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Modern Computational Finance. AAD and Parallel Simulations. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 592 Pages
  • December 2018
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 4557089
Arguably the strongest addition to numerical finance of the past decade, Algorithmic Adjoint Differentiation (AAD) is the technology implemented in modern financial software to produce thousands of accurate risk sensitivities, within seconds, on light hardware.

AAD recently became a centerpiece of modern financial systems and a key skill for all quantitative analysts, developers, risk professionals or anyone involved with derivatives. It is increasingly taught in Masters and PhD programs in finance.

Danske Bank's wide scale implementation of AAD in its production and regulatory systems won the In-House System of the Year 2015 Risk award. The Modern Computational Finance books, written by three of the very people who designed Danske Bank's systems, offer a unique insight into the modern implementation of financial models. The volumes combine financial modelling, mathematics and programming to resolve real life financial problems and produce effective derivatives software.

This volume is a complete, self-contained learning reference for AAD, and its application in finance. AAD is explained in deep detail throughout chapters that gently lead readers from the theoretical foundations to the most delicate areas of an efficient implementation, such as memory management, parallel implementation and acceleration with expression templates.

The book comes with professional source code in C++, including an efficient, up to date implementation of AAD and a generic parallel simulation library. Modern C++, high performance parallel programming and interfacing C++ with Excel are also covered. The book builds the code step-by-step, while the code illustrates the concepts and notions developed in the book.

Table of Contents

Modern Computational Finance xi

Preface by Leif Andersen xv

Acknowledgments xix

Introduction xxi

About the Companion C++ Code xxv

PART I Modern Parallel Programming 1

Introduction 3

CHAPTER 1 Effective C++ 17

CHAPTER 2 Modern C++ 25

2.1 Lambda expressions 25

2.2 Functional programming in C++ 28

2.3 Move semantics 34

2.4 Smart pointers 41

CHAPTER 3 Parallel C++ 47

3.1 Multi-threaded Hello World 49

3.2 Thread management 50

3.3 Data sharing 55

3.4 Thread local storage 56

3.5 False sharing 57

3.6 Race conditions and data races 62

3.7 Locks 64

3.8 Spinlocks 66

3.9 Deadlocks 67

3.10 RAII locks 68

3.11 Lock-free concurrent design 70

3.12 Introduction to concurrent data structures 72

3.13 Condition variables 74

3.14 Advanced synchronization 80

3.15 Lazy initialization 83

3.16 Atomic types 86

3.17 Task management 89

3.18 Thread pools 96

3.19 Using the thread pool 108

3.20 Debugging and optimizing parallel programs 113

PART II Parallel Simulation 123

Introduction 125

CHAPTER 4 Asset Pricing 127

4.1 Financial products 127

4.2 The Arbitrage Pricing Theory 140

4.3 Financial models 151

CHAPTER 5 Monte-Carlo 185

5.1 The Monte-Carlo algorithm 185

5.2 Simulation of dynamic models 192

5.3 Random numbers 200

5.4 Better random numbers 202

CHAPTER 6Serial Implementation 213

6.1 The template simulation algorithm 213

6.2 Random number generators 223

6.3 Concrete products 230

6.4 Concrete models 245

6.5 User interface 263

6.6 Results 268

CHAPTER 7 Parallel Implementation 271

7.1 Parallel code and skip ahead 271

7.2 Skip ahead with mrg32k3a 276

7.3 Skip ahead with Sobol 282

7.4 Results 283

PART III Constant Time Differentiation 285

Introduction 287

CHAPTER 8 Manual Adjoint Differentiation 295

8.1 Introduction to Adjoint Differentiation 295

8.2 Adjoint Differentiation by hand 308

8.3 Applications in machine learning and finance 315

CHAPTER 9 Algorithmic Adjoint Differentiation 321

9.1 Calculation graphs 322

9.2 Building and applying DAGs 328

9.3 Adjoint mathematics 340

9.4 Adjoint accumulation and DAG traversal 344

9.5 Working with tapes 349

CHAPTER 10 Effective AAD and Memory Management 357

10.1 The Node class 359

10.2 Memory management and the Tape class 362

10.3 The Number class 379

10.4 Basic instrumentation 398

CHAPTER 11 Discussion and Limitations 401

11.1 Inputs and outputs 401

11.2 Higher-order derivatives 402

11.3 Control flow 402

11.4 Memory 403

CHAPTER 12 Differentiation of the Simulation Library 407

12.1 Active code 407

12.2 Serial code 409

12.3 User interface 417

12.4 Serial results 424

12.5 Parallel code 426

12.6 Parallel results 433

CHAPTER 13 Check-Pointing and Calibration 439

13.1 Check-pointing 439

13.2 Explicit calibration 448

13.3 Implicit calibration 475

CHAPTER 14 Multiple Differentiation in Almost Constant Time 483

14.1 Multidimensional differentiation 483

14.2 Traditional Multidimensional AAD 484

14.3 Multidimensional adjoints 485

14.4 AAD library support 487

14.5 Instrumentation of simulation algorithms 494

14.6 Results 499

CHAPTER 15 Acceleration with Expression Templates 503

15.1 Expression nodes 504

15.2 Expression templates 507

15.3 Expression templated AAD code 524

Debugging AAD Instrumentation 541

Conclusion 547

References 549

Index 555

Authors

Antoine Savine