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Global Market for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Passenger Vehicles, 2023

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    Report

  • 235 Pages
  • May 2023
  • Region: Global
  • Information Trends
  • ID: 5350193

Industry Driven by Infrastructure Availability and Market Synergies

The study provides detailed data on the sales of passenger hydrogen fuel cell vehicles from their initial commercial launch through 2023. It provides market forecasts and revenue projections for the major world regions through 2037.

The study discusses automaker strategies and provides their in-depth profiles. This is one of the most comprehensive and timely studies on the passenger hydrogen fuel cell vehicles market.

Close to 60 thousand hydrogen fuel cell passenger vehicles were sold worldwide by the end of 2022. More than 30 thousand of these vehicles were sold in the past two years - 2021 and 2022 - reflecting significant traction in the uptake of these vehicles,

The speed of deployments has accelerated in Asia-Pacific and Europe. With the exception of California, the United States has fallen behind in implementing this technology, particularly because of a lack of action at the federal level.

The publisher believes that the only impediment to the adoption of these vehicles in any region is the unavailability of hydrogen stations. The sales of these vehicles are taking place rapidly in regions that have well-deployed hydrogen fueling infrastructures.

More than half of the fuel cell vehicles sold so far have been in Korea because it has the densest hydrogen fueling infrastructure of any major market. Other regions with strong sales of fuel cell vehicles are Japan and California where significant deployments of hydrogen stations have taken place.

Several automakers, both start-ups and established players, have been making inroads into the fuel cell passenger vehicle market. Hyundai's Nexo has been a clear winner among fuel cell vehicles rolled out so far. Nexo's only other major competitor in the market has been Toyota's Mirai. But as the market gains traction, other major automakers are jumping onto the bandwagon.

Honda is preparing to re-enter this market, beginning with the U.S., where it will launch a fuel cell vehicle in 2024 that will be based on its Honda CR-V. BMW will start mass-producing and selling fuel cell vehicles developed jointly with Toyota in the second half of this decade.

The country with the most automakers making inroads into the fuel cell passenger vehicle market is China. Until now rollouts in the country have mostly been technical demonstrations, mainly because of a lack of hydrogen stations. Figure 1 shows the share of passenger hydrogen fuel vehicles by region as of year-end 2022.

As fueling infrastructures further expand in the second half of 2020s, hydrogen FCVs will begin to garner greater market acceptance, giving them a more pervasive presence in the market. By 2030, sufficient hydrogen fueling infrastructures will be in place in several regions of the world, giving a boost to the market for these vehicles.

Scope of the Study

Fuel cell technology can be used in virtually every kind of transportation: cars, trucks, buses, forklifts, motorcycles, bicycles, airplanes, boats, submarines, and trams. However, the market is witnessing significant activity in three major types of hydrogen-driven vehicles:

  • Passenger FCVs
  • Light-duty commercial FCVs
  • Fuel cell buses and trucks

The focus of this study is light-duty passenger vehicles, such as sedans, SUVs, and minivans. The study does not cover commercial vehicles.

Unless otherwise stated, all references to hydrogen FCVs in this study imply passenger vehicles. The publisher defines a light-duty vehicle as one that has a gross weight of up to six metric tons or a North American Class 5 gross vehicle weight rating.

This study conducts an in-depth examination of this emerging market, including an analysis of the strategies of major players with respect to product rollouts and market penetration. The study provides market forecasts for both unit sales/leases and revenue through 2037. The average prices of these vehicles are declining while automakers keep adding more features and enhancements.

Hydrogen FCVs being produced by the automakers fall into one of the following classifications:

  • Hydrogen hybrids: These are like gasoline hybrids, but instead of gasoline, they use hydrogen. These vehicles generate electricity through regenerative braking which is either used immediately or stored in the battery until it is needed. The FCVs that have been rolled out by Toyota, Hyundai, and Honda are hydrogen fuel cell hybrids.
  • Hydrogen plug-in hybrids: Like gasoline plug-in hybrids, these vehicles allow the battery to be charged from an electric outlet. The Mercedes Benz GLC F-Cell was the only vehicle to hit the market that was a plug-in hydrogen fuel cell hybrid, but now other automakers are coming out with these vehicles. 

Table of Contents

1 Summary and Scope
1.1 Executive Summary
1.2 Scope of the Study
1.3 Abbreviations

2 Introduction
2.1 Market Developments
2.2 Market Growth
2.3 Sales and Revenue

3 Market Developments
3.1 Advantages of Hydrogen FCVs
3.1.1 Rapid and Standardized Fueling
3.1.2 Ability to Travel Longer Distances
3.1.3 Capability of Carrying Heavier Loads
3.2 Strengths of Battery Technology
3.3 Pros and Cons of Hydrogen FCVs
3.3.1 Pros of Hydrogen FCVs
3.3.2 Cons of Hydrogen FCVs

4 Factors Impacting the Growth of FCVs
4.1 Need to Combat Climate Change
4.1.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
4.1.2 Paris Climate Treaty
4.2 Engagement of Governments & Global Organizations
4.2.1 Regulatory Requirements
4.2.2 Government Mandates
4.2.3 Subsidies and Incentives
4.3 Emerging Hydrogen Ecosystem
4.3.1 Technological Developments
4.3.2 Increasing Production of Hydrogen
4.3.3 Buildout of Hydrogen Fueling Stations
4.3.4 Falling Costs of FCV Ownership

5 Sales/Leases
5.1 Global Sales/Leases
5.1.1 Global Sales/Leases by Region
5.1.2 Global Sales/Leases by Automaker
5.1.3 Global Sales/Leases by Model
5.2 APAC Sales/Leases
5.3 EMEA Sales/Leases
5.4 Americas Sales/Leases

6 APAC FCV Launches
6.1 Overview
6.2 Australia
6.2.1 Overview
6.2.2 Industry Organizations
6.2.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
6.2.4 Hydrogen FCVs Rollout
6.2.5 Assessment
6.3 China
6.3.1 Overview
6.3.2 Industry Organizations
6.3.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
6.3.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
6.3.5 Assessment
6.4 India
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Industry Organizations
6.4.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
6.4.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
6.4.5 Assessment
6.5 Japan
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Industry Organizations
6.5.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
6.5.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
6.5.5 Assessment
6.6 Malaysia
6.6.1 Overview
6.6.2 Industry Organizations
6.6.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
6.6.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
6.6.5 Assessment
6.7 South Korea
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.2 Industry Organizations
6.7.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
6.7.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
6.7.5 Related Initiatives
6.8 New Zealand
6.8.1 Overview
6.8.2 Industry Organizations
6.8.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
6.8.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
6.8.5 Related Initiatives
6.9 Other Countries
6.9.1 Thailand
6.9.2 Nepal
6.9.3 Other Locations

7 European (Except Nordic Countries) FCV Launches
7.1 Overview
7.2 Austria
7.2.1 Overview
7.2.2 Industry Organizations
7.2.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.2.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.2.5 Assessment
7.3 Belgium
7.3.1 Overview
7.3.2 Industry Organizations
7.3.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.3.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.3.5 Assessment
7.4 Czech Republic
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Industry Organizations
7.4.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.4.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.4.5 Assessment
7.5 Estonia
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Industry Organizations
7.5.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.5.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.5.5 Assessment 7.6 France
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Industry Organizations
7.6.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.6.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.6.5 Assessment
7.7 Germany
7.7.1 Overview
7.7.2 Industry Organizations
7.7.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.7.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.7.5 Assessment
7.8 Italy
7.8.1 Overview
7.8.2 Industry Organizations
7.8.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.8.4 Hydrogen FCV Roll Out
7.8.5 Assessment
7.9 Latvia
7.9.1 Overview
7.9.2 Industry Organizations
7.9.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.9.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.9.5 Assessment
7.10 The Netherlands
7.10.1 Overview
7.10.2 Industry Organizations
7.10.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.10.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.10.5 Assessment
7.11 Poland
7.11.1 Overview
7.11.2 Industry Organizations
7.11.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.11.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.11.5 Assessment
7.12 Slovenia
7.12.1 Overview
7.12.2 Industry Organizations
7.12.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.12.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.12.5 Assessment
7.13 Spain
7.13.1 Overview
7.13.2 Industry Organizations
7.13.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.13.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.13.5 Assessment
7.14 Switzerland
7.14.1 Overview
7.14.2 Industry Organizations
7.14.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.14.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.14.5 Assessment
7.15 The U.K.
7.15.1 Overview
7.15.2 Industry Organizations
7.15.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
7.15.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
7.15.5 Assessment
7.16 Other European Countries
7.16.1 Slovakia
7.16.2 Bulgaria
7.16.3 Luxembourg
7.16.4 Russia
7.16.5 Ireland
7.16.6 Lithuania

8 Nordic Region
8.1 Denmark
8.1.1 Overview
8.1.2 Industry Organizations
8.1.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
8.1.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
8.1.5 Assessment
8.2 Finland
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Industry Organizations
8.2.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
8.2.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
8.2.5 Assessment
8.3 Iceland
8.3.1 Overview
8.3.2 Industry Organizations
8.3.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
8.3.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
8.3.5 Assessment
8.4 Norway
8.4.1 Overview
8.4.2 Industry Organizations
8.4.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
8.4.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
8.4.5 Assessment
8.5 Sweden
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.2 Industry Organizations
8.5.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
8.5.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
8.5.5 Assessment

9 Middle East & Africa FCV Launches
9.1 Israel
9.1.1 Overview
9.1.2 Industry Organizations
9.1.3 Government Policies & Initiatives
9.1.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
9.1.5 Assessment
9.2 Other Middle East Countries
9.2.1 Saudi Arabia
9.2.2 United Arab Emirates
9.2.3 Turkey
9.2.4 South Africa

10 North America FCV Launches
10.1 U.S.
10.1.1 Overview
10.1.2 Industry Organizations
10.1.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
10.1.4 Nationwide Hydrogen FCV Rollout
10.2 U.S. West Coast
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 Industry Organizations
10.2.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
10.2.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
10.2.5 Assessment
10.3 East Coast
10.3.1 Overview
10.3.2 Industry Organizations
10.3.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
10.3.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
10.3.5 Assessment
10.4 Canada
10.4.1 Overview
10.4.2 Industry Organizations
10.4.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
10.4.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
10.4.5 Assessment

11 CALA FCV Launches
11.1 Brazil
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Industry Organizations
11.1.3 Government Policies and Initiatives
11.1.4 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
11.1.5 Assessment
11.2 Other CALA Countries

12 Asia-Pacific Automakers
12.1 Great Wall Motor Company Ltd.
12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.1.3 Key Partnerships
13.1.4 Strategic Direction
12.2 Grove Hydrogen Automotive
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.2.3 Hydrogen FCV Pricing
12.2.4 Hydrogen FCV Sales/Leases
12.2.5 Key Partnerships
12.2.6 Strategic Direction
12.3 Honda Motor Company
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
12.3.3 Key Partnerships
12.3.4 Hydrogen FCV Pricing
12.3.5 Hydrogen FCV Sales/Leases
12.3.6 Strategic Direction
12.4 Hyundai Motor Company
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Hydrogen FCV Roll Out
12.4.3 Hydrogen FCV Sales/Leases
12.4.4 Key Partnerships
12.4.5 Strategic Direction
12.5 Kia
12.5.1 Introduction
12.5.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.5.3 Key Partnerships
12.5.4 Strategic Direction
12.6 Mahindra & Mahindra
12.6.1 Introduction
12.6.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.6.3 Key Partnerships
12.6.4 Strategic Direction
12.7 Mazda
12.7.1 Introduction
12.7.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.7.3 Key Partnerships
12.7.4 Strategic Direction
12.8 Mitsubishi Motors
12.8.1 Introduction
12.8.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.8.3 Key Partnerships
12.8.4 Strategic Direction
12.9 Nissan
12.9.1 Introduction
12.9.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.9.3 Key Partnerships
12.9.4 Strategic Direction
12.10 SAIC Motor
12.10.1 Introduction
12.10.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.10.3 Key Partnerships
12.10.4 Hydrogen FCV Sales/Leases
12.10.5 Hydrogen FCV Pricing
12.10.6 Strategic Direction
12.11 Suzuki Motors
12.11.1 Introduction
12.11.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.11.3 Key Partnerships
12.11.4 Strategic Direction
12.12 Tata Motors
12.12.1 Introduction
12.12.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
12.12.3 Key Partnerships
12.12.4 Strategic Direction
12.13 Toyota
12.13.1 Introduction
12.13.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
12.13.3 Hydrogen FCV Sales/Leases
12.13.4 Hydrogen FCV Pricing
12.13.5 Key Partnerships
12.13.6 Strategic Direction
12.14 BAIC Motor
12.14.1 Introduction
12.14.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollout
12.14.3 Key Partnerships
12.14.4 Strategic Direction
12.15 Other APAC Automakers
12.15.1 Aiways Automobiles
12.15.2 Changan
12.15.3 Chery
12.15.4 Dongfeng Motor
12.15.5 FAW Group
12.15.6 GAC Motor
12.15.7 H2X Global
12.15.8 Haima

13 European Automakers
13.1 BMW
13.1.1 Introduction
13.1.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.1.3 Key Partnerships
13.1.4 Strategic Direction
13.2 Daimler
13.2.1 Introduction
13.2.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.2.3 Key Partnerships
13.2.4 Strategic Direction
13.3 Jaguar Land Rover Automotive
13.3.1 Introduction
13.3.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.3.3 Key Partnerships
13.3.4 Strategic Direction
13.4 Pininfarina S.p.A.
13.4.1 Introduction
13.4.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.4.3 Key Partnerships
13.4.4 Strategic Direction
13.5 Stellantis N.V.
13.5.1 Introduction
13.5.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.5.3 Key Partnerships
13.5.4 Strategic Direction
13.6 Renault
13.6.1 Introduction
13.6.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.6.3 Key Partnerships
13.6.4 Strategic Direction
13.7 Riversimple Movement Ltd.
13.7.1 Introduction
13.7.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.7.3 Key Partnerships
13.7.4 Strategic Direction
13.8 Symbio
13.8.1 Introduction
13.8.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.8.3 Hydrogen FCV Sales
13.8.4 Key Partnerships
13.8.5 Strategic Direction
13.9 Volkswagen
13.9.1 Introduction
13.9.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
13.9.3 Key Partnerships
13.9.4 Strategic Direction
13.10 Others
13.10.1 Ferrari
13.10.2 H2O E-mobile GmbH
13.10.3 HMC Group
13.10.4 NamX
13.10.5 Ineos Automotive Ltd.
13.10.6 Microcab
13.10.7 Viritech

14 Americas Automakers
14.1 Ford
14.1.1 Introduction
14.1.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
14.1.3 Key Partnerships
14.1.4 Strategic Direction
14.2 General Motors
14.2.1 Introduction
14.2.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
14.2.3 Key Partnerships
14.2.4 Strategic Direction
14.3 Ronn Motor Group
14.3.1 Introduction
14.3.2 Hydrogen FCV Rollouts
14.3.3 Key Partnerships
14.3.4 Strategic Direction
14.4 Others
14.4.1 Hyperion
14.4.2 Glickenhaus

15 FCVs Sales/Revenue Forecast
15.1 Unit Sales/Leases
15.1.1 Factors Impacting Sales/Leases
15.1.2 Global Unit Sales/Leases Overview
15.1.3 Global Unit Sales/Leases Forecast
15.1.4 APAC Unit Sales/Leases Forecast
15.1.5 EMEA Unit Sales/Leases Forecast
13.1.6 Americas Unit Sales/Leases Forecast
15.2 Revenue Forecast
15.2.1 Pricing Overview
15.2.2 Global Revenue Forecast
15.2.3 APAC Revenue Forecast
15.2.4 EMEA Revenue Forecast
15.2.5 Americas Revenue Forecast

16 Conclusions
16.1 Market Trends
16.2 Market Launches
16.3 Hydrogen FCVs and BEVs
16.4 Role of Governments
16.5 FCVs Ecosystem
16.6 Market Outlook
16.7 Next Steps

List of Tables
Table 1: Global FCV Sales/Leases by Major Region, 2014-2022
Table 2: Global FCV Sales/Leases by Automaker, 2014-2022
Table 3: Global FCV Sales/Leases by Model, 2014-2022
Table 4: APAC FCV Sales/Leases by Model, 2014-2022
Table 5: EMEA FCV Sales/Leases by Model, 2014-2022
Table 6: Americas FCV Sales/Leases by Model, 2014-2022
Table 7: Honda Clarity Fuel Cell Sales/Leases, 2014-2022
Table 8: Hyundai’s Combined FCV Sales/Leases, 2014-2022
Table 9: Hyundai Nexo Sales/Leases, 2014-2022
Table 10: Hyundai Tucson ix35 FCEV Sales/Leases, 2014-2022
Table 11: Toyota Mirai Sales/Leases, 2014-2022
Table 12: Global FCV Sales/Leases by Major Region, 2014-2037
Table 13: Global Cumulative FCV Sales/Leases by Major Region, 2022-2029
Table 14: Global Cumulative FCV Sales/Leases by Major Region, 2030-2037
Table 15: APAC Cumulative FCV Sales/Leases by Region/Country, 2022-2029
Table 16: APAC Cumulative FCV Sales/Leases by Region/Country, 2030-2037
Table 17: EMEA Cumulative FCV Sales/Leases by Region/Country, 2022-2029
Table 18: EMEA Cumulative FCV Sales/Leases by Region/Country, 2030-2037
Table 19: Americas Cumulative FCV Sales/Leases by Region/Country, 2022-2029
Table 20: Americas Cumulative FCV Sales/Leases by Region/Country, 2030-2037
Table 21: Global FCV Revenue by Major Region, 2022-2029
Table 22: Global FCV Revenue by Major Region, 2030-2037
Table 23: APAC FCV Revenue by Region/Country, 2022-2029
Table 24: APAC FCV Revenue by Region/Country, 2030-2037
Table 25: EMEA FCV Revenue by Region/Country, 2022-2029
Table 26: EMEA FCV Revenue by Region/Country, 2030-2037
Table 27: Americas FCV Revenue by Region/Country, 2022-2029
Table 28: Americas FCV Revenue by Region/Country, 2030-2037

List of Figures
Figure 1: FCV Sales/Leases by Region, 2022
Figure 2: Annual Global FCV Sales/Leases, 2014-2022
Figure 3: APAC FCV Sales/Leases, 2014-2022
Figure 4: EMEA FCV Sales/Leases, 2014-2020
Figure 5: Americas FCV Sales/Leases, 2014-2020
Figure 6: Global FCV Sales/Leases Share by Major Region, 2014-2022
Figure 7: Global FCV Sales/Leases Share by Major Region, 2022
Figure 8: Global FCV Sales/Leases Share by Automaker, 2014-2022
Figure 9: Global FCV Sales/Leases Share by Automaker, 2022
Figure 10: Global FCV Sales/Leases Share by Model, 2014-2020
Figure 11: Global FCV Sales/Leases Share by Model, 2022
Figure 12: APAC FCV Sales/Leases Share by Model, 2014-2022
Figure 13: APAC FCV Sales/Leases Share by Model, 2022
Figure 14: EMEA FCV Sales/Leases Share by Model, 2014-2022
Figure 15: EMEA FCV Sales/Leases Share by Model, 2022
Figure 16: Americas FCV Sales/Leases Share by Model, 2014-2022
Figure 17: Americas FCVs Sales/Leases Share by Model, 2022
Figure 18: Honda Clarity FC Sales/Leases Share by Region, 2014-2022
Figure 19: Hyundai FCV Sales/Leases Share by Region, 2014-2022
Figure 20: Hyundai FCV Sales/Leases Share by Region, 2022
Figure 21: Toyota Mirai Sales/Leases Share by Region, 2014-2022
Figure 22: Toyota Mirai Sales/Leases Share by Region, 2022
Figure 23: Global Aggregate FCV Unit Sales/Leases, 2022-2037
Figure 24: CAGR of Aggregate FCVs Sales Globally, 2022-2037
Figure 25: APAC Aggregate FCV Unit Sales/Leases, 2022-2037
Figure 26: CAGR of Aggregate FCVs in APAC, 2022-2037
Figure 27: EMEA Aggregate FCV Unit Sales/Leases, 2022-2037
Figure 28: CAGR of Aggregate FCVs in Americas, 2022-2037
Figure 29: Global FCV Sales/Leases Revenue in USD, 2022-2037
Figure 30: CAGR of FCV Sales Revenue Globally, 2022-2037
Figure 31: APAC FCV Sales/Leases Revenue in USD, 2022-2037
Figure 32: CAGR of FCV Sales Revenue in APAC, 2022-2037
Figure 33: EMEA FCV Sales/Leases Revenue in USD, 2022-2037
Figure 34: CAGR of FCV Sales Revenue in EMEA, 2022-2037
Figure 35: Americas FCV Sales/Leases Revenue in USD, 2022-2037

Companies Mentioned

A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes:

  • Aiways Automobiles
  • BAIC Motor
  • BMW
  • Changan
  • Chery
  • Daimler
  • Dongfeng Motor
  • FAW Group
  • Ferrari
  • Ford
  • GAC Motor
  • General Motors
  • Glickenhaus
  • Great Wall Motor Company Ltd.
  • Grove Hydrogen Automotive
  • H2O E-mobile GmbH
  • H2X Global
  • Haima
  • HMC Group
  • Honda Motor Company
  • Hyperion
  • Hyundai Motor Company
  • Ineos Automotive Ltd.
  • Jaguar Land Rover Automotive
  • Kia
  • Mahindra & Mahindra
  • Mazda
  • Microcab
  • Mitsubishi Motors
  • NamX
  • Nissan
  • Pininfarina S.p.A.
  • Renault
  • Riversimple Movement Ltd.
  • Ronn Motor Group
  • SAIC Motor
  • Stellantis N.V.
  • Suzuki Motors
  • Symbio
  • Tata Motors
  • Toyota
  • Viritech
  • Volkswagen

Methodology

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