The Global Market for Non-Carbon Two-dimensional (2D) Materials

1.1 History
1.2 Properties
1.3 Types of graphene
1.3.1 Graphene materials
1.3.1.1 CVD Graphene
1.3.1.2 Graphene nanoplatelets
1.3.1.3 Graphene oxide and reduced Graphene Oxide
1.3.1.4 Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)
1.3.2 Intermediate products
1.3.2.1 Graphene masterbatches
1.3.2.2 Graphene dispersions
1.4 Production
1.4.1 Quality
1.4.2 Assessment of graphene production methods

2.1 Types
2.2 Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2D materials
2.3 Production methods
2.3.1 Top-down exfoliation
2.3.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation method
2.3.1.2 Liquid exfoliation method
2.3.2 Bottom-up synthesis
2.3.2.1 Chemical synthesis in solution
2.3.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition
2.4 Hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN)/Bboron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs)
2.4.1 Properties
2.4.2 Applications and markets
2.4.2.1 Electronics
2.4.2.2 Fuel cells
2.4.2.3 Adsorbents
2.4.2.4 Photodetectors
2.4.2.5 Textiles
2.4.2.6 Biomedical
2.5 MXenes
2.5.1 Properties
2.5.1.1 Applications
2.6 Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD)
2.6.1 Properties
2.6.1.1 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)
2.6.1.2 Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)
2.6.2 Applications
2.6.2.1 Electronics
2.6.2.2 Optoelectronics
2.6.2.3 Biomedical
2.6.2.4 Piezoelectrics
2.6.2.5 Sensors
2.6.2.6 Filtration
2.6.2.7 Batteries and supercapacitors
2.6.2.8 Fiber lasers
2.7 Borophene
2.7.1 Properties
2.7.2 Applications
2.7.2.1 Energy storage
2.7.2.2 Hydrogen storage
2.7.2.3 Sensors
2.7.2.4 Electronics
2.8 Phosphorene/ Black phosphorus
2.8.1 Properties
2.8.2 Applications
2.8.2.1 Electronics
2.8.2.2 Field effect transistors
2.8.2.3 Thermoelectrics
2.8.2.4 Batteries
2.8.2.5 Supercapacitors
2.8.2.6 Photodetectors
2.8.2.7 Sensors
2.9 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)
2.9.1 Properties
2.9.2 C2N
2.9.3 Applications
2.9.3.1 Electronics
2.9.3.2 Filtration membranes
2.9.3.3 Photocatalysts
2.9.3.4 Batteries
2.9.3.5 Sensors
2.10 Germanene
2.10.1 Properties
2.10.2 Applications
2.10.2.1 Electronics
2.10.2.2 Batteries
2.11 Graphdiyne
2.11.1 Properties
2.11.2 Applications
2.11.2.1 Electronics
2.11.2.2 Batteries
2.11.2.3 Separation membranes
2.11.2.4 Water filtration
2.11.2.5 Photocatalysts
2.11.2.6 Photovoltaics
2.11.2.7 Gas separation
2.12 Graphane
2.12.1 Properties
2.12.2 Applications
2.12.2.1 Electronics
2.12.2.2 Hydrogen storage
2.13 Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2)
2.13.1 Properties
2.13.2 Applications
2.14 Silicene
2.14.1 Properties
2.14.2 Applications
2.14.2.1 Electronics
2.14.2.2 Thermoelectrics
2.14.2.3 Batteries
2.14.2.4 Sensors
2.14.2.5 Biomedical
2.15 Stanene/tinene
2.15.1 Properties
2.15.2 Applications
2.15.2.1 Electronics
2.16 Antimonene
2.16.1 Properties
2.16.2 Applications
2.17 Indium selenide
2.17.1 Properties
2.17.2 Applications
2.17.2.1 Electronics
2.18 Layered double hydroxides (LDH)
2.18.1 Properties
2.18.2 Applications
2.18.2.1 Adsorbents
2.18.2.2 Catalyst
2.18.2.3 Sensors
2.18.2.4 Electrodes
2.18.2.5 Flame Retardants
2.18.2.6 Biosensors
2.18.2.7 Tissue engineering
2.18.2.8 Anti-Microbials
2.18.2.9 Drug Delivery

Table 1. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof.
Table 2. Applications of GO and rGO.
Table 3. Comparison of graphene QDs and semiconductor QDs.
Table 4. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for preparing GQDs.
Table 5. Applications of graphene quantum dots.
Table 6. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics and photonics.
Table 7. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in energy storage and conversion.
Table 8. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in sensors.
Table 9. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and life sciences.
Table 10. Markets and applications for graphene quantum dots in electronics.
Table 11. Market and technology challenges for graphene quantum dots.
Table 12. Prices for graphene quantum dots.
Table 13. Assessment of graphene production methods.
Table 14. 2D materials types.
Table 15. Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.
Table 16. Comparison of top-down exfoliation methods to produce 2D materials.
Table 17. Comparison of the bottom-up synthesis methods to produce 2D materials.
Table 18. Properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).
Table 19. Electronic and mechanical properties of monolayer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2.
Table 20. Properties and applications of functionalized germanene.
Table 21. GDY-based anode materials in LIBs and SIBs
Table 22. Physical and electronic properties of Stanene.

Figure 1. Graphene layer structure schematic.
Figure 2. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG.
Figure 3. Graphite and graphene.
Figure 4. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene.
Figure 5. Types of CVD methods.
Figure 6. Schematic of the manufacture of GnPs starting from natural graphite.
Figure 7. Green-fluorescing graphene quantum dots.
Figure 8. Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1-4).
Figure 9. Graphene quantum dots.
Figure 10. Top-down and bottom-up graphene QD synthesis methods.
Figure 12. Fabrication methods of graphene.
Figure 13. TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF.
Figure 14. (a) Graphene powder production line The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd.
Figure 15. Schematic illustration of the main graphene production methods.
Figure 16. Structures of nanomaterials based on dimensions.
Figure 17. Schematic of 2-D materials.
Figure 18. Diagram of the mechanical exfoliation method.
Figure 19. Diagram of liquid exfoliation method
Figure 20. Structure of hexagonal boron nitride.
Figure 21. BN nanosheet textiles application.
Figure 22. Structure diagram of Ti3C2Tx.
Figure 23. Types and applications of 2D TMDCs.
Figure 24. Left: Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2). Right: Tungsten ditelluride (WTe2)
Figure 25. SEM image of MoS2.
Figure 26. Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor.
Figure 27. Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.
Figure 28. Borophene schematic.
Figure 29. Black phosphorus structure.
Figure 30. Black Phosphorus crystal.
Figure 31. Bottom gated flexible few-layer phosphorene transistors with the hydrophobic dielectric encapsulation.
Figure 32: Graphitic carbon nitride.
Figure 33. Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.
Figure 34. Schematic of germanene.
Figure 35. Graphdiyne structure.
Figure 36. Schematic of Graphane crystal.
Figure 37. Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide.
Figure 38. Silicene structure.
Figure 39. Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate.
Figure 40. Silicene transistor.
Figure 41. Crystal structure for stanene.
Figure 42. Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111).
Figure 43. Schematic of Indium Selenide (InSe).
Figure 44. Application of Li-Al LDH as CO2 sensor.
Figure 45. Graphene-based membrane dehumidification test cell.