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Critical Care Nephrology. Edition No. 3

  • Book

  • January 2018
  • Elsevier Health Science
  • ID: 4335200
Comprehensive and clinically relevant, the 3rd Edition of Critical Care Nephrology provides authoritative coverage of the latest advances in critical care procedures for patients with renal diseases or disorders. Using common guidelines and standardized approaches to critically ill patients, this multidisciplinary reference facilitates better communication among all physicians who care for critically ill patients suffering from kidney disease, electrolyte and metabolic imbalances, poisoning, severe sepsis, major organ dysfunction, and other pathological events.

- Offers detailed discussions of different forms of organ support, artificial organs, infections, acute illness occurring in chronic hemodialysis patients, and much more.

- Places a special emphasis on therapeutic interventions and treatment procedures for a hands on clinical reference tool.

- Presents information clearly, in a format designed for easy reference - from basic sciences to clinical syndromes to diagnostic tools.

- Covers special populations such as children, diabetic patients, and the elderly. - An exceptional resource for nephrologists, intensivists, surgeons, or critical care physicians - anyone who treats critically ill renal patients. - Shares a combined commitment to excellence lead by Drs. Claudio Ronco, Rinaldo Bellomo, John Kellum, and Zaccaria Ricci - unparalleled leaders in this field.

- Addresses key topics with expanded coverage of acute kidney injury, stress biomarkers, and sepsis, including the latest developments on mechanisms and management.

- Provides up-to-date information on extracorporeal therapies from new editor Dr. Zaccaria Ricci.

- Expert ConsultT eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Table of Contents

Section 1: Principles of Critical Care

Chapter 1 - The Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 2 - The Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care

Chapter 3 - Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 4 - Hemodynamic Support in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 5 - Monitoring Organ Dysfunction in Critical Care

Chapter 6 - Kidney-Specific Severity Scores

Section 2: Principles of Renal Physiology

Chapter 7 - The Physiology of the Glomerulus

Chapter 8 - The Physiology of the Loop of Henle

Chapter 9 - Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Functional Reserve, and Kidney Stress Testing

Chapter 10 - Renal Energy Consumption and Metabolism

Section 3: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Care

Chapter 11 - Acute Kidney Injury: From Clinical to Molecular Diagnosis

Chapter 12 - Community- and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 13 - Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 14 - Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Section 4: Exposures and Patient Susceptibility

Chapter 15 - Genetic Predisposition for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Chapter 16 - Risk Factors and Risk Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 17 - Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury

Section 5: Humoral and Cellular Mechanisms of Kidney Damage

Chapter 18 - Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure

Chapter 19 - Humoral Mediators in Sepsis

Chapter 20 - Cell Death Pathways: Apoptosis and Regulated Necrosis

Chapter 21 - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Their Receptors in Acute Kidney Injury

Section 6: Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury and Biomarkers

Chapter 22 - Acute Kidney Disease

Chapter 23 - Acute Kidney Disease, Renal Recovery, and Post-Acute Kidney Injury Care

Chapter 24 - The Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 25 - Functional Biomarkers

Chapter 26 - Damage Biomarkers

Chapter 27 - Kidney Stress Biomarkers

Section 7: Mechanisms of Repair or Progression

Chapter 28 - Renal Repair and Recovery

Chapter 29 - Maladaptive Repair and Progression to CKD

Chapter 30 - Biomarkers of Recovery and/or Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury

Section 8: Renal Histopathology in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 31 - Practical Considerations of Renal Biopsies in Critical Care Patients

Chapter 32 - Localization of Injury and Repair Pathways

Section 9: Imaging Techniques in Critical Care Nephrology

Chapter 33 - Ultrasonography and Doppler Techniques

Chapter 34 - Contrast-Enhanced Renal Ultrasound

Chapter 35 - Traditional Radiology, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Critical Care Nephrology

Chapter 36 - Radionuclides Diagnostic Techniques

Section 10: Clinical Syndromes and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 37 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction

Chapter 38 - Acute Kidney Injury in Burns and Trauma

Chapter 39 - Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 40 - Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy

Chapter 41 - Acute Kidney Injury in Oncology and Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Chapter 42 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery

Chapter 43 - Acute Kidney Injury in Major Surgery

Chapter 44 - Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure

Chapter 45 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis

Chapter 46 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Chapter 47 - Acute Glomerulonephritis

Chapter 48 - Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 49 - Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

Chapter 50 - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Section 11: Prevention and Treatment: General Treatment Concepts

Chapter 51 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Acute Renal Injury

Chapter 52 - Novel Drugs for Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 53 - Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Section 12: Fluid and Electrolytes

Chapter 54 - Blood Biochemistry: Measuring Major Plasma Electrolytes

Chapter 55 - Assessment of Urine Biochemistry

Chapter 56 - Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance

Chapter 57 - Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium

Chapter 58 - Calcium and Phosphate Physiology

Chapter 59 - Principles of Fluid Therapy

Chapter 60 - Blood Transfusion Therapy

Chapter 61 - Loop and Thiazide Diuretics

Chapter 62 - Vaptans and the Treatment of Hyponatremia

Chapter 63 - Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene

Section 13: Acid-Base

Chapter 64 - Laboratory Tests: Blood Gases, Anion Gap, and Strong Ion Gap

Chapter 65 - Acid-Base Physiology and Diagnosis of Disorders

Chapter 66 - Metabolic Acidosis

Chapter 67 - Hyperlactatemia and Lactic Acidosis

Chapter 68 - Renal Tubular Acidosis

Chapter 69 - Metabolic Alkalosis

Chapter 70 - Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders

Chapter 71 - Iatrogenic and Poison-Derived Acid Base Disorders

Section 14: Metabolism and Nutrition in Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 72 - Energy Requirement and Consumption in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 73 - Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy on Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 74 - Amino Acid Turnover, Protein Metabolism, and Nitrogen Balance in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 75 - Carbohydrates and Lipids

Chapter 76 - Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness

Chapter 77 - Anemia of Critical Illness

Chapter 78 - Management of Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 79 - Blood Glucose Control in Critical Care

Chapter 80 - Enteral Nutrition

Section 15: Infectious Diseases and Sepsis

Chapter 81 - Microbiologic Considerations in the Intensive Care Patient

Chapter 82 - Innate Immunity and the Kidney

Chapter 83 - Adaptive Immunity and Critical Illness

Chapter 84 - Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Hepatorenal Syndrome

Chapter 85 - Tropical Infections Causing Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 86 - Sepsis and Septic Shock

Chapter 87 - Complement and Its Consequences in Sepsis

Chapter 88 - Coagulation Abnormalities in Sepsis

Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis

Book chapterFull text access

Chapter 89 - Endothelial Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis

Chapter 90 - Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 91 - Recommendations for Sepsis Management

Chapter 92 - Principles of Antimicrobial Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 93 - Renal Replacement Therapy for Septic Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 94 - Blood Purification for Sepsis

Chapter 95 - Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant

Chapter 96 - Critical Care Viral Infections

Chapter 97 - Principles of Antibiotic Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Patients With Acute Renal Failure

Section 16: Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 98 - Drugs and Antidotes in Acute Intoxication

Chapter 99 - Extracorporeal Therapies in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 100 - Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 101 - Poisoning: Kinetics to Therapeutics

Section 17: Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Crosstalk

Chapter 102 - Bleeding and Hemostasis in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 103 - Gastrointestinal Problems in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 104 - Cardiovascular Problems in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 105 - Water and Electrolyte Disturbances in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 106 - Neurologic Problems in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 107 - Immunologic and Infectious Complications of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 108 - Cellular Response to Acute Kidney Injury

Section 18: Interaction of the Heart and the Kidney

Chapter 109 - Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk

Chapter 110 - Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome

Chapter 111 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1

Chapter 112 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2

Chapter 113 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3

Chapter 114 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4

Chapter 115 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5

Chapter 116 - Renal Function During Cardiac Mechanical Support and Artificial Heart

Chapter 117 - The Kidney in Diastolic Dysfunction

Chapter 118 - Principles of Diuretic Management in Heart Failure

Chapter 119 - Management of Overhydration in Heart Failure Patients

Chapter 120 - Recent Advances for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Kidney Disease

Section 19: Interaction of the Lung and Kidney

Chapter 121 - Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk

Chapter 122 - The Kidney During Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 123 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Renal Function

Chapter 124 - Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal

Chapter 125 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Adults and Children

Chapter 126 - Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome

Section 20: The Liver and the Kidney

Chapter 127 - Liver-Kidney Interaction

Chapter 128 - Pathophysiology and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome

Chapter 129 - Kidney Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation

Chapter 130 - Extracorporeal Liver Support Devices

Section 21: Interaction of the Brain and the Kidney

Chapter 131 - Treatment of Combined Acute Renal Failure and Cerebral Edema

Chapter 132 - Renal Protection in the Organ Donor

Chapter 133 - Effect of Extracorporeal Therapies on the Brain

Section 22: Fluid Balance and its Management in the Critically Ill

Chapter 134 - Components of Fluid Balance and Monitoring

Chapter 135 - Noninvasive Methods of Fluid Status Assessment in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 136 - Management of Fluid Overload in Cardiorenal Patients: The Five B Approach

Chapter 137 - Mechanical Fluid Removal

Section 23: General Principles of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 138 - Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill

Chapter 139 - Principles of Extracorporeal Circulation and Transport Phenomena

Chapter 140 - Membranes and Filters for Use in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 141 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Machine Technology

Chapter 142 - Principles of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Circuits

Chapter 143 - Dialysis Solutions and Replacement Fluids

Chapter 144 - Starting and Stopping Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill

Chapter 145 - The Concept of Renal Replacement Therapy Dose and Efficiency

Chapter 146 - Quantification of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 147 - Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in Extracorporeal Therapies

Chapter 148 - Ethical Considerations in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 24: Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapies

Chapter 149 - Intermittent Techniques for Acute Dialysis

Chapter 150 - Solute and Water Transport in Hemodialysis: Dialyzers, Flow Distribution, and Cross-Filtration

Chapter 151 - Biocompatibility of the Dialysis System

Chapter 152 - Composition of Hemodialysis Fluid

Chapter 153 - Indications for and Contraindications to Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 154 - Technical and Clinical Complications of Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 155 - Correction of Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Hemodialysis and Derived Techniques

Chapter 156 - Urea Kinetics, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Other Intermittent Treatments

Chapter 157 - Assessment of Fluid Status and Body Composition and Control of Fluid Balance With Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 158 - Outcomes of Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 159 - Hybrid Dialysis Techniques in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 160 - The Role of Plasmapheresis in Critical Illness

Chapter 161 - Cascade Filtration for ABO Incompatible Transplant

Chapter 162 - Nursing Issues and Procedures in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 25: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT)

Chapter 163 - Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Renal Replacement Versus Renal Support

Chapter 164 - Beginning and Ending Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 165 - Solute and Water Kinetics in Continuous Therapies

Chapter 166 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Modalities and Their Selection

Chapter 167 - Vascular Access for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 168 - Anticoagulation Strategies for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 169 - Nursing Strategies to Prevent Coagulation of the Extracorporeal Circuit

Chapter 170 - Adequacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Prescription and Delivery

Chapter 171 - High-Volume Hemofiltration in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 172 - Pulse High-Volume Hemofiltration in Management of Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock

Chapter 173 - High Cutoff Membranes for Mediators Removal

Chapter 174 - Clinical Effects of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies

Chapter 175 - Antibiotic Adjustment in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 176 - Nomenclature: Basic Principles

Chapter 177 - Nomenclature: Techniques

Section 26: Peritoneal Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 178 - Peritoneal Dialysis System

Chapter 179 - Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 180 - Solute and Water Transport Across the Peritoneal Barrier

Chapter 181 - Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Technique: Intermittent or Continuous

Chapter 182 - Correction of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 183 - Feasibility, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 184 - Clinical Results and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 185 - Treatment of Peritonitis and Other Clinical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 186 - Comparison of Peritoneal Dialysis With Other Treatments for Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 187 - Continuous-Flow Peritoneal Dialysis as Acute Therapy

Chapter 188 - Nursing and Procedure Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis

Section 27: Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis

Chapter 189 - Sorbents: From Basic Structure to Clinical Application

Chapter 190 - Therapeutic Apheresis in Critically Ill Patients: Indications, Modalities and Techniques, Clinical Results

Chapter 191 - Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis: Coupled Plasmafiltration-Adsorption

Chapter 192 - Prometheus System

Chapter 193 - Toraymyxin and Other Endotoxin Adsorption Systems

Chapter 194 - Plasmafiltration-Adsorption-Dialysis System

Chapter 195 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Support

Chapter 196 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pulmonary Support

Chapter 197 - Cell-Based Therapies

Section 28: Critical Care Nephrology in Pediatrics

Chapter 198 - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 199 - Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 200 - Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children: Conservative Management to Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 201 - Technical Aspects of Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 202 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 203 - Drug Dosing in Pediatric Acute Kidney Insufficiency and Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 204 - Nutrition of Critically Ill Children With Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 205 - Outcome of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 206 - Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill Infant

Chapter 207 - Neonatal Hyperammonemia and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 208 - Modified Ultrafiltration in Pediatric Heart Surgery

Chapter 209 - Techniques and Machines for Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 210 - Antibiotics in Critically Ill Newborns and Children: Nephrotoxicity and Management During Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 29: Kidney Transplantation and Critical Care

Chapter 211 - Patient Selection and Pretransplantation Care for Kidney Transplant Recipients

Chapter 212 - Kidney Support and Perioperative Care in Kidney Transplantation

Chapter 213 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Section 30: Special Kidney Problems in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 214 - Management of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 215 - Management of Patients with Diabetes in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 216 - Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department

Chapter 217 - Anticancer Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 218 - Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 219 - Calcineurin Inhibitors and Other Immunosuppressive Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 220 - Alternative Medicine and Chinese Herbs and the Kidney

Chapter 221 - Environment, Smoking, Obesity, and the Kidney

Chapter 222 - Lead and Heavy Metals and the Kidney

Chapter 223 - Statins and the Kidney

Chapter 224 - Erythropoietin Therapy in Critically Ill and Acute Kidney Injury Patients

Chapter 225 - Vasoactive Drugs, Renal Function, and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 226 - End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 227 - Hypothermia and the Kidney

Chapter 228 - Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acute Kidney Injury

Section 1: Principles of Critical Care

Chapter 1 - The Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 2 - The Pathophysiologic Foundations of Critical Care

Chapter 3 - Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 4 - Hemodynamic Support in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 5 - Monitoring Organ Dysfunction in Critical Care

Chapter 6 - Kidney-Specific Severity Scores

Section 2: Principles of Renal Physiology

Chapter 7 - The Physiology of the Glomerulus

Chapter 8 - The Physiology of the Loop of Henle

Chapter 9 - Glomerular Filtration Rate, Renal Functional Reserve, and Kidney Stress Testing

Chapter 10 - Renal Energy Consumption and Metabolism

Section 3: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Care

Chapter 11 - Acute Kidney Injury: From Clinical to Molecular Diagnosis

Chapter 12 - Community- and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 13 - Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 14 - Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Section 4: Exposures and Patient Susceptibility

Chapter 15 - Genetic Predisposition for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Chapter 16 - Risk Factors and Risk Assessment in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 17 - Experimental Models of Acute Kidney Injury

Section 5: Humoral and Cellular Mechanisms of Kidney Damage

Chapter 18 - Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Pressure

Chapter 19 - Humoral Mediators in Sepsis

Chapter 20 - Cell Death Pathways: Apoptosis and Regulated Necrosis

Chapter 21 - Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns, Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns, and Their Receptors in Acute Kidney Injury

Section 6: Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury and Biomarkers

Chapter 22 - Acute Kidney Disease

Chapter 23 - Acute Kidney Disease, Renal Recovery, and Post-Acute Kidney Injury Care

Chapter 24 - The Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 25 - Functional Biomarkers

Chapter 26 - Damage Biomarkers

Chapter 27 - Kidney Stress Biomarkers

Section 7: Mechanisms of Repair or Progression

Chapter 28 - Renal Repair and Recovery

Chapter 29 - Maladaptive Repair and Progression to CKD

Chapter 30 - Biomarkers of Recovery and/or Repair Following Acute Kidney Injury

Section 8: Renal Histopathology in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 31 - Practical Considerations of Renal Biopsies in Critical Care Patients

Chapter 32 - Localization of Injury and Repair Pathways

Section 9: Imaging Techniques in Critical Care Nephrology

Chapter 33 - Ultrasonography and Doppler Techniques

Chapter 34 - Contrast-Enhanced Renal Ultrasound

Chapter 35 - Traditional Radiology, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Critical Care Nephrology

Chapter 36 - Radionuclides Diagnostic Techniques

Section 10: Clinical Syndromes and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 37 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction

Chapter 38 - Acute Kidney Injury in Burns and Trauma

Chapter 39 - Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 40 - Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy

Chapter 41 - Acute Kidney Injury in Oncology and Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Chapter 42 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiac Surgery

Chapter 43 - Acute Kidney Injury in Major Surgery

Chapter 44 - Acute Kidney Injury in Heart Failure

Chapter 45 - Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis

Chapter 46 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Chapter 47 - Acute Glomerulonephritis

Chapter 48 - Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 49 - Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

Chapter 50 - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Section 11: Prevention and Treatment: General Treatment Concepts

Chapter 51 - Nonpharmacologic Management of Acute Renal Injury

Chapter 52 - Novel Drugs for Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 53 - Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Section 12: Fluid and Electrolytes

Chapter 54 - Blood Biochemistry: Measuring Major Plasma Electrolytes

Chapter 55 - Assessment of Urine Biochemistry

Chapter 56 - Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance

Chapter 57 - Disorders of Potassium and Magnesium

Chapter 58 - Calcium and Phosphate Physiology

Chapter 59 - Principles of Fluid Therapy

Chapter 60 - Blood Transfusion Therapy

Chapter 61 - Loop and Thiazide Diuretics

Chapter 62 - Vaptans and the Treatment of Hyponatremia

Chapter 63 - Aldosterone Antagonists, Amiloride, and Triamterene

Section 13: Acid-Base

Chapter 64 - Laboratory Tests: Blood Gases, Anion Gap, and Strong Ion Gap

Chapter 65 - Acid-Base Physiology and Diagnosis of Disorders

Chapter 66 - Metabolic Acidosis

Chapter 67 - Hyperlactatemia and Lactic Acidosis

Chapter 68 - Renal Tubular Acidosis

Chapter 69 - Metabolic Alkalosis

Chapter 70 - Respiratory Acid-Base Disorders

Chapter 71 - Iatrogenic and Poison-Derived Acid Base Disorders

Section 14: Metabolism and Nutrition in Critical Illness and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 72 - Energy Requirement and Consumption in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 73 - Impact of Renal Replacement Therapy on Metabolism and Nutrient Requirements in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 74 - Amino Acid Turnover, Protein Metabolism, and Nitrogen Balance in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 75 - Carbohydrates and Lipids

Chapter 76 - Endocrinology of the Stress Response During Critical Illness

Chapter 77 - Anemia of Critical Illness

Chapter 78 - Management of Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 79 - Blood Glucose Control in Critical Care

Chapter 80 - Enteral Nutrition

Section 15: Infectious Diseases and Sepsis

Chapter 81 - Microbiologic Considerations in the Intensive Care Patient

Chapter 82 - Innate Immunity and the Kidney

Chapter 83 - Adaptive Immunity and Critical Illness

Chapter 84 - Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Hepatorenal Syndrome

Chapter 85 - Tropical Infections Causing Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 86 - Sepsis and Septic Shock

Chapter 87 - Complement and Its Consequences in Sepsis

Chapter 88 - Coagulation Abnormalities in Sepsis

Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis

Book chapterFull text access

Chapter 89 - Endothelial Dysfunction of the Kidney in Sepsis

Chapter 90 - Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 91 - Recommendations for Sepsis Management

Chapter 92 - Principles of Antimicrobial Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 93 - Renal Replacement Therapy for Septic Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 94 - Blood Purification for Sepsis

Chapter 95 - Management of Infection in Patients With Kidney Transplant

Chapter 96 - Critical Care Viral Infections

Chapter 97 - Principles of Antibiotic Prescription in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Patients With Acute Renal Failure

Section 16: Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 98 - Drugs and Antidotes in Acute Intoxication

Chapter 99 - Extracorporeal Therapies in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 100 - Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning

Chapter 101 - Poisoning: Kinetics to Therapeutics

Section 17: Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Crosstalk

Chapter 102 - Bleeding and Hemostasis in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 103 - Gastrointestinal Problems in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 104 - Cardiovascular Problems in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 105 - Water and Electrolyte Disturbances in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 106 - Neurologic Problems in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 107 - Immunologic and Infectious Complications of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 108 - Cellular Response to Acute Kidney Injury

Section 18: Interaction of the Heart and the Kidney

Chapter 109 - Heart-Kidney Cross-Talk

Chapter 110 - Classification of Cardiorenal Syndrome

Chapter 111 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1

Chapter 112 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 2

Chapter 113 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3

Chapter 114 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4

Chapter 115 - Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5

Chapter 116 - Renal Function During Cardiac Mechanical Support and Artificial Heart

Chapter 117 - The Kidney in Diastolic Dysfunction

Chapter 118 - Principles of Diuretic Management in Heart Failure

Chapter 119 - Management of Overhydration in Heart Failure Patients

Chapter 120 - Recent Advances for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Kidney Disease

Section 19: Interaction of the Lung and Kidney

Chapter 121 - Lung-Kidney Cross-Talk

Chapter 122 - The Kidney During Mechanical Ventilation

Chapter 123 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Renal Function

Chapter 124 - Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal

Chapter 125 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Adults and Children

Chapter 126 - Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome

Section 20: The Liver and the Kidney

Chapter 127 - Liver-Kidney Interaction

Chapter 128 - Pathophysiology and Management of the Hepatorenal Syndrome

Chapter 129 - Kidney Dysfunction After Liver Transplantation

Chapter 130 - Extracorporeal Liver Support Devices

Section 21: Interaction of the Brain and the Kidney

Chapter 131 - Treatment of Combined Acute Renal Failure and Cerebral Edema

Chapter 132 - Renal Protection in the Organ Donor

Chapter 133 - Effect of Extracorporeal Therapies on the Brain

Section 22: Fluid Balance and its Management in the Critically Ill

Chapter 134 - Components of Fluid Balance and Monitoring

Chapter 135 - Noninvasive Methods of Fluid Status Assessment in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 136 - Management of Fluid Overload in Cardiorenal Patients: The Five B Approach

Chapter 137 - Mechanical Fluid Removal

Section 23: General Principles of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 138 - Indications for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill

Chapter 139 - Principles of Extracorporeal Circulation and Transport Phenomena

Chapter 140 - Membranes and Filters for Use in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 141 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Machine Technology

Chapter 142 - Principles of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Circuits

Chapter 143 - Dialysis Solutions and Replacement Fluids

Chapter 144 - Starting and Stopping Renal Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill

Chapter 145 - The Concept of Renal Replacement Therapy Dose and Efficiency

Chapter 146 - Quantification of Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 147 - Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs Used in Extracorporeal Therapies

Chapter 148 - Ethical Considerations in Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 24: Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapies

Chapter 149 - Intermittent Techniques for Acute Dialysis

Chapter 150 - Solute and Water Transport in Hemodialysis: Dialyzers, Flow Distribution, and Cross-Filtration

Chapter 151 - Biocompatibility of the Dialysis System

Chapter 152 - Composition of Hemodialysis Fluid

Chapter 153 - Indications for and Contraindications to Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients

Chapter 154 - Technical and Clinical Complications of Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 155 - Correction of Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Hemodialysis and Derived Techniques

Chapter 156 - Urea Kinetics, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Hemodialysis and Other Intermittent Treatments

Chapter 157 - Assessment of Fluid Status and Body Composition and Control of Fluid Balance With Intermittent Hemodialysis in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 158 - Outcomes of Intermittent Hemodialysis in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 159 - Hybrid Dialysis Techniques in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 160 - The Role of Plasmapheresis in Critical Illness

Chapter 161 - Cascade Filtration for ABO Incompatible Transplant

Chapter 162 - Nursing Issues and Procedures in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 25: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies (CRRT)

Chapter 163 - Indications for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Renal Replacement Versus Renal Support

Chapter 164 - Beginning and Ending Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 165 - Solute and Water Kinetics in Continuous Therapies

Chapter 166 - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Modalities and Their Selection

Chapter 167 - Vascular Access for Acute Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 168 - Anticoagulation Strategies for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 169 - Nursing Strategies to Prevent Coagulation of the Extracorporeal Circuit

Chapter 170 - Adequacy of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Prescription and Delivery

Chapter 171 - High-Volume Hemofiltration in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 172 - Pulse High-Volume Hemofiltration in Management of Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock

Chapter 173 - High Cutoff Membranes for Mediators Removal

Chapter 174 - Clinical Effects of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies

Chapter 175 - Antibiotic Adjustment in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 176 - Nomenclature: Basic Principles

Chapter 177 - Nomenclature: Techniques

Section 26: Peritoneal Dialysis in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 178 - Peritoneal Dialysis System

Chapter 179 - Indications, Contraindications, and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 180 - Solute and Water Transport Across the Peritoneal Barrier

Chapter 181 - Choice of Peritoneal Dialysis Technique: Intermittent or Continuous

Chapter 182 - Correction of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Derangements by Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 183 - Feasibility, Efficiency, and Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 184 - Clinical Results and Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 185 - Treatment of Peritonitis and Other Clinical Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis in the Critically Ill Patient

Chapter 186 - Comparison of Peritoneal Dialysis With Other Treatments for Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 187 - Continuous-Flow Peritoneal Dialysis as Acute Therapy

Chapter 188 - Nursing and Procedure Issues in Peritoneal Dialysis

Section 27: Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis

Chapter 189 - Sorbents: From Basic Structure to Clinical Application

Chapter 190 - Therapeutic Apheresis in Critically Ill Patients: Indications, Modalities and Techniques, Clinical Results

Chapter 191 - Extracorporeal Blood Purification Techniques Beyond Dialysis: Coupled Plasmafiltration-Adsorption

Chapter 192 - Prometheus System

Chapter 193 - Toraymyxin and Other Endotoxin Adsorption Systems

Chapter 194 - Plasmafiltration-Adsorption-Dialysis System

Chapter 195 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Cardiac Support

Chapter 196 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Pulmonary Support

Chapter 197 - Cell-Based Therapies

Section 28: Critical Care Nephrology in Pediatrics

Chapter 198 - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 199 - Epidemiology of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 200 - Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury in Children: Conservative Management to Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 201 - Technical Aspects of Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 202 - Multiple Organ Dysfunction in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 203 - Drug Dosing in Pediatric Acute Kidney Insufficiency and Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 204 - Nutrition of Critically Ill Children With Acute Renal Failure

Chapter 205 - Outcome of Pediatric Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 206 - Renal Replacement Therapy for the Critically Ill Infant

Chapter 207 - Neonatal Hyperammonemia and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 208 - Modified Ultrafiltration in Pediatric Heart Surgery

Chapter 209 - Techniques and Machines for Pediatric Renal Replacement Therapy

Chapter 210 - Antibiotics in Critically Ill Newborns and Children: Nephrotoxicity and Management During Renal Replacement Therapy

Section 29: Kidney Transplantation and Critical Care

Chapter 211 - Patient Selection and Pretransplantation Care for Kidney Transplant Recipients

Chapter 212 - Kidney Support and Perioperative Care in Kidney Transplantation

Chapter 213 - Acute Renal Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Section 30: Special Kidney Problems in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 214 - Management of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 215 - Management of Patients with Diabetes in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 216 - Diagnosis and Management of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department

Chapter 217 - Anticancer Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 218 - Antiinflammatory Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 219 - Calcineurin Inhibitors and Other Immunosuppressive Drugs and the Kidney

Chapter 220 - Alternative Medicine and Chinese Herbs and the Kidney

Chapter 221 - Environment, Smoking, Obesity, and the Kidney

Chapter 222 - Lead and Heavy Metals and the Kidney

Chapter 223 - Statins and the Kidney

Chapter 224 - Erythropoietin Therapy in Critically Ill and Acute Kidney Injury Patients

Chapter 225 - Vasoactive Drugs, Renal Function, and Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 226 - End Points for Clinical Trials in Acute Kidney Injury

Chapter 227 - Hypothermia and the Kidney

Chapter 228 - Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and Acute Kidney Injury

Authors

Claudio Ronco Divisione di Nefrologia, Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy. Rinaldo Bellomo Chairman, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group; Director of Intensive Care Research, Department of Intensive Care, Austin & Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. John Kellum UPMC Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA. Zaccaria Ricci Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.