quantification 843
23.5 Final Remarks 844
References 845
24 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FOR THE FUTURE OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES 849
24.1 The Evolution of Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management 850
24.2 Trend Analysis 862
24.3 Technical Barriers and Socioeconomic Challenges 869
24.4 Future Perspectives 872
24.5 Final Remarks 874
References 875
INDEX 895
