The ‘Heart Failure (HF) - Epidemiology Forecast to 2028’ report delivers an in-depth understanding of the disease, historical, and forecasted epidemiology of HF in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and United Kingdom), and Japan.
Geography Covered
- The United States
- EU5 (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom)
- Japan
Study Period: 2017–2028
Heart Failure (HF) - Disease Understanding
Heart Failure (HF) is a chronic condition in which the heart muscle is incapable of pumping enough blood to meet the body's requirements for blood and oxygen. Few people face both problems simultaneously. Another term for HF is cor pulmonale which means that right-side HF is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle. HF is triggered by structural and functional limitations in the myocardium resulting in damage to ventricular filling or the ejection of blood by the heart. The most common cause for HF is lowering the left ventricular myocardial utility along with the dysfunction of the pericardium, endocardium, heart valves or large vessels alone or in combination, ischemic heart disease, and diabetes. Some people face the problem of HF when the heart has trouble pumping enough blood to support other organs in the body. Some people have a hardening and stiffening of the heart muscle themself, which blocks or reduces blood flow towards the heart.
The four stages of HF are Stage A (pre-HF), Stage B (pre-HF but slightly closer to the worse phase of the disease), Stage C (Patients have been diagnosed with HF and is simultaneously dealing with the symptoms), Stage D and reduced E (HF have progressive symptoms that are difficult or slightly unable to get cured with treatment)
Heart Failure (HF) - Epidemiology
The Heart Failure (HF) epidemiology division provides insights about historical and current patient pool and forecasted trends for every seven major countries. The epidemiology data for Heart Failure (HF) are studied through all possible divisions to give a better understanding of the Disease scenario in the 7MM. It also helps to recognize the causes of current and forecasted trends by exploring numerous studies, survey reports, and views of key opinion leaders.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 5.7 million adults in the United States have heart failure. HF usually happens when the heart is unable to pump enough blood and oxygen to support other organs in the body. HF is a serious condition, but it does not mean that the heart has stopped beating. About half of people who develop heart failure die within 5 years of diagnosis.
According to the American Heart Association News, the number of people diagnosed with HF was increasing and projected to rise by 46% by 2030, resulting in more than 8 million people with HF, according to the American Heart Association’s 2017 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics Update (link opens in new window). The number of adults living with heart failure increased from about 5.7 million (2009–2012) to about 6.5 million (2011–2014). Data are based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which is taken in stages over multiple years
A study conducted by Jackson et al. (2018) in the United States, HF affects approximately 6.5 million adults, and lifetime risk of HF is estimated to be 1 in 5 at 40 years of age. The incidence of HF increases with age, and HF prevalence in the aging US population is projected to increase by 46% between 2012 and 2030. Among hospitalizations for primary HF, the most common comorbid diagnoses were hypertension (72%), IHD (56%), diabetes mellitus (48%), chronic kidney disease (47%), and AF (43%). Among deaths with comorbid HF, the most common underlying causes were IHD (44%), hypertension (21%), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (21%).
The report also provides the epidemiology trends observed in the 7MM during the study period, along with the assumptions undertaken. The calculated data are presented with relevant tables and graphs to give a clear view of the epidemiology at first sight.
The disease epidemiology covered in the report is segmented by:
- Prevalent Population of Heart Failure
- Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure
- Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure
- Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure
- NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in the United States
- Diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction
- Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure
According to the publisher, the total prevalent cases of HF in the 7MM was found to be 12,026,384 in 2017. The prevalent cases of HF in the 7MM are expected to increase during the study period of 2017–2028. Also, in 7MM the highest number of prevalent cases were observed in the US with 6,192,189 cases in 2017.
Report Scope
- The report covers the detailed overview of Heart Failure (HF) explaining its causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic biomarkers, differential diagnosis, diagnosis and treatment patterns.
- The report provides insight into the historical and forecasted patient pool for seven major markets covering the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, France, Italy, UK), and Japan.
- The report assesses the disease risk and burden and highlights the unmet needs of Heart Failure (HF).
- The report helps to recognize the growth opportunities in the 7MM with respect to the patient population.
- The report provides the segmentation of the disease epidemiology by type-specific cases, comorbidities-related cases, and NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure (HF) in the 7MM.
Key Strengths
- 10-Year Forecast of Heart Failure (HF) epidemiology
- 7MM Coverage
- Total Prevalent Cases of Heart Failure (HF)
- Prevalent Cases according to segmentation
Key Assessments
- Patient Segmentation
- Disease Risk and Burden
- Risk of disease by the segmentation
- Factors driving growth in a specific patient population
1. Key Insights
2. Heart Failure (HF) Market Overview at a Glance
2.1. Patient Share (%) Distribution of Heart Failure (HF) in 2017
2.2. Patient Share (%) Distribution of Heart Failure (HF) in 2028
3. Disease Background and Overview: Heart Failure (HF)
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Causes of HF
3.3. Signs and Symptoms
3.4. Stages of HF
3.4.1. Stage A
3.4.2. Stage B
3.4.3. Stage C
3.4.4. Stage D and reduced E
3.5. Classification of HF
3.6. Common pathophysiologic mechanisms in HF
3.6.1. Structural Heart Disease and Mechanical Stress: Pressure/Volume Overload
3.6.2. Neurohormonal Dysregulation
3.6.3. Ischemic Injury: Replacement Fibrosis and Hibernating Myocardium
3.6.4. Abnormal Intracellular Calcium Handling
3.6.5. Genetic Mutations
3.7. Biomarkers for the HF
3.7.1. Characteristics of Other Biomarkers for HF
3.8. Diagnosis
3.8.1. Medical and Family Histories
3.9. Diagnostic Tests
3.9.1. EKG (Electrocardiogram)
3.9.2. Chest x-ray
3.9.3. Echocardiography
3.9.4. Doppler Ultrasound
3.9.5. Holter Monitor
3.9.6. Nuclear Heart Scan
3.9.7. Cardiac Catheterization
3.9.8. Coronary Angiography
3.9.9. Stress Test
3.9.10. Cardiac MRI
3.10. Differential Diagnosis
4. Diagnostic Guidelines
4.1. American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), and HF Society of America (HFSA) (2017)
4.2. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic HF
4.2.1. Essential initial investigations: natriuretic peptides, electrocardiogram and echocardiography
4.2.2. Diagnosis of HF with a preserved ejection fraction
4.2.3. Cardiac imaging and other diagnostic tests
4.3. Diagnostic Algorithm
5. Recognized Establishments
6. Epidemiology and Patient Population
6.1. Key Findings
6.2. 7MM Countries Prevalent Patient Population of Heart Failure
6.3. 7MM Countries Diagnosed Prevalent Patient Population of Heart Failure
7. Country Wise-Epidemiology of HF
7.1. United States
7.1.1. Assumptions and Rationale
7.1.2. Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United States
7.1.3. Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United States
7.1.4. Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United States
7.1.5. Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United States
7.1.6. NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in the United States
7.1.7. Diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in the United States
7.1.8. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in the United States
7.2. EU5 Countries
7.3. Germany
7.3.1. Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Germany
7.3.2. Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Germany
7.3.3. Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Germany
7.3.4. Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Germany
7.3.5. NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Germany
7.3.6. Diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Germany
7.3.7. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Germany
7.4. France
7.4.1. Assumptions and Rationale
7.4.2. Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in France
7.4.3. Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in France
7.4.4. Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in France
7.4.5. Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in France
7.4.6. NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in France
7.4.7. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in France
7.4.8. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in France
7.5. Italy
7.5.1. Assumptions and Rationale
7.5.2. Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Italy
7.5.3. Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Italy
7.5.4. Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Italy
7.5.5. Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Italy
7.5.6. NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Italy
7.5.7. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Italy
7.5.8. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Italy
7.6. Spain
7.6.1. Assumptions and Rationale
7.6.2. Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Spain
7.6.3. Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Spain
7.6.4. Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Spain
7.6.5. Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Spain
7.6.6. NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Spain
7.6.7. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Spain
7.6.8. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Spain
7.7. United Kingdom
7.7.1. Assumptions and Rationale
7.7.2. Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom
7.7.3. Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom
7.7.4. Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom
7.7.5. Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom
7.7.6. NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in the United Kingdom
7.7.7. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in the United Kingdom
7.7.8. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in the United Kingdom
7.8. Japan
7.8.1. Assumptions and Rationale
7.8.2. Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Japan
7.8.3. Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Japan
7.8.4. Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Japan
7.8.5. Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Japan
7.8.6. NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Japan
7.8.7. Diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Japan
7.8.8. Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Japan
8. Treatment
8.1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
8.2. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
8.3. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs)
8.4. If-Channel Inhibitor
8.5. Beta-blockers
8.6. Angiotensin-Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNIs)
8.7. Diuretics
8.8. Digoxin (Lanoxin)
8.9. Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate
8.10. Statins
8.11. Anticoagulants
8.12. Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT)
8.13. Unique characteristics of heart failure treatment in Japan
8.13.1. Carperitide
8.13.2. Nicorandil
8.13.3. Landiolol
8.13.4. Tolvaptan
8.13.5. Pimobendan
8.13.6. Waon therapy
8.14. Non-pharmacological intervention and lifestyle modification
9. Treatment Guidelines of Heart Failure
10. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines: 2016
10.1. Pharmacological treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
10.1.1. Objectives in the management of heart failure
10.2. Treatments recommended in all symptomatic patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction
10.2.1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
10.2.2. Beta-blockers
10.2.3. Mineralocorticoid/aldosterone receptor antagonists
10.3. Other treatments recommended in selected symptomatic patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction
10.3.1. Diuretics
10.3.2. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor
10.3.3. If-channel inhibitor
10.3.4. Angiotensin II type I receptor blockers
10.3.5. Combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate
10.4. Other treatments with less certain benefits in symptomatic patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction
10.4.1. Digoxin and other digital
10.4.2. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
10.5. Treatments not recommended (unproven benefit) in symptomatic patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction
10.5.1. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (‘statins')
10.5.2. Oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet therapy
10.5.3. Renin-inhibitors
10.6. Treatments not recommended (believed to cause harm) in symptomatic patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction
10.6.1. Calcium-channel blockers
11. JCS 2017/JHFS 2017 Guideline on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure
12. Unmet Needs
13. Appendix
13.1. Report Methodology
14. Capabilities
15. Disclaimer
16. About the Publisher
List of Tables
Table 1: HF Classification based on the New York Heart Association
Table 2: HF Classification based on the New York Heart Association
Table 3: HF Classification based on the American College of Cardiology
Table 4: Shift along the Frank-Starling Curve and Its Causes
Table 5: Characteristics of Other Biomarkers for HF
Table 6: Different test for the estimation of the HF
Table 7: Recommendations for measuring biomarkers in HF
Table 8: Recommendations for managing blood pressure in HF
Table 9: Total Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the 7MM Countries (2017–2028)
Table 10: Total Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the 7MM Countries (2017–2028)
Table 11: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United States (2017–2028)
Table 12: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United States (2017–2028)
Table 13: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United States (2017–2028)
Table 14: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United States (2017–2028)
Table 15: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in the United States (2017–2028)
Table 16: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in the United States (2017–2028)
Table 17: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of HF associated with comorbidities in the United States (2017–2028)
Table 18: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Germany (2017–2028)
Table 19: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Germany (2017–2028)
Table 20: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Germany (2017–2028)
Table 21: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Germany (2017–2028)
Table 22: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Germany (2017–2028)
Table 23: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Germany (2017–2028)
Table 24: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Germany (2017–2028)
Table 25: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in France (2017–2028)
Table 26: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in France (2017–2028)
Table 27: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in France (2017–2028)
Table 28: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in France (2017–2028)
Table 29: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in France (2017–2028)
Table 30: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in France (2017–2028)
Table 31: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in France (2017–2028)
Table 32: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Italy (2017–2028)
Table 33: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Italy (2017–2028)
Table 34: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Italy (2017–2028)
Table 35: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Italy (2017–2028)
Table 36: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Italy (2017–2028)
Table 37: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Italy (2017–2028)
Table 38: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Italy (2017–2028)
Table 39: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Spain (2017–2028)
Table 40: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Spain (2017–2028)
Table 41: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Spain (2017–2028)
Table 42: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Spain (2017–2028)
Table 43: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Spain (2017–2028)
Table 44: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Spain (2017–2028)
Table 45: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Spain (2017–2028)
Table 46: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Table 47: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Table 48: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Table 49: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Table 50: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Table 51: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Table 52: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Table 53: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Japan (2017–2028)
Table 54: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Japan (2017–2028)
Table 55: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Japan (2017–2028)
Table 56: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Japan (2017–2028)
Table 57: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Japan (2017–2028)
Table 58: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Japan (2017–2028)
Table 59: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Japan (2017–2028)
Table 60: Guidelines for the diagnosis of Heart Failure
Table 61: Recommendations and Levels of Evidence for Medications for HFrEF
List of Figures
Figure 1: Different condition in HF
Figure 2: Causes of HF
Figure 3: Stages of HF
Figure 4: Common pathophysiologic mechanisms in HF
Figure 5: Common pathophysiologic mechanisms in HF
Figure 6: Total Prevalent Patient Population of HF in the 7MM Countries (2017–2028)
Figure 7: Total Diagnosed Prevalent Patient Population of Heart Failure in the 7MM Countries (2017–2028)
Figure 8: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United States (2017–2028)
Figure 9: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United States (2017–2028)
Figure 10: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United States (2017–2028)
Figure 11: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United States (2017–2028)
Figure 12: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in the United States (2017–2028)
Figure 13: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in the United States (2017–2028)
Figure 14: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in the United States (2017–2028)
Figure 15: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Germany (2017–2028)
Figure 16: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Germany (2017–2028)
Figure 17: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Germany (2017–2028)
Figure 18: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Germany (2017–2028)
Figure 19: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Germany (2017–2028)
Figure 20: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Germany (2017–2028)
Figure 21: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Germany (2017–2028)
Figure 22: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in France (2017–2028)
Figure 23: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in France (2017–2028)
Figure 24: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in France (2017–2028)
Figure 25: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in France (2017–2028)
Figure 26: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in France (2017–2028)
Figure 27: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in France (2017–2028)
Figure 28: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in France (2017–2028)
Figure 29: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Italy (2017–2028)
Figure 30: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Italy (2017–2028)
Figure 31: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Italy (2017–2028)
Figure 32: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Italy (2017–2028)
Figure 33: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Italy (2017–2028)
Figure 34: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Italy (2017–2028)
Figure 35: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Italy (2017–2028)
Figure 36: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Spain (2017–2028)
Figure 37: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Spain (2017–2028)
Figure 38: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Spain (2017–2028)
Figure 39: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Spain (2017–2028)
Figure 40: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in Spain (2017–2028)
Figure 41: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Spain (2017–2028)
Figure 42: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Spain (2017–2028)
Figure 43: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Figure 44: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Figure 45: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Figure 46: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Figure 47: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Figure 48: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Spain (2017–2028)
Figure 49: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in the United Kingdom (2017–2028)
Figure 50: Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Japan (2017–2028)
Figure 51: Diagnosed Prevalent Population of Heart Failure in Japan (2017–2028)
Figure 52: Gender-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Japan (2017–2028)
Figure 53: Age-specific diagnosed prevalent cases of Heart Failure in Japan (2017–2028)
Figure 54: NYHA class-specific diagnosed prevalent cases Japan (2017–2028)
Figure 55: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure with Ejection Fraction in Japan (2017–2028)
Figure 56: Diagnosed Prevalent cases of Heart Failure associated with comorbidities in Japan (2017–2028)
Figure 57: Different Classes of Drug
Figure 58: Evidence-based doses of disease-modifying drugs in key randomized trials in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (or after myocardial infarction)
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