Injection Molding: Global Markets and Technologies

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Study Goals and Objectives
1.2 Reasons for Doing this Study
1.3 What's New in this Update?
1.4 Scope of Report
1.5 Information Sources
1.6 Methodology
1.7 Geographic Breakdown
1.8 Analyst's Credentials
1.9 Custom Research
1.10 Related Research Reports

Chapter 2 Summary and Highlights

Chapter 3 Market and Technology Background
3.1 History of Plastic Injection Molding
3.1.1 Beginning Phase
3.1.2 Industry: Post-Wwii
3.1.3 Hendry and Plastic Injection Molding
3.1.4 Current Scenario
3.2 Definition of Plastic Injection Molding
3.3 Plastic Molding Techniques
3.3.1 Blow Molding
3.3.2 Compression Molding
3.3.3 Film Insert Molding
3.3.4 Gas Assist Molding
3.3.5 Reactive Injection Molding (Rim)
3.3.6 Two-Shot Injection Molding
3.3.7 Micro Injection Molding
3.3.8 Rotational Molding
3.3.9 Structural Foam Molding
3.3.10 Thermoforming
3.3.11 Injection Molding Vs. Other Plastic Molding Processes
3.4 Factors Affecting the Injection Molding Process
3.5 Thermoplastic Polymers
3.5.1 Key Factors in Selecting An Ideal Injection Molding Material
3.5.2 Polyethylene (Pe)
3.5.3 Polypropylene (Pp)
3.5.4 Polyvinyl Chloride (Pvc)
3.5.5 Nylons
3.5.6 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (Abs)
3.5.7 Polystyrene (Ps)
3.5.8 Other Injection Molding Thermoplastic Polymers Used
3.6 Plastic Injection Molding Process
3.6.1 Injection Molding Cycle
3.6.2 Mold
3.6.3 Runner System
3.6.4 Preparing the Mold
3.6.5 Process Variations
3.6.6 Injection Molding Considerations
3.6.7 Wall Section Considerations
3.6.8 Micro-Molding
3.6.9 Two-Shot Micro-Molding
3.6.10 Plastic Injection Molding Process Trends
3.7 Benefits of Outsourcing the Plastic Injection Process
3.7.1 Cost-Effective
3.7.2 Economies of Scale
3.7.3 Streamlined Inventory
3.7.4 Improved Quality

Chapter 4 Market Dynamics
4.1 Market Dynamics
4.1.1 Key Drivers
4.1.2 Key Challenges
4.1.3 Key Opportunities
4.1.4 Prototyping
4.2 Impact of Russia-Ukraine War
4.2.1 Impact on Plastic Trade
4.3 Impact of Covid-19 on the Market for Plastic Injection Molding
4.3.1 Rise in Demand
4.3.2 Biomedical Plastic Waste Generation
4.3.3 Technology
4.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4.5 Pricing Analysis

Chapter 5 Plastic Injection Molding Machinery and Systems
5.1 Injection Molding Machinery
5.1.1 Hydraulic Injection Molding Machines
5.1.2 Electric Injection Molding Machines
5.1.3 Hybrid Injection Molding Machines
5.2 Type of Injection Machine, by Arrangement
5.2.1 Horizontal Injection Molding Machines
5.2.2 Vertical Injection Molding Machines
5.2.3 Hybrid Injection Molding Machines
5.2.4 Two-Color Injection Molding Machines
5.2.5 Multi-Material Injection Molding Machines
5.2.6 Rotary Injection Molding Machines
5.2.7 Low-Foam Injection Molding Machines
5.2.8 Sandwich Injection Machines
5.2.9 Gas-Assist Injection Molding Machines
5.2.10 Water Injection Technology/Water-Assisted Injection Molding Machines
5.2.11 Micro-Injection Molding Machines

Chapter 6 Market Breakdown by Thermoplastic Polymer Type
6.1 Polypropylene Plastics
6.2 Abs
6.3 Polystyrene
6.4 Hdpe
6.5 Polycarbonate
6.6 Polyamide (Nylon)
6.7 Polyurethane
6.8 Other Plastics

Chapter 7 Market Breakdown by End Use
7.1 Packaging and Product Housing
7.1.1 Power Tool Housing
7.1.2 Bottle Lids/Closures
7.1.3 Plastic Bins and Crates
7.1.4 Reusable Containers
7.2 Medical Devices and Pharmaceuticals
7.3 Automotive
7.4 Electrical and Electronics
7.4.1 Telecommunication
7.4.2 Electrical Switches
7.4.3 White Goods Housing and Packaging
7.5 Industrial and Business Machines
7.6 Agriculture
7.7 Infrastructure
7.8 Other End Uses

Chapter 8 Market Breakdown by Region
8.1 Asia-Pacific
8.1.1 China
8.1.2 India
8.1.3 Rest of Asia-Pacific
8.2 North America
8.2.1 U.S.
8.2.2 Canada
8.3 Europe
8.3.1 Germany
8.3.2 Italy
8.3.3 Rest of Europe
8.4 Rest of the World (Row)

Chapter 9 Competitive Landscape
9.1 Competitive Scenario Analysis
9.2 Latest Strategic Innovations
9.3 Emerging Trends in Plastic Injection Molding
9.3.1 End-Use Innovations

Chapter 10 Company Profiles
10.1 Leading Plastic Injection Molding Machine Manufacturers

• Absolute Haitian Corp.
• Bay Plastics Machinery Corp.
• Davis-Standard LLC
• Dri-Air Industries Inc.
• Engel Austria GmbH
• Gammaflux Controls Inc.
• Graham Engineering Corp.
• Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd.
• Industrial Heater Corp.
• Kautex Machines Inc.
• Maguire Products Inc.
• Maruka Usa Inc.
• Master Molded Products Corp.
• Milacron LLC
• Negri Bossi North America
• Nissei Plastic Industrial Co. Ltd.
• Nordson Polymer Processing Systems
• Novatec Inc.
• Parkinson Technologies Inc.
• Sumitomo (Shi) Demag
• Ube Machinery Corp. Ltd.
• Universal Dynamics Inc.
• Wittmann Battenfeld Inc.
• Yudo Co. Ltd.
• Yushin America Inc.

10.2 Leading Plastic Injection Molding Polymer and End-User Goods Manufacturers

• Advantech Plastics LLC
• Aptargroup Inc.
• Basf Se
• Becton Dickinson and Co.
• Berry Global Group Inc.
• C&J Industries
• Denroy Plastics Ltd.
• Dow Chemical Co. Ltd.
• Dsm
• Dupont
• Eastman Chemical Co.
• Exxonmobil Corp.
• Hti Plastics Inc.
• Huntsman Corp.
• Icomold
• Ineos Group Ltd.
• Jabil Circuit Inc.
• Lacks Enterprises Inc.
• Lyondellbasell Industries N.V.
• Magna International Inc.
• Midstate Mold & Engineering
• Msi Mold Builders
• New Berlin Plastics Inc.
• Newell Rubbermaid
• Rutland Plastics Ltd.
• Rodon Group
• Sabic
• Stack Plastics Inc.
• Toray Industries Inc.
• Zeiger Industries

Chapter 11 Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations

Chapter 12 Appendix B: Associated Organizations

Chapter 13 Appendix C: Bibliography

List of Tables
Summary Table: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 1: Injection Molding vs. Other Plastic Molding Processes
Table 2: Classification of Plastic Products, by Type of Process
Table 3: Advantages of Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Processes
Table 4: Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene
Table 5: Properties of High-Density Polyethylene
Table 6: Properties of Polypropylene
Table 7: Overview of Polypropylene
Table 8: Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride
Table 9: Overview of Polyvinyl Chloride
Table 10: Properties of Nylon
Table 11: Overview of Nylon
Table 12: Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
Table 13: Overview of ABS
Table 14: Properties of Polystyrene
Table 15: Overview of Polystyrene
Table 16: Process Variables to Consider
Table 17: Overview of Common Injection Molding Defects
Table 18: Troubleshooting Injection Molding Processes
Table 19: Advantages of Thermoplastic Over Metal
Table 20: Key Properties of Thermoplastic Composites
Table 21: Plastic Fabrication Processes
Table 22: Biodegradable and Bio-based Plastics
Table 23: U.S. Plastic Trade with Russia
Table 24: U.S. Plastic Trade with Ukraine
Table 25: Average Polymer Prices in Central Europe, December 2022
Table 26: Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types of Injection Molding Machines
Table 27: Benefits of Internal Vs. External Gas Injection Molding
Table 28: Cold Runner Injection Molding Considerations
Table 29: Hot Runner Injection Molding Considerations
Table 30: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, Through 2027
Table 31: Global Market for Polypropylene Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 32: Global Market for ABS Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 33: Global Market for Polystyrene Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 34: Global Market for HDPE Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 35: Properties of Polycarbonate
Table 36: Advantages of Polycarbonate
Table 37: Polycarbonate Applications
Table 38: Global Market for Polycarbonate Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 39: Global Market for Polyamide Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 40: Properties of Nylon
Table 41: Benefits of Nylon
Table 42: Benefits of Polyurethane
Table 43: Global Market for Polyurethane Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 44: Limitations of Polyurethane
Table 45: PU vs. Conventional Materials
Table 46: Global Market for Others Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, Through 2027
Table 47: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 48: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding in Packaging and Product Housing, by Region, Through 2027
Table 49: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding in Medical Devices and Pharmaceuticals, by Region, Through 2027
Table 50: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding in Automotive, by Region, Through 2027
Table 51: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding in Electrical and Electronics, by Region, Through 2027
Table 52: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding in Industrial and Business Machines, by Region, Through 2027
Table 53: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding in Agriculture, by Region, Through 2027
Table 54: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding in Infrastructure, by Region, Through 2027
Table 55: Benefits of Injection Molding in Infrastructure Applications
Table 56: Global Market for Plastic Injection Molding in Other End Uses, by Region, Through 2027
Table 57: Asia-Pacific Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Country, Through 2027
Table 58: Asia-Pacific Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 59: Asia-Pacific Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, Through 2027
Table 60: Chinese Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 61: Indian Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 62: Rest of Asia-Pacific Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 63: North American Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Country, Through 2027
Table 64: North American Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 65: North American Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, Through 2027
Table 66: U.S. Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 67: Canadian Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 68: European Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Country, Through 2027
Table 69: European Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 70: European Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, Through 2027
Table 71: German Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 72: Italian Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 73: Rest of European Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 74: Rest of the World Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, Through 2027
Table 75: Rest of the World Market for Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, Through 2027
Table 76: Latest Strategic Initiatives in the Injection Molding Industry
Table 77: Organizations Associated with the Plastic Injection Molding Industry

List of Figures
Summary Figure: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 1: Types of Plastic Molding
Figure 2: Blow Molding Industrial Process Cycle
Figure 3: Compression Molding Process Cycle
Figure 4: Injection Compression Molding
Figure 5: Injection Compression Molding Process Cycle
Figure 6: Film Insert Molding Process Cycle
Figure 7: Gas Assist Molding Process Cycle
Figure 8: External Gas-Assist Injection Molding Process Cycle
Figure 9: Reactive Injection Molding Process Cycle
Figure 10: Reactive Injection Molding Process Cycle
Figure 11: Rotational Molding Process Cycle
Figure 12: Multi-nozzle, Low-Pressure, Structural Foam/Plastic Molding Process Cycle
Figure 13: Plastic Thermoforming Process Cycle
Figure 14: Plastic Vacuum Thermoforming Process Cycle
Figure 15: Plastic Pressure Thermoforming Process Cycle
Figure 16: Plastic Mechanical Thermoforming Process Cycle
Figure 17: Thermoplastic Injection Molding Process
Figure 18: Key Factors Essential When Selecting an Ideal Injection Molding Material
Figure 19: Polyethylene Chemical Composition
Figure 20: Polypropylene Chemical Composition
Figure 21: Polyvinyl Chloride Chemical Composition
Figure 22: Nylon Chemical Composition
Figure 23: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Chemical Composition
Figure 24: Polystyrene Chemical Composition
Figure 25: Thermoplastics Injection Molding Process
Figure 26: Line Diagram of Mold
Figure 27: Injection Molding Cycle Time
Figure 28: Pressure Change in Molding Cycle
Figure 29: Injection Molding Cycle Operation
Figure 30: Example of Injection Molded Parts
Figure 31: Two-Plate Mold
Figure 32: Three-Plate Mold
Figure 33: Injection Molding: A Part with Side Action Using a Core
Figure 34: Simple Mold Part
Figure 35: Breaking Stress Under Bending on Bars of Different Cross-Section Geometry
Figure 36: Warping Defect
Figure 37: Blush Marks Defect
Figure 38: Burn Marks Defect
Figure 39: Flash Defect
Figure 40: Flow Line Defect
Figure 41: Jetting Defect
Figure 42: Short Shot Defect
Figure 43: Sink Marks Defect
Figure 44: Cracking Defect
Figure 45: Surface Delamination Defect
Figure 46: Vacuum Voids Defect
Figure 47: Bubbles Defect
Figure 48: Blisters Defect
Figure 49: Weld Lines Defect
Figure 50: Two-Shot Micro-Molding
Figure 51: Benefits of Outsourcing Plastic Injection Molding
Figure 52: Global Injection Molding Market- Drivers and Restraints
Figure 53: GDP Growth, Emerging Nations, 2015-2021
Figure 54: Factors Driving Packaging Demand in Emerging Markets
Figure 55: Plastics in MSW, by Weight, 1960-2018
Figure 56: Global Bioplastic Production Capacity, 2021-2027
Figure 57: Global Distribution of Bioplastic Production Capacity, by Type of Material, 2022
Figure 58: Global Distribution of Bioplastic Production Capacity, by Region, 2020
Figure 59: Supply Chain Analysis
Figure 60: Injection Molding Machine
Figure 61: Two-Color Injection Molding Product
Figure 62: Two-Color Injection Molding Process
Figure 63: Two-Color Injection Molding Machine
Figure 64: Sandwich Injection Molding Process Cycle
Figure 65: Overmolding Process Cycle
Figure 66: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, 2021
Figure 67: Global Market Share of Polypropylene Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 68: Global Market Share of ABS Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 69: Global Market Share of Polystyrene Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 70: Global Market Share of HDPE Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 71: Global Market Share of Polycarbonate Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 72: Global Market Share of Polyamide Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 73: Global Market Share of Polyurethane Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 74: Global Market Share of Others Plastic Injection Molding, by Region, 2021
Figure 75: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 76: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding in Packaging and Product Housing, by Region, 2021
Figure 77: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding in Medical Devices and Pharmaceuticals, by Region, 2021
Figure 78: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding in Automotive, by Region, 2021
Figure 79: Global Sales-All Vehicles, 2019-2021
Figure 80: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding in Electrical and Electronics, by Region, 2021
Figure 81: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding in Industrial and Business Machines, by Region, 2021
Figure 82: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding in Agriculture, by Region, 2021
Figure 83: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding in Infrastructure, by Region, 2021
Figure 84: Global Renewable Electricity Capacity Additions, by Region, 2015-2026
Figure 85: Global Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding in Other End Uses, by Region, 2021
Figure 86: Share of Plastics Exported, by Key Country, 2020
Figure 87: Growth Projections: Asia-Pacific, 2020-2022
Figure 88: Asia-Pacific Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by Country, 2021
Figure 89: Asia-Pacific Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 90: Asia-Pacific Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, 2021
Figure 91: Chinese Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 92: Demand-side Contribution to GDP, 2021 and 2022
Figure 93: Key Indicators, 2021 to 2024
Figure 94: Indian Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 95: Rest of Asia-Pacific Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 96: North American Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding by Country, 2021
Figure 97: North American Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 98: North American Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, 2021
Figure 99: U.S. Motor Vehicle Production and Domestic Sales, 2018-2021
Figure 100: U.S. Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 101: Canadian Automotive Market Statistics, 2019-2022
Figure 102: Canadian Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 103: Europe GDP Forecast, by Country, 2022-2024
Figure 104: European Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by Country, 2021
Figure 105: European Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 106: European Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, 2021
Figure 107: German Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 108: Italian Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 109: Rest of European Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 110: Rest of the World Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by End Use, 2021
Figure 111: Rest of the World Market Share of Plastic Injection Molding, by Type of Thermoplastic Polymer, 2021
Figure 112: Middle East, Real GDP, 2022
Figure 113: BASF SE: Net Sales, 2020 and 2021
Figure 114: BASF SE: Revenue Share, by Region, 2021
Figure 115: Berry Global Inc.: Net Sales, 2020 and 2021
Figure 116: Dow: Net Sales, 2020 and 2021
Figure 117: Dow: Sales Share, by Region, 2021
Figure 118: Dow: Sales Share, by Segment, 2021
Figure 119: DuPont: Net Sales, 2019-2021
Figure 120: Eastman Chemical Co.: Revenue, 2020 and 2021
Figure 121: ExxonMobil Corp.: Sales Revenue, 2020 and 2021
Figure 122: Huntsman Corp.: Sales Revenue, 2020 and 2021
Figure 123: Huntsman Corp.: Revenue Share, by Region, 2021
Figure 124: Huntsman Corp.: Revenue Share, by Segment, 2021
Figure 125: Ineos Group: Sales, 2019-2021
Figure 126: Magna International Inc.: Sales, 2019-2021
Figure 127: Magna International Inc.: Sales Share, by Customer, 2021
Figure 128: Sabic: Sales Revenue, 2020 and 2021
Figure 129: Sabic: Revenue Share, by Region/Country, 2021
Figure 130: Toray Industries Inc.: Net Sales, 2021 and 2022
Figure 131: Toray Industries Inc.: Revenue Share, by Segment, 2022
Figure 132: Toray Industries Inc.: Revenue Share, by Region/Country, 2022

Executive Summary

Injection molding of plastics is continuing its dominance within the processing of polymers to render products for everyday use, including kitchenware, toys and packaging, among other end-use industries.

Amid the recovery of major world economies, in the post-COVID phase, during early 2021, molders are gradually moving towards the attainment of pre-COVID performance standards. However, demand for plastic resins is soaring, with massive demand in the global market. In the current phase, partnership with trusted experts is likely to promote growth. Market players are increasingly investing in the acquisition of new machinery and equipment and focusing on hiring skilled workers to cater to growing demand, especially in the medical sector.

Rapid globalization, growing consumerism and rapid technological advancement have brought a plethora of opportunities for the market players, globally. The industry is consistently engaged in conducting extensive (R&D) activities to develop innovative and efficient materials. Moreover, a rise in realization, achievement of economies of scale and operational efficiency will continue to aid market players in achieving desired performance targets.

Thermoplastic polymers are also used in the injection molding process to create thin parts needed for commercial applications, including piping and roofing products used within the building and construction industry, stents and prosthetics for medical device use and exterior/interior trim and electronic assemblies for automotive utilities. The most important determinants of demand for thermoplastic polymers: population growth, urbanization, a change in household structures, a growing middle class and more private consumption, in emerging countries, in particular. The above factors are seen as a move toward replacing glass and metal components with thermoplastic polymers. Polymers have become more rigid and durable, replacing glass and metal in food packaging, metal in automotive and are even being used in housing. Higher growth rates are forecasted as these trends are expected to continue.

Companies Mentioned

• Absolute Haitian Corp.
• Advantech Plastics LLC
• Aptargroup Inc.
• Basf Se
• Bay Plastics Machinery Corp.
• Becton Dickinson and Co.
• Berry Global Group Inc.
• C&J Industries
• Davis-Standard LLC
• Denroy Plastics Ltd.
• Dow Chemical Co. Ltd.
• Dri-Air Industries Inc.
• Dsm
• Dupont
• Eastman Chemical Co.
• Engel Austria GmbH
• Exxonmobil Corp.
• Gammaflux Controls Inc.
• Graham Engineering Corp.
• Hti Plastics Inc.
• Huntsman Corp.
• Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd.
• Icomold
• Industrial Heater Corp.
• Ineos Group Ltd.
• Jabil Circuit Inc.
• Kautex Machines Inc.
• Lacks Enterprises Inc.
• Lyondellbasell Industries N.V.
• Magna International Inc.
• Maguire Products Inc.
• Maruka Usa Inc.
• Master Molded Products Corp.
• Midstate Mold & Engineering
• Milacron LLC
• Msi Mold Builders
• Negri Bossi North America
• New Berlin Plastics Inc.
• Newell Rubbermaid
• Nissei Plastic Industrial Co. Ltd.
• Nordson Polymer Processing Systems
• Novatec Inc.
• Parkinson Technologies Inc.
• Rodon Group
• Rutland Plastics Ltd.
• Sabic
• Stack Plastics Inc.
• Sumitomo (Shi) Demag
• Toray Industries Inc.
• Ube Machinery Corp. Ltd.
• Universal Dynamics Inc.
• Wittmann Battenfeld Inc.
• Yudo Co. Ltd.
• Yushin America Inc.
• Zeiger Industries