Global Functional Coffee Market 2022-2026

This report presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The publishers market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth. The publisher has been monitoring the functional coffee market and it is poised to grow by $ 2.36 bn during 2022-2026, progressing at a CAGR of 5.85% during the forecast period. This report on the functional coffee market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current global market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by the increasing consumption of coffee, the growing number of coffee shops globally, rapid urbanization, and changing consumer lifestyles. In addition, increasing consumption of coffee is anticipated to boost the growth of the market as well.

The functional coffee market analysis includes product segment and geographic landscape.

The publisher's functional coffee market is segmented as below:

By Product

Whole bean coffee
Ground coffee
RTD coffee

By Geographical Landscape

Europe
APAC
North America
South America
The Middle East and Africa

This study identifies the increasing popularity of coffee among millennials as one of the prime reasons driving the functional coffee market growth during the next few years. Also, growing demand for premium and specialty coffee, and promotion strategies are undertaken by vendors to increase coffee consumption will lead to sizable demand in the market.

This report presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters. This report on the functional coffee market covers the following areas:

Functional coffee market sizing
Functional coffee market forecast
Functional coffee market industry analysis

The publisher's robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading functional coffee market vendors that include Baristas Coffee Co. Inc., Berner Food and Beverage, Bulletproof 360 Inc., Cothas Coffee Co., Farmer Bros Co., FM Cosmetics UK Ltd., Function Coffee Labs, Heine Brothers Coffee, Ingenuity Beverages LLC, Kitu Life Inc., Nathan Coffee Mart, Nestle SA, Peak State, Peets Coffee Inc., Royal Cup Inc., Sklew Biotech Ltd., Starbucks Coffee Company, Strauss Group Ltd., Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd., and Vardhman Foods and Beverages. Also, the functional coffee market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

1 Executive Summary

1.1 Market overview
Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning

2 Market Landscape

2.1 Market ecosystem
Exhibit 09: Parent market
Exhibit 10: Market Characteristics

3 Market Sizing

3.1 Market definition
Exhibit 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
3.2 Market segment analysis
Exhibit 12: Market segments
3.3 Market size 2021
3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2021-2026
Exhibit 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)

4 Five Forces Analysis

4.1 Five forces summary
Exhibit 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
Exhibit 18: Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
Exhibit 19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.4 Threat of new entrants
Exhibit 20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.5 Threat of substitutes
Exhibit 21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.6 Threat of rivalry
Exhibit 22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.7 Market condition
Exhibit 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026

5 Market Segmentation by Product

5.1 Market segments
Exhibit 24: Chart on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 25: Data Table on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
5.2 Comparison by Product
Exhibit 26: Chart on Comparison by Product
Exhibit 27: Data Table on Comparison by Product
5.3 Whole bean coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 28: Chart on Whole bean coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 29: Data Table on Whole bean coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 30: Chart on Whole bean coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 31: Data Table on Whole bean coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.4 Ground coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 32: Chart on Ground coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 33: Data Table on Ground coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 34: Chart on Ground coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 35: Data Table on Ground coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.5 RTD coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 36: Chart on RTD coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 37: Data Table on RTD coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 38: Chart on RTD coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 39: Data Table on RTD coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.6 Market opportunity by Product
Exhibit 40: Market opportunity by Product ($ million)

6 Customer Landscape

6.1 Customer landscape overview
Exhibit 41: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

7 Geographic Landscape

7.1 Geographic segmentation
Exhibit 42: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 43: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
7.2 Geographic comparison
Exhibit 44: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibit 45: Data Table on Geographic comparison
7.3 Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 46: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 47: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 48: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 49: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.4 APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 50: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 51: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 52: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 53: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.5 North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 54: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 55: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 56: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 57: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 58: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 59: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 60: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 61: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 62: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 63: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 64: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 65: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.8 US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 66: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 67: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 68: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 69: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.9 Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 70: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 71: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 72: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 73: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.10 France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 74: Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 75: Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 76: Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 77: Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.11 Italy - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 78: Chart on Italy - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 79: Data Table on Italy - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 80: Chart on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 81: Data Table on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.12 Indonesia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 82: Chart on Indonesia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 83: Data Table on Indonesia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 84: Chart on Indonesia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 85: Data Table on Indonesia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.13 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
Exhibit 86: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)

8 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

8.1 Market drivers
8.2 Market challenges
8.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
Exhibit 87: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
8.4 Market trends

9 Vendor Landscape

9.1 Overview
9.2 Vendor landscape
Exhibit 88: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
9.3 Landscape disruption
Exhibit 89: Overview on factors of disruption
9.4 Industry risks
Exhibit 90: Impact of key risks on business

10 Vendor Analysis

10.1 Vendors covered
Exhibit 91: Vendors covered
10.2 Market positioning of vendors
Exhibit 92: Matrix on vendor position and classification
10.3 Baristas Coffee Co. Inc.
Exhibit 93: Baristas Coffee Co. Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 94: Baristas Coffee Co. Inc. - Business segments
Exhibit 95: Baristas Coffee Co. Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibit 96: Baristas Coffee Co. Inc. - Segment focus
10.4 Bulletproof 360 Inc.
Exhibit 97: Bulletproof 360 Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 98: Bulletproof 360 Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibit 99: Bulletproof 360 Inc. - Key offerings
10.5 Cothas Coffee Co.
Exhibit 100: Cothas Coffee Co. - Overview
Exhibit 101: Cothas Coffee Co. - Product / Service
Exhibit 102: Cothas Coffee Co. - Key offerings
10.6 FM Cosmetics UK Ltd.
Exhibit 103: FM Cosmetics UK Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 104: FM Cosmetics UK Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibit 105: FM Cosmetics UK Ltd. - Key offerings
10.7 Ingenuity Beverages LLC
Exhibit 106: Ingenuity Beverages LLC - Overview
Exhibit 107: Ingenuity Beverages LLC - Product / Service
Exhibit 108: Ingenuity Beverages LLC - Key offerings
10.8 Nathan Coffee Mart
Exhibit 109: Nathan Coffee Mart - Overview
Exhibit 110: Nathan Coffee Mart - Product / Service
Exhibit 111: Nathan Coffee Mart - Key offerings
10.9 Nestle SA
Exhibit 112: Nestle SA - Overview
Exhibit 113: Nestle SA - Business segments
Exhibit 114: Nestle SA - Key news
Exhibit 115: Nestle SA - Key offerings
Exhibit 116: Nestle SA - Segment focus
10.10 Peets Coffee Inc.
Exhibit 117: Peets Coffee Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 118: Peets Coffee Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibit 119: Peets Coffee Inc. - Key offerings
10.11 Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd.
Exhibit 120: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 121: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibit 122: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 123: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. - Segment focus
10.12 Vardhman Foods and Beverages
Exhibit 124: Vardhman Foods and Beverages - Overview
Exhibit 125: Vardhman Foods and Beverages - Product / Service
Exhibit 126: Vardhman Foods and Beverages - Key offerings

11 Appendix

11.1 Scope of the report
11.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
Exhibit 127: Inclusions checklist
Exhibit 128: Exclusions checklist
11.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibit 129: Currency conversion rates for US$
11.4 Research methodology
Exhibit 130: Research methodology
Exhibit 131: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibit 132: Information sources
11.5 List of abbreviations
Exhibit 133: List of abbreviations

List of Exhibits

Exhibits 1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits 2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits 3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibits 4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibits 5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Product
Exhibits 6: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibits 7: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibits 8: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibits 9: Parent market
Exhibits 10: Market Characteristics
Exhibits 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibits 12: Market segments
Exhibits 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 18: Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 24: Chart on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 25: Data Table on Product - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 26: Chart on Comparison by Product
Exhibits 27: Data Table on Comparison by Product
Exhibits 28: Chart on Whole bean coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 29: Data Table on Whole bean coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 30: Chart on Whole bean coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 31: Data Table on Whole bean coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 32: Chart on Ground coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 33: Data Table on Ground coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 34: Chart on Ground coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 35: Data Table on Ground coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 36: Chart on RTD coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 37: Data Table on RTD coffee - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 38: Chart on RTD coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 39: Data Table on RTD coffee - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 40: Market opportunity by Product ($ million)
Exhibits 41: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits 42: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 43: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 44: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibits 45: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibits 46: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 47: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 48: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 49: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 50: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 51: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 52: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 53: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 54: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 55: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 56: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 57: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 58: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 59: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 60: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 61: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 62: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 63: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 64: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 65: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 66: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 67: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 68: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 69: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 70: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 71: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 72: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 73: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 74: Chart on France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 75: Data Table on France - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 76: Chart on France - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 77: Data Table on France - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 78: Chart on Italy - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 79: Data Table on Italy - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 80: Chart on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 81: Data Table on Italy - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 82: Chart on Indonesia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 83: Data Table on Indonesia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 84: Chart on Indonesia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 85: Data Table on Indonesia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 86: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
Exhibits 87: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 88: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibits 89: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits 90: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits 91: Vendors covered
Exhibits 92: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibits 93: Baristas Coffee Co. Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 94: Baristas Coffee Co. Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits 95: Baristas Coffee Co. Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 96: Baristas Coffee Co. Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits 97: Bulletproof 360 Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 98: Bulletproof 360 Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibits 99: Bulletproof 360 Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 100: Cothas Coffee Co. - Overview
Exhibits 101: Cothas Coffee Co. - Product / Service
Exhibits 102: Cothas Coffee Co. - Key offerings
Exhibits 103: FM Cosmetics UK Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 104: FM Cosmetics UK Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 105: FM Cosmetics UK Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 106: Ingenuity Beverages LLC - Overview
Exhibits 107: Ingenuity Beverages LLC - Product / Service
Exhibits 108: Ingenuity Beverages LLC - Key offerings
Exhibits 109: Nathan Coffee Mart - Overview
Exhibits 110: Nathan Coffee Mart - Product / Service
Exhibits 111: Nathan Coffee Mart - Key offerings
Exhibits 112: Nestle SA - Overview
Exhibits 113: Nestle SA - Business segments
Exhibits 114: Nestle SA - Key news
Exhibits 115: Nestle SA - Key offerings
Exhibits 116: Nestle SA - Segment focus
Exhibits 117: Peets Coffee Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 118: Peets Coffee Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibits 119: Peets Coffee Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 120: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 121: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibits 122: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 123: Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibits 124: Vardhman Foods and Beverages - Overview
Exhibits 125: Vardhman Foods and Beverages - Product / Service
Exhibits 126: Vardhman Foods and Beverages - Key offerings
Exhibits 127: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits 128: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits 129: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits 130: Research methodology
Exhibits 131: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits 132: Information sources
Exhibits 133: List of abbreviations