Negative Emissions Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation

Table of Contents

1. The climate challenge: climate change, mitigation, and negative emissions
2. Negative emissions technology overview
3. Ethics, risks, and governance of NETs
4. The global carbon cycle
5. Terrestrial carbon cycle processes
6. Oceanic carbon cycle processes
7. CO2 absorption
8. CO2 adsorption
9. Membrane CO2 separation
10. CO2 mineralization
11. AR and other land- and soil-based methods
12. Biomass carbon capture and storage
13. Direct air capture
14. Non-CO2 GHG removal
15. Geological storage
16. Ocean storage and other ocean-based methods
17. Carbon dioxide utilization

Authors

Steve A. Rackley Independent Consultant.

Steve Rackley completed a PhD in Experimental Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. Following a career spanning four decades in the energy industry, gaining experience in some of the main technologies that are key to geological carbon storage, he is currently a technical author, project consultant, and independent researcher into carbon capture and storage, and negative emissions technologies, with a particular interest in ocean based approaches.
Tingzhen Ming School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.

Prof. Tingzhen Ming joined Wuhan University of Technology in 2015 as a professor and served as Chair at Department of Built Environment and Energy Engineering since 2018. He graduated from Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 2007 with a PhD degree in Engineering Thermophysics. In 2003, Prof. Ming worked at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, later he worked at Nanyang Technological University, University of Florida, and University of North Texas. His expertise includes heat and mass transfer, renewable energy, energy and buildings, carbon neutral technology, and micro/nano heat transfer.
Wei Li Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Dr Wei Li joined the University of Edinburgh in 2021 as a Senior Lecturer in Chemical Engineering. He studied chemical engineering at the Nanjing University of Technology, obtaining his B.Eng. and Ph.D. in 2008. His first employment started at The University of Hong Kong (Department of Chemistry), followed by research positions at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t M?nchen (Department of Physics) and the University of Liverpool. Before he joined UoE, Dr Li also had worked at the National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, and Aston University. His expertise includes nanoengineering of photocatalytic materials and reaction engineering of photocatalytic processes.
Michael Tyka Artist, Researcher and Google Engineer, USA.

Mike Tyka studied Biochemistry and Biotechnology at the University of Bristol. He obtained his PhD in Biophysics in 2007 and went on to work as a research fellow at the University of Washington and has been studying the structure and dynamics of protein molecules. In particular, he has been interested in protein folding and has been writing computer simulation software to better understand this fascinating process. Protein folding is the way our genetic code is interpreted from an abstract sequence of data into the functional enzymes and nano machines that drive our bodies. Mike currently works on machine learning at Google in Seattle.
Adrienne Sewel Formerly, University of St Andrews; Robotics and Mechatronics Summer Schools, University of Glasgow, UK.

Dr. Adrienne Sewel completed a PhD at the University of Glasgow titled 'Crust atmosphere coupling and carbon sequestration on early Mars', where she was fortunate enough to visit sites such as the CARBFIX project discussed in this book. After her PhD she briefly lectured astrobiology at the University of St Andrews and robotics and mechatronics summer schools at the University of Glasgow. For the last few years she has been living on a boat exploring the waterways of France with my cat, chickens, and rabbit on board, occasionally writing science. She previously authored a chapter titled 'Mineral carbon sequestration' for the book Carbon Dioxide Utilisation published by De Gruyter in 2019.
Diarmaid Clery Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Manchester, UK.

Diarmaid Clery is a Research Associate at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, where he has been since 2019, upon completing his PhD at the University of Leeds. The overall aim of his research is to understand the interdisciplinary issues related to tackling climate change, including decarbonisation and greenhouse gas removal (GGR). He has previously worked on assessing the feasibility of negative emissions for meeting climate targets. Currently, he is working with the CCUS clusters in the UK to assess the social licence for industrial decarbonisation.
George Dowson UK Centre for Carbon Dioxide Utilisation and the Sustain Manufacturing Hub, University of Sheffield, UK.

Dr. George Dowson completed my PhD in Chemistry at the University of Bristol, before moving to the University of Sheffield Chemical Engineering department where he spent the last decade working with Professor Peter Styring on novel point-source carbon capture techniques. Additionally he has been developing catalytic and regenerative processes for creating synthetic fuels from captured carbon dioxide, with the aim to make impacts in the difficult-to-defossilise areas of the economy such as steel production (for capture) and the aviation sector (for fuels). His hope is that these innovations can play a role in enclosing the circular economy to allow a sustainable and just transition away from fossil carbon resources.
Peter Styring UK Centre for Carbon Dioxide Utilization, The University of Sheffield, UK.

Peter Styring is Professor of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry at the University of Sheffield where his research sits at the interface between the two disciplines. He is interested in carbon capture agents that not only achieve high levels of activity and selectivity, but which also act as catalysts or catalyst supports for the in situ conversion of CO2 into valuable products. Peter also works across disciplines with experts in other fields to take into account social and economic factors such as energy integration, public perception and supply chain economics.

Peter is Chair of the CO2Chem Network (www.co2chem.com), an EPSRC Grand Challenge Network bringing together collaborators interested in CCU. Together with Katy Armstrong and collaborators at ECN in the Netherlands he has co-authored the policy document "Carbon Capture and Utilisation in the Green Economy? (ISBN 978-0-9572588-1-5 for eBook) which has received considerable global attention. A recent paper has been published in Chimica Oggi that reviews some of the catalytic approaches to CCU. Peter is a former EPSRC Senior Media Fellow working to make science and engineering more accessible to the public so is experienced at writing to attract all levels. In 2007 he was awarded the IChemE Hanson Medal for a paper on ski engineering, written to appeal to a wide audience.
Graham Andrews Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, USA.

Master of Geology (2000) and PhD (2006) from the University of Leicester, England. Author of over 30 peer-reviewed papers and reports on different aspects of volcanology and structural geology, especially those related to mineral and energy resources. Passionate about mineralization of volcanic rocks to sequester and store CO2.
Stephen McCord Research Fellow at the Global CO2 Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA.

Stephen McCord holds both a M.Eng and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering both awarded by the University of Sheffield. His research interests focus primarily on the application of techno-economic assessment and life cycle assessment on emerging technologies within the CCUS sector. He has particular research interest in the development of robust methods for producing integrated economic & environmental assessments and for the development of multi-criteria approaches to improve holistic decision making within CCUS.
Pol Knops Paebbl: A startup focussing at accelerated mineralisation; www.paebbl.com..

Pol Knops has been involved in mineralization for 15 years. Has publications on both ambient weathering (with Wageningen University, Dutch Marine Research institute) and about accelerated mineralisation (with KU Leuven, RWTH Aachen).
Attended conferences about this specific topic and organized the "olivine conference" before even "negative emissions" were known.
Before that he was involved in developing novel sustainable processes (treating sewage sludge, chicken manure, bio-oil etc.).
Renaud de Richter Engineering school of chemistry, the University of Montpellier, France.

Renaud de Richter was born in Mexico City, Mexico and has lived in France since 1973. Renaud graduated from the engineering school of chemistry of Montpellier, France in 1985 with a Master's degree in chemistry. His PhD degree obtained in 1989 was on organoborane asymmetric synthesis. After postdoctoral research at the school of pharmacy of Minneapolis, Minnesota, he worked in a pharmaceutical start up in Paris, and is co-author of several patents.

In 1995 Renaud moved to Montpellier to work for the French governmental agency in charge of health products, where he served as Department Manager from 1998 until 2004, supervising a team of 33 people. Since 2010 Renaud has worked in cooperation with the Engineering School of Chemistry of Montpellier University on greenhouse gases removal. His current research interests include the application of photocatalytic chemistry and processes for environmental protection to fight climate change and for remediation purposes. Together with Chinese co-authors, they were the first to propose different methods to remove several greenhouse gases at a climatically significant scale, such as methane and tropospheric (surface) ozone.