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International Survey of Research University Faculty, Pandemics Impact on Use of the Academic Library

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    Report

  • 132 Pages
  • February 2021
  • Region: Global
  • Primary Research Group
  • ID: 5264665

This report presents data and commentary about the current and expected use of the library from 127 faculty at 53 research universities in the USA, the UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Ireland.  Respondents relate how often they visited the library prior to and during the pandemic, and how the pandemic experience will influence their use of the library post pandemic. 

The study provides highly detailed data on how the use of key library services such as the eBook collection, library online databases, print materials collection, virtual reference services and inter-library loan - have changed during the pandemic.  In addition, the report presents data on how faculty judge library performance in COVID-related areas such as maintaining social distancing, disinfecting library materials, supporting online education, providing information on campus COVID developments, and other issues.

Just a few of this 128-page report’s many findings are that: 


  • Faculty at private institutions were more likely than those at public institutions to plan to visit the library about as often post pandemic and pre-pandemic.
  • More than 71% of Assistant Professors used their library eBook collection more or much more during the pandemic than prior to it.
  • Humanities faculty demonstrated the largest increase in database usage behavior during the pandemic.
  • 67% of faculty have not changed their use of inter-library loan services during the pandemic.
  • Approximately 43% of faculty felt very safe in the library during the pandemic.

Data in the report is broken out by many variables related to the individual survey participants and their institutions including but not limited to:  for individuals, age, general academic field and gender of the respondent; for institutions, world university ranking, host country, tuition level, public/private status, and work title. In addition, the data is broken out for institutions that are completely or predominantly online and those for which in-person classes play a greater role.


Table of Contents

1. THE QUESTIONNAIRE    

2. INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS OF THE SURVEY PARTICIPANTS    


  • Characteristics of the Sample    

3. SUMMARY OF MAIN FINDINGS    


  • Pre-COVID Trend in Visits to the Library Physical Space    
  • COVID Era Trend in Visits to the Library Physical Space    
  • Plans for Visits to the Physical Library Space Post-COVID    
  • Library Services that Faculty have Become More Familiar with During the Pandemic    
  • Use of the Library eBook Collection During the Pandemic    
  • Use of Library Databases During the Pandemic    
  • Use of Inter-Library Loan During the Pandemic    
  • Use of Virtual Reference Services During the Pandemic    
  • Use of Borrowed Print Materials During the Pandemic    
  • How Safe Do You Feel Visiting the University Library During the Pandemic?    
  • What did You Miss Most About the Library?    
  • Changes the Library Should Make to Better Serve Patrons During the Pandemic    
  • Perception of Library Performance in Containing the Spread of COVID in the Library    
  • Perception of Library Role in Maintaining Proper Social Distancing    
  • Perception of Library Performance in Disinfecting Library Materials    
  • Perception of Library Performance in Providing COVID-related Information    
  • Perception of Library Performance in Providing Suitable Ventilation    
  • Library Performance in Providing Hand Sanitizer & Other Protections    
  • Perception of Library Performance in Providing Resources for Online Education    
  • Perception of Library Performance in Developing Specialized Web Information Sources for Information about COVID on Campus  

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library?    
Table 1.2 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out by work title    
Table 1.3 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out by the academic department    
Table 1.4 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 1.5 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out by country    
Table 1.6 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 1.7 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 1.8 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 1.9 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out by gender of the respondent    
Table 1.10 Pre-COVID about how many days in a typical month during school session did you visit any university library Broken out by age of the respondent    
Table 2.1 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library?    
Table 2.2 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out by work title    
Table 2.3 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out by the academic department    
Table 2.4 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 2.5 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out by country    
Table 2.6 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 2.7 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 2.8 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 2.9 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out by gender of the respondent    
Table 2.10 During the pandemic, about how many days in a month during school session, on average, did you visit any university library? Broken out by age of the respondent    
Table 3.1 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID?    
Table 3.2 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out by work title    
Table 3.3 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out by the academic department    
Table 3.4 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 3.5 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out by country    
Table 3.6 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 3.7 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 3.8 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 3.9 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 3.10 Which phrase best describes your attitude towards the university library system and how you will interact with it post-COVID? Broken out by age of respondent    
Which library services have you become more familiar with during the pandemic? Broken out by academic department    
Table 4 For each of the following library services have you used them, more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it?    
Table 4.1.1 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it?    
Table 4.1.2 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by work title    
Table 4.1.3 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by academic department    
Table 4.1.4 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 4.1.5 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by country    
Table 4.1.6 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 4.1.7 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 4.1.8 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 4.1.9 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 4.1.10 Have you used the library eBook collection more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 4.2.1 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it?    
Table 4.2.2 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by work title    
Table 4.2.3 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by academic department    
Table 4.2.4 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 4.2.5 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by country    
Table 4.2.6 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 4.2.7 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 4.2.8 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 4.2.9 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 4.2.10 Have you used the library databases more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 4.3.1 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it?    
Table 4.3.2 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by work title    
Table 4.3.3 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by academic department    
Table 4.3.4 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 4.3.5 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by country    
Table 4.3.6 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 4.3.7 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 4.3.8 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 4.3.9 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 4.3.10 Have you used the inter-library loan more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 4.4.1 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it?    
Table 4.4.2 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by work title    
Table 4.4.3 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by academic department    
Table 4.4.4 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 4.4.5 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by country    
Table 4.4.6 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 4.4.7 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 4.4.8 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 4.4.9 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 4.4.10 Have you used the virtual reference service more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 4.5.1 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it?    
Table 4.5.2 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by work title    
Table 4.5.3 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by academic department    
Table 4.5.4 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 4.5.5 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by country    
Table 4.5.6 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 4.5.7 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 4.5.8 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 4.5.9 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 4.5.10 Have you used the borrowed print materials more, less or about the same amount during the pandemic as before it? Broken out by age of respondent    
What changes should the library make to better serve you during the pandemic? Broken out by academic department    
Table 5 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the following areas?    
Table 5.1.1  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing?    
Table 5.1.2  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out by work title    
Table 5.1.3  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out by academic department    
Table 5.1.4  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 5.1.5  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out by country    
Table 5.1.6  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 5.1.7  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 5.1.8  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 5.1.9  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 5.1.10  If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper social distancing? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 5.2.1 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials?    
Table 5.2.2 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials? Broken out by work title    
Table 5.2.3 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials? Broken out by academic department    
Table 5.2.4 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 5.2.5 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials? Broken out by country    
Table 5.2.6 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 5.2.7 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 5.2.8 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 5.2.9 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in disinfecting library materials? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 5.3.1 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information?    
Table 5.3.2 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out by work title    
Table 5.3.3 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out by academic department    
Table 5.3.4 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 5.3.5 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out by country    
Table 5.3.6 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 5.3.7 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 5.3.8 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 5.3.9 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 5.3.10 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing COVID related information? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 5.4.1 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library?    
Table 5.4.2 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out by work title    
Table 5.4.3 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out by academic department    
Table 5.4.4 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 5.4.5 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out by country    
Table 5.4.6 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 5.4.7 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 5.4.8 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 5.4.9 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 5.4.10 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in maintaining proper ventilation in the library? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 5.5.1 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections?    
Table 5.5.2 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out by work title    
Table 5.5.3 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out by academic department    
Table 5.5.4 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 5.5.5 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out by country    
Table 5.5.6 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 5.5.7 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 5.5.8 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 5.5.9 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 5.5.10 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in furnishing hand sanitizer and other protections? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 5.6.1 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education?    
Table 5.6.2 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out by work title    
Table 5.6.3 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out by academic department    
Table 5.6.4 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 5.6.5 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out by country    
Table 5.6.6 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 5.6.7 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 5.6.8 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 5.6.9 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 5.6.10 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in providing resources for distance/online education? Broken out by age of respondent    
Table 5.7.1 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus?    
Table 5.7.2 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out by work title    
Table 5.7.3 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out by academic department 
Table 5.7.4 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 5.7.5 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out by country    
Table 5.7.6 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 5.7.7 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 5.7.8 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 5.7.9 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out by gender of respondent 
Table 5.7.10 If you have visited any university library during the pandemic how well do you feel that library staff have performed in the development of specialized web information sources for COVID on campus? Broken out by age of respondent  
Table 6.1 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?    
Table 6.2 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out by work title    
Table 6.3 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out by academic department    
Table 6.4 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out by U.S news ranking    
Table 6.5 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out by country    
Table 6.6 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out for public and private colleges    
Table 6.7 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out by tuition, $    
Table 6.8 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out by current university operating model    
Table 6.9 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out by gender of respondent    
Table 6.10 How safe do you currently feel visiting your university library?  Broken out by age of respondent    
Which library experience, service or characteristic have you most missed during the pandemic? Broken out by academic department    


Samples

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Sources / Contributors

  • Brown University
  • Carnegie Mellon University
  • Columbia University
  • Curtin University
  • Department of Pacific Affairs, Cora The Australian National University
  • Drexel University
  • Emory University
  • FAU
  • Florida National University
  • George Mason University
  • Georgia Tech Center
  • Griffith University
  • Imperial College London
  • Lehigh University
  • McGill University
  • Monash University
  • Penn State Beaver
  • Penn State Berks
  • Penn State University
  • Princeton University
  • Rutgers University
  • Saint Louis University
  • School of Business at University of Connecticut
  • Swinburne University of Technology
  • The University of West Alabama
  • The University of Western Australia
  • U. Chicago
  • University of Florida
  • University College Dublin
  • University of Alberta
  • University of Alberta
  • University of Birmingham
  • University of California
  • University of California Santa Barbara
  • University of California, Berkeley
  • University of California, Davis
  • University of California, Riverside
  • University of Denver
  • University of Florida
  • University of Idaho
  • University of Leeds
  • University of Maryland, College Park
  • University of Michigan Dearborn
  • University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • University of Missouri
  • University of Nottingham
  • University of Reading
  • University of Strathclyde
  • University of Tennessee, Knoxville
  • University of Toronto
  • University of Utah
  • UT Southwestern Medical Center
  • Virginia Commonwealth University
  •  
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Methodology

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