Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury

Table of Contents

Section 1. Setting the Scene: The Spectrum of Spinal Injury
1. Causes of spinal injury: motor vehicle accidents and beyond
2. Global aspects of traumatic spinal injury
3. Economics of traumatic spinal injury
4. Spinal cord injury and the risk of dying

Section 2. Cellular and Molecular Aspects
5. Spectrum of syndromes in spinal injury Central cord syndrome and beyond
6. Neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury
7. Spinal cord injury and cellular excitotoxicity
8. Cytokines and spinal cord injury
9. Cells and spinal cord injury: a focus on glial cells
10. Regenerative response of after spinal injury: propriospinal neurons and beyond
11. Astrocytes in spinal cord injury
12. Linking spinal cord injury and remodeling of the enteric neuromuscular compartment
13. Leukocyte gene expression and spinal cord injury
14. Angiotensin-(1-7) receptor Mas and spinal cord injury
15. Coenzyme Q10, Bax/Bcl2 and Spinal cord injury
16. Signalling pathways in spinal cord injury: a focus on ERK and AKT
17. Wnt signaling in spinal cord injury
18. Gene expression and spinal cord injury: a focus on the motor cortex
19. Glucose metabolism and gene expression in spinal cord injury
20. Receptors in spinal cord injury: a focus on glutamatergic and glycinergic receptors
21. Ion channel and receptors: gene expression and in spinal cord injury

Section 3. Physiological and Metabolic Effects
22. Hormonal events and spinal cord injury: a focus on vasopressin and natriuretic peptide
23. Linking sensorimotor plasticity, the motor cortex and spinal cord injury
24. Spinal cord injury-induced spasticity
25. Effects of spinal cord injury: Cerebral perfusion and autonomic cerebrovascular control
26. Skeletal muscle atrophy in spinal cord injury
27. Bone mass and spinal cord injury: risk of fracture

Section 4. Behavioural and Psychological Effects
28. PTSD and spinal injury
29. Health behaviors after spinal cord injury: alcohol use and beyond
30. Oxidative stress in spinal cord injury
31. Features of endoplasmic reticulum stress: applications to spinal cord injury
32. Health behaviors, people with spinal cord injury
33. Quality of life in cervical traumatic spinal cord injury
34. Empathy in spinal cord injury
35. Daily living measures in spinal cord injury

Authors

Rajkumar Rajendram Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy's, King's and St. Thomas Medical School, King's College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram's focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King's College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R Preedy Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King's College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King's College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King's College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Colin R Martin Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.