Diabetes and the Eye familiarizes the reader with the relationship between diabetes mellitus and the visual system.
It presents a discussion about the diabetes epidemic and the many ways the disease can cause vision loss, with several types of vision disorders covered in separate chapters. Information about new frontiers in the treatment of ophthalmic disorders is also presented to reflect the advances being made in the clinic.
Key Features:
- Presents detailed coverage of vision loss in diabetes in 12 organized and easy to read chapters
- Includes a discussion on the diabetes epidemic
- Covers a wide range of vision disorders, of different parts of the eye
- Includes information on current practices in eye care and management for diabetic patients
- Includes information about relevant diagnostic tools
This book serves as a useful handbook for medical students, residents in ophthalmology, community and academic ophthalmologists, as well as members of the internal medicine and family practice communities.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Diabetes Epidemic, Epidemiology, Statistics and Trends
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus
- Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy
- Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 2 Recent Developments in Diabetes Evaluation And Management: Implications for the Practicing Clinicians
- Introduction
- Risk Factors of Diabetes Mellitus
- Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
- Genetics
- Susceptibility Loci
- Modifiable Risk Factors
- Lifestyle
- Vitamins
- Gut Bacteria
- Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
- Macrovascular Complications
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Cancer
- Cerebrovascular Accident
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Microvascular Complications
- Neuropathy
- Retinopathy
- Diabetic Kidney Disease
- New Therapeutic Modalities for Treating Diabetes Mellitus
- Dpp-4 and Sglt2 Inhibitors: The Next Second Line Oral Agents
- Dpp-4 Inhibitors Compared to Sulfonylurea
- The Search for Superior Insulin as Demand for Higher Doses Rises
- Insulin Degludec
- Gpr40 Agonist
- Lixisenatide
- Anti-Inflammatory Treatment
- Nitrates and Nitrites
- Antioxidant Therapy
- New Technologies for Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
- Andrew M. Hendrick
- Anna Y. Groysman, Lina Soni, Samara Skwiersky and Samy I. Mcfarlane
- Glucose Monitoring
- The Artificial Pancreas (Closed-Loop Monitoring System)
- Components of the Closed-Loop Monitoring System
- The Three-Body Access Routes
- The Efficacy of the Closed-Loop System
- Bi-Hormonal Therapy and the Closed-Loop System
- Adjunctive Therapies and the Closed-Loop System
- The Outlook of the Closed-Loop Monitoring System
- Pancreas Allotransplantation
- Islet Cell Allotransplantation
- Becoming Insulin Free with Stem Cells
- Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus
- Screening
- Lifestyle Modification
- Pharmacological Agents
- Motivational Interviewing
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 3 Blurred Vision in the Diabetic Patient - Reversible and Nonreversible Causes - General Classification of Diabetic Eye Disease
- Introduction
- Classification System
- Reversible and Non-Reversible Causes of Vision Loss in Diabetic
- Retinopathy
- Diabetic Macular Edema
- Complications from Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Vitreomacular Traction and Epiretinal Membrane
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 4 Diabetes and Ocular Infections
- Introduction
- Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis
- Case 1
- Pre-Septal & Orbital Cellulitis
- Case 2
- Case 3
- Infectious Keratitis
- Case 4
- Endophthalmitis
- Case 5
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Rony Gelman
- Jennifer Lopez and Allison E. Rizzuti
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 5 Neuro-Ophthalmic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
- Introduction
- Diabetes and Neuro-Ophthalmologic Complications
- Cranial Nerve Palsies in Diabetes
- Case 1: Diabetic Patient Presents with an Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
- Cases 2 and 3: Botulinum Toxin an as a Treatment of Diplopia from Diabetic
- Abducens Nerve Palsy
- Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
- Optic Neuropathy in Young Patients with Diabetes
- Pupils in Diabetes
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 6 Overview of Anterior and Posterior Segment Complications
- Introduction
- Anterior Segment Complications
- Ocular Surface Diseases
- Dry Eye Syndrome (Des)
- Diabetic Keratopathy
- Refractive Changes
- Cataracts
- Ocular Movement Disorders
- Neovascular Glaucoma
- Posterior Segment Complications
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Diabetic Papillopathy
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 7 Diabetes and the Cornea
- Corneal Epithelium
- Increase in Epithelial Thickness
- Abnormal Basement Membrane Formation
- Impaired Epithelial Barrier Function
- Increased Epithelial Fragility
- Poor Healing Capacity of Epithelial Defects
- Corneal Infections
- Corneal Stroma
- Julie Debacker and Alessandro Albano
- Steven Agemy, Zaki Azam and Eric Shrier
- Lucy Sun and Douglas R. Lazzaro
- Altered Collagen Synthesis
- Corneal Endothelium
- Morphological Abnormalities
- Functional Abnormalities Leading to Increased Water Content in the Atroma and Folds In
- Descement's Membrane
- Corneal Nerves
- Reduced Corneal Sensation
- Loss of the Subbasal Nerve Plexus
- Loss of Neurotrophic Support
- Tear Dynamics and Tearing
- Tear Film Dysfunction
- Decreased Reflex Tearing
- Cornea Considerations in Ocular Surgery
- Cataract Surgery
- Refractive Surgery: Prk
- Refractive Surgery: Lasik
- Penetrating Keratoplasty
- Pterygium
- Closed Pars Plana Vitrectomy
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 8 Diabetes, Cataract, and Glaucoma
- Cataract
- Anatomy
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Evaluation
- Treatment
- Glaucoma
- Definition and Epidemiology
- Diabetes and Glaucoma Risk
- Diabetes and Neovascular Glaucoma
- Clinical Examination
- Treatment
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 9 Optical Coherence Tomography and Fluorescein
- Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy
- Optical Coherence Tomography
- Diabetic Macular Edema
- Morphological Patterns of Diabetic Macular Edema
- Retinal Thickness and Individual Layer Integrity in Diabetic Macular Edema
- Summary
- Frank Cao and John Danias
- Sruthi Arepalli, Justis P. Ehlers and Peter K. Kaiser
- Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
- Diabetic Macular Edema
- Macular Ischemia
- Increased Faz
- Perfusion and Vessel Density
- Microaneurysms
- Peripheral Ischemia
- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Summary
- Fluorescein Angiography
- Diabetic Ischemia
- Diabetic Leakage
- Wide Field Fluorescein Angiography
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 10 Classification of Proliferative and Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Implications
- Background
- Clinical Manifestations of Nonproliferative Diabetic
- Retinopathy
- Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Mild Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Moderate and Severe Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- Panretinal Laser Photocoagulation
- Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Anti-Vegf) Therapy
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 11 Current Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy
- Introduction
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema
- Anti-Vegf Therapy for DME
- Comparison of Anti-Vegf Agents for DME
- Anti-Vegf Treatment Regimens for DME
- Safety and Potential Side Effects of Anti-Vegf Therapy
- Future Developments in Anti-Vegf Therapy for DME
- Laser Photocoagulation for DME
- Micropulse Laser Treatment for DME
- Targeted Peripheral Laser Photocoagulation for DME
- Corticosteroids for DME
Author
- Douglas R. Lazzaro
- Samy I. McFarlane
