Benzel's Spine Surgery, 2-Volume Set. Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management. Edition No. 5

Table of Contents

Part 1: Fundamentals of the Spine

1. History of Spine Surgery

2. History of Spine Biomechanics

3. History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era

4. Functional Anatomy of the Spine

5. Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine

6. The Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Aging

7. Muscles and the Spine: Dynamic Stabilization

8. Bone Physiology and Osteoporosis

9. Applied Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Spine

10. Fundamentals of Spinal Alignment and Balance

11. Applied Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

12. Molecular and Anatomic Mechanisms of Nerve Root, Spinal Nerve, and Peripheral Nerve Injury

13. Spine Fusion: Biology and Biomechanics

14. Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation

15. Biomechanics and Implant Materials: The Anterior Column

16. Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques

17. Complications in Spine Surgery: Expected Rates and Classification

Part 2: Pathophysiology of Spinal Disorders

18. Spinal Cord Dysraphism and Myelodysplasia

19. Congenital Spinal Deformity

20. Early Onset Scoliosis

21. Late-Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis

22. Scheuermann Disease

23. Developmental Spondylolisthesis

24. Craniovertebral Junction Deformities

25. Developmental Deformity in the Cervical Spine

26. Tarlov Cysts

27. Dural and Meningeal Pathologies

28. Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia

29. Pathophysiology of Cervical Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy

30. Pathophysiology of Thoracic Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy

31. Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Pain

32. Deformity in the Cervical Spine

33. Adult Degenerative Scoliosis

34. Lumbar Spondylolisthesis

35. Occipitocervical Injuries

36. Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries

37. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries

38. Peripheral Nerve Injury

39. Spinal Cord Injury

40. Spinal Injuries in Sports

41. Rheumatoid Arthritis

42. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders

43. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

44. Primary Infections of the Spine

45. Secondary Infections of the Spine

46. Primary Tumors of the Spine

47. Metastatic Tumors of the Spine

48. Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors

49. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions

50. Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending into the Cervicothoracic Spine

51. Spinal Disorders Associated with Connective Tissue Disorders

52. Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and Metabolic Bone Disease

53. Vascular Malformations of the Spine

54. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Pediatric Spine

55. Neurodegenerative Disorders in the Adult Spine

56. Postoperative Spinal Disorders - Cervical

57. Postoperative Spinal Deformity

58. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical Spine

59. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Lumbar Spine

60. Proximal and Distal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure

Part 3: Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Disorders

61. Physical and Neurologic Examination

62. Sagittal Spinal Alignment: An Evolutionary Perspective

63. Spinal Alignment: Significance and Preoperative Planning

64. Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis

65. Electrodiagnostic Studies

66. Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine

67. Patient Selection for Spine Surgery: Preoperative Optimization

68. Evaluation of the Aging Patient

69. Preoperative Evaluation of Psychosocial Aspects and Work-related Issues

70. Preoperative Evaluation of Patients with Tumors Affecting the Spine

71. Measuring Preoperative Health-Related Quality of Life: What Metrics Matter

Part 4: Management of Spinal Disorders

72. Rehabilitation, Interventions, and Medications in Management of Spinal Disorders

73. Spine Injections

74. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Back Pain

75. Regenerative Strategies and the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

76. Neuromodulation and Rehabilitative Interventions for the Spine

77. Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives

78. Fundamentals of Spine Surgery

79. Perioperative Management Protocols: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)

80. Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction

81. Intraoperative Imaging Protocols

82. Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications

83. Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery

84. Blood Management and Complex Spine Surgery

85. Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad

86. Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery

87. Osteointegration: The Bone and Implant Interface

88. Common Complications in Spine Surgery: Pseudarthrosis

89. Postoperative Medical Complications

90. Preventing Postoperative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach

91. Neurologic Complications of Common Spine Operations

92. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Repair and Outcomes

93. Arachnoiditis

94. Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia

95. Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia

96. Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications

97. Postoperative Spinal Deformities

98. Implant Wear, Degradation, and Breakage

99. Spine Readmissions and Reoperations

100. Cervical Spine Construct Design

101. Occipitocervical Spine Approaches for Decompression

102. Occipitocervical Spine Posterior Approaches for Fusion

103. Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction

104. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction - Posterior

105. Posterior Cervical Decompressions: Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy

106. Cervical Laminoplasty

107. Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques

108. Posterior Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine

109. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction - Anterior Approach

110. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy

111. Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance

112. Anterior Sub-Axial Cervical Fixation and Fusion Techniques

113. Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty

114. Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery��

115. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design

116. Posterior Approaches to the Thoracic Spine

117. Anterior Approaches and Lateral Approaches to the Thoracic Spine

118. MIS Lateral Thoracic Decompression

119. Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction

120. Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion

121. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spinal Instrumentation

122. Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Cortical Bone Trajectory Pedicle Screw Placement

123. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

124. Dorsal Semi-Rigid Stabilization

125. Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty

126. Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale

127. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Decompression

128. Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine

129. Endoscopic Surgical Approaches to the Lumbar Spine

130. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Fusion

131. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion

132. Anterior and Anterolateral Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion: MIS Approaches

133. Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques

134. Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures

Part 5: Operative Management of Specific Disorders of the Spine

135. Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain

136. Cervical Disc Herniation

137. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation

138. Thoracic Discectomy

139. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis

140. Sacroiliac Joint Pain

141. Surgical Principles for Spinal Deformity

142. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity

143. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Pediatric Spinal Deformity

144. Cervicothoracic Deformity: The Role of Anterior Surgery

145. Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction: Posterior-based Osteotomies

146. The Role of Anterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Deformity

147. Anterior Column Release in Deformity

148. Posterior-based Management of Spinal Deformity

149. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Spinal Deformity

150. Surgical Management of High-Grade Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis

151. Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis

152. Failed Back Surgery Syndrome

153. Oncologic Approaches, and Outcomes for Primary Spine Tumors

154. Staging, Classification, and Oncologic Approaches for Metastatic Tumors Involving the Spine

155. Tumors at the Foramen Magnum and Craniocervical Junction

156. Cervicothoracic Junction Tumors

157. Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors: Regional Challenges

158. Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges

159. Radiosurgery for Spinal Tumors

160. The Acute Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Polytrauma

161. Timing of Surgery Following Spinal Cord Injury

162. Medical Management of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury

163. Spinal Traction

164. Medical Management of Fractures without Spinal Cord Injury

165. Anterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma

166. Posterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma

167. Surgical Approaches to Thoracolumbar Trauma

168. Surgical Approaches for Sacral Fractures and Sacropelvic Injuries

169. Rehabilitation and Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury Section 5.5: General Surgical Technique

170. Harvest of Autograft for Spinal Fusion

171. Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery

172. Spinal Wound Closure

Part 6: Evidence Development and Guidance of Informed Choice for Optimal Outcomes

173. Big Data in Health Care

174. Spine Registries

175. Conflicts of Interest in Spine Surgery

176. Art of the Clinical Trial

177. Meaningful Retrospective Analysis

178. Art and Science of Guideline Formation

179. Appropriate Use Criteria in Spine Surgery

180. Precision Medicine: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Evaluation and Management of Spinal Disorders

181. Healthcare Reform and Spine Surgery

182. Development of New Technologies in Spine Surgery

Authors