- This text is well regarded as an undergraduate textbook for its comprehensive treatment of all the main areas of fluid mechanics, as well as its level of presentation.
- Provides a proven, consistent problem–solving methodology: A consistent problem methodology is demonstrated in every example, demonstrating best practices for students.
- Includes over 100 detailed example problems illustrate important fluid mechanics concepts and incorporate problem–solving techniques that allow students to see the advantages of using a systematic procedure.
- More than 1,700 end–of–chapter problems with varying degrees of difficulty give instructors many options when creating assignments.
- Integration with Excel®: The problem–solving approach is integrated with Excel so instructors can focus more class time on fundamental concepts. 51 Example Excel® workbooks are available to present a variety of fluid mechanics phenomena, especially the effects produced when varying input parameters.
- CFD: The section on basic concepts of computational fluid dynamics in Chapter 5 now includes material on using the spreadsheet for numerical analysis of simple 1D and 2D flows and includes an introduction to the Euler method.
- Extensive explanations of theoretical derivations give instructors the choice to either review theory in class or assign it as homework so that lecture time can be more flexible.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 2
Note to Students 2
Scope of Fluid Mechanics 3
Definition of a Fluid 3
1.2 Basic Equations 4
1.3 Methods of Analysis 5
System and Control Volume 6
Differential versus Integral Approach 7
Methods of Description 7
1.4 Dimensions and Units 9
Systems of Dimensions 9
Systems of Units 10
Preferred Systems of Units 11
Dimensional Consistency and Engineering Equations 11
1.5 Analysis of Experimental Error 13
1.6 Summary 14
Problems 14
CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 17
2.1 Fluid as a Continuum 18
2.2 Velocity Field 19
One–, Two–, and Three–Dimensional Flows 20
Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines 21
2.3 Stress Field 25
2.4 Viscosity 27
Newtonian Fluid 28
Non–Newtonian Fluids 30
2.5 Surface Tension 31
2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions 34
Viscous and Inviscid Flows 34
Laminar and Turbulent Flows 36
Compressible and Incompressible Flows 37
Internal and External Flows 38
2.7 Summary and Useful Equations 39
References 40
Problems 40
CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS 46
3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 47
3.2 The Standard Atmosphere 50
3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid 51
Incompressible Liquids: Manometers 51
Gases 56
3.4 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces 58
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface 58
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface 65
3.5 Buoyancy and Stability 68
3.6 Fluids in Rigid–Body Motion (on the Web) 71
3.7 Summary and Useful Equations 71
References 72
Problems 72
CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME 82
4.1 Basic Laws for a System 84
Conservation of Mass 84
Newton s Second Law 84
The Angular–Momentum Principle 84
The First Law of Thermodynamics 85
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 85
4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation 85
Derivation 86
Physical Interpretation 88
4.3 Conservation of Mass 89
Special Cases 90
4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume 94
Differential Control Volume Analysis 105
Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity 109
4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration 111
4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration (on the Web) 117
4.7 The Angular–Momentum Principle 117
Equation for Fixed Control Volume 117
4.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 121
Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume 122
Control Volume Equation 123
4.9 Summary and Useful Equations 128
Problems 129
CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION 146
5.1 Conservation of Mass 147
Rectangular Coordinate System 147
Cylindrical Coordinate System 151
∗5.2 Stream Function for Two–Dimensional Incompressible Flow 153
5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) 155
Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field 156
Fluid Rotation 162
Fluid Deformation 165
5.4 Momentum Equation 169
Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle 169
Differential Momentum Equation 170
Newtonian Fluid: Navier Stokes Equations 170
∗5.5 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics 178
The Need for CFD 178
Applications of CFD 179
Some Basic CFD/Numerical Methods Using a Spreadsheet 180
The Strategy of CFD 184
Discretization Using the Finite–Difference Method 185
Assembly of Discrete System and Application of Boundary Conditions 186
Solution of Discrete System 187
Grid Convergence 187
Dealing with Nonlinearity 188
Direct and Iterative Solvers 189
Iterative Convergence 190
Concluding Remarks 191
5.6 Summary and Useful Equations 192
References 194
Problems 194
CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW 200
6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler s Equation 201
6.2 Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler s Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow 204
Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates 204
Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates 205
Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic Pressures 207
Applications 209
Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation 214
6.3 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation 215
6.4 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line 219
6.5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler s Equation Along a Streamline (on the Web) 221
∗6.6 Irrotational Flow 221
Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow 221
Velocity Potential 222
Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two–Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace s Equation 223
Elementary Plane Flows 225
Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows 227
6.7 Summary and Useful Equations 236
References 237
Problems 238
CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 245
7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations 246
7.2 Nature of Dimensional Analysis 247
7.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem 249
7.4 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 255
7.5 Flow Similarity and Model Studies 257
Incomplete Similarity 259
Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters 264
Comments on Model Testing 267
7.6 Summary and Useful Equations 268
References 269
Problems 269
CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 275
8.1 Internal Flow Characteristics 276
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 276
The Entrance Region 277
PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW 277
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates 277
Both Plates Stationary 278
Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U 283
8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe 288
PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS 292
8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 293
8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 294
8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow 297
Kinetic Energy Coefficient 298
Head Loss 298
8.7 Calculation of Head Loss 299
Major Losses: Friction Factor 299
Minor Losses 303
Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in Fluid Systems 308
Noncircular Ducts 309
8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems 309
Single–Path Systems 310
Multiple–Path Systems 322
PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT 326
8.9 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows 326
The Orifice Plate 329
The Flow Nozzle 330
The Venturi 332
The Laminar Flow Element 332
Linear Flow Meters 335
Traversing Methods 336
8.10 Summary and Useful Equations 337
References 340
Problems 341
CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 352
PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS 354
9.1 The Boundary–Layer Concept 354
9.2 Laminar Flat–Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution (on the Web) 358
9.3 Momentum Integral Equation 358
9.4 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 362
Laminar Flow 363
Turbulent Flow 367
Summary of Results for Boundary–Layer Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 370
9.5 Pressure Gradients in Boundary–Layer Flow 370
PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES 373
9.6 Drag 373
Pure Friction Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow 374
Pure Pressure Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow 377
Friction and Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder 377
Streamlining 383
9.7 Lift 385
9.8 Summary and Useful Equations 399
References 401
Problems 402
CHAPTER 10 FLUID MACHINERY 412
10.1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines 413
Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid 413
Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid 415
Scope of Coverage 417
10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis 417
The Angular–Momentum Principle: The Euler Turbomachine Equation 417
Velocity Diagrams 419
Performance Hydraulic Power 422
Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed 423
10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers 428
Application of Euler Turbomachine Equation to Centrifugal Pumps 428
Application of the Euler Equation to Axial Flow Pumps and Fans 429
Performance Characteristics 432
Similarity Rules 437
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head 441
Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems 444
Blowers and Fans 455
10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps 461
10.5 Hydraulic Turbines 464
Hydraulic Turbine Theory 464
Performance Characteristics for Hydraulic Turbines 466
Sizing Hydraulic Turbines for Fluid Systems 470
10.6 Propellers and Wind–Power Machines 474
Propellers 474
Wind–Power Machines 482
10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 490
Application of the Energy Equation to a Compressible Flow Machine 490
Compressors 491
Compressible–Flow Turbines 495
10.8 Summary and Useful Equations 495
References 497
Problems 499
CHAPTER 11 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 506
11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 508
Simplifying Assumptions 508
Channel Geometry 510
Speed of Surface Waves and the Froude Number 511
11.2 Energy Equation for Open–Channel Flows 515
Specific Energy 517
Critical Depth: Minimum Specific Energy 520
11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change (Frictionless Flow) 523
Flow over a Bump 523
11.4 The Hydraulic Jump 527
Depth Increase Across a Hydraulic Jump 530
Head Loss Across a Hydraulic Jump 531
11.5 Steady Uniform Flow 533
The Manning Equation for Uniform Flow 535
Energy Equation for Uniform Flow 540
Optimum Channel Cross Section 542
11.6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth 543
Calculation of Surface Profiles 544
11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs 547
Suppressed Rectangular Weir 547
Contracted Rectangular Weirs 548
Triangular Weir 548
Broad–Crested Weir 549
11.8 Summary and Useful Equations 550
References 551
Problems 552
CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 555
12.1 Review of Thermodynamics 556
12.2 Propagation of Sound Waves 562
Speed of Sound 562
Types of Flow The Mach Cone 566
12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties 569
Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas 570
12.4 Critical Conditions 576
12.5 Basic Equations for One–Dimensional Compressible Flow 576
Continuity Equation 576
Momentum Equation 577
First Law of Thermodynamics 577
Second Law of Thermodynamics 578
Equation of State 578
12.6 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation 579
Subsonic Flow, M < 1 581
Supersonic Flow, M >1 582
Sonic Flow, M =1 582
Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 583
Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle 588
Isentropic Flow in a Converging–Diverging Nozzle 592
12.7 Normal Shocks 597
Basic Equations for a Normal Shock 598
Normal–Shock Flow Functions for One–Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas 600
12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks 604
12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks (continued, at
12.10 Frictionless Flow in a Constant Area Duct with Heat Exchange (
12.12 Summary and Useful Equations 606
References 609
Problems 609
APPENDIX A FLUID PROPERTY DATA 613
APPENDIX B VIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS 624
APPENDIX C SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS 626
APPENDIX D FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 641
APPENDIX E ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY 644
APPENDIX F ADDITIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW FUNCTIONS (
Answers to Selected Problems 650
Index 660
