Global 3D Cell Culture Market - Research and Markets

The publisher has been monitoring the 3D cell culture market and it is poised to grow by $ 1.28 bn during 2022-2026, progressing at a CAGR of 15.69% during the forecast period. This report on 3D cell culture market provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current global market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by the increase in infectious diseases and is anticipated to boost the growth of the market as well.

The 3D cell culture market analysis includes application segment and geographic landscape.

The 3D cell culture market is segmented as below:

By Application

Cancer and stem cell research
Drug discovery and toxicology testing
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

By Geographical Landscape

North America
Europe
Asia
Rest of World (ROW)

This study identifies the rising demand for monoclonal antibodies as one of the prime reasons driving the 3D cell culture market growth during the next few years.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters.

This report on the 3D cell culture market covers the following areas:

3D cell culture market sizing
3D cell culture market forecast
3D cell culture market industry analysis

The publisher's robust vendor analysis is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading 3D cell culture market vendors that include 3D Biotek LLC, BICO Group AB, CN Bio Innovations Ltd., Corning Inc., Elveflow, Emulate Inc., Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, Hamilton Bonaduz AG, InSphero AG, Lonza Group Ltd., Merck KGaA, PromoCell GmbH, QGel SA, REPROCELL Inc., Synthecon Inc., SynVivo Inc., Tecan Group Ltd., Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., TissUse GmbH, and MIMETAS BV. Also, the 3D cell culture market analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The publisher presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. Technavio's market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast accurate market growth.

1 Executive Summary

1.1 Market overview
Exhibit 01: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibit 02: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibit 03: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibit 04: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibit 05: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
Exhibit 06: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibit 07: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibit 08: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning

2 Market Landscape

2.1 Market ecosystem
Exhibit 09: Parent market
Exhibit 10: Market Characteristics

3 Market Sizing

3.1 Market definition
Exhibit 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
3.2 Market segment analysis
Exhibit 12: Market segments
3.3 Market size 2021
3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2021-2026
Exhibit 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)

4 Five Forces Analysis

4.1 Five forces summary
Exhibit 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
Exhibit 18: Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
Exhibit 19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.4 Threat of new entrants
Exhibit 20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.5 Threat of substitutes
Exhibit 21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.6 Threat of rivalry
Exhibit 22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
4.7 Market condition
Exhibit 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026

5 Market Segmentation by Application

5.1 Market segments
Exhibit 24: Chart on Application - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 25: Data Table on Application - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
5.2 Comparison by Application
Exhibit 26: Chart on Comparison by Application
Exhibit 27: Data Table on Comparison by Application
5.3 Cancer and stem cell research - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 28: Chart on Cancer and stem cell research - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 29: Data Table on Cancer and stem cell research - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 30: Chart on Cancer and stem cell research - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 31: Data Table on Cancer and stem cell research - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.4 Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 32: Chart on Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 33: Data Table on Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 34: Chart on Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 35: Data Table on Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.5 Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 36: Chart on Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 37: Data Table on Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 38: Chart on Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 39: Data Table on Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
5.6 Market opportunity by Application
Exhibit 40: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)

6 Customer Landscape

6.1 Customer landscape overview
Exhibit 41: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

7 Geographic Landscape

7.1 Geographic segmentation
Exhibit 42: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 43: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
7.2 Geographic comparison
Exhibit 44: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibit 45: Data Table on Geographic comparison
7.3 North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 46: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 47: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 48: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 49: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.4 Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 50: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 51: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 52: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 53: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.5 Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 54: Chart on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 55: Data Table on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 56: Chart on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 57: Data Table on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.6 Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 58: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 59: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 60: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 61: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.7 US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 62: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 63: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 64: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 65: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.8 Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 66: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 67: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 68: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 69: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.9 UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 70: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 71: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 72: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 73: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.10 China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 74: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 75: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 76: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 77: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.11 Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026
Exhibit 78: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 79: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibit 80: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibit 81: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
7.12 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape
Exhibit 82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)

8 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

8.1 Market drivers
8.2 Market challenges
8.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
Exhibit 83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
8.4 Market trends

9 Vendor Landscape

9.1 Overview
9.2 Vendor landscape
Exhibit 84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
9.3 Landscape disruption
Exhibit 85: Overview on factors of disruption
9.4 Industry risks
Exhibit 86: Impact of key risks on business

10 Vendor Analysis

10.1 Vendors covered
Exhibit 87: Vendors covered
10.2 Market positioning of vendors
Exhibit 88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
10.3 3D Biotek LLC
Exhibit 89: 3D Biotek LLC - Overview
Exhibit 90: 3D Biotek LLC - Product/Service
Exhibit 91: 3D Biotek LLC - Key offerings
10.4 Corning Inc.
Exhibit 92: Corning Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 93: Corning Inc. - Business segments
Exhibit 94: Corning Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibit 95: Corning Inc. - Segment focus
10.5 InSphero AG
Exhibit 96: InSphero AG - Overview
Exhibit 97: InSphero AG - Product/Service
Exhibit 98: InSphero AG - Key news
Exhibit 99: InSphero AG - Key offerings
10.6 Lonza Group Ltd.
Exhibit 100: Lonza Group Ltd. - Overview
Exhibit 101: Lonza Group Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibit 102: Lonza Group Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibit 103: Lonza Group Ltd. - Segment focus
10.7 Merck KGaA
Exhibit 104: Merck KGaA - Overview
Exhibit 105: Merck KGaA - Business segments
Exhibit 106: Merck KGaA - Key news
Exhibit 107: Merck KGaA - Key offerings
Exhibit 108: Merck KGaA - Segment focus
10.8 REPROCELL Inc.
Exhibit 109: REPROCELL Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 110: REPROCELL Inc. - Product/Service
Exhibit 111: REPROCELL Inc. - Key offerings
10.9 Synthecon Inc.
Exhibit 112: Synthecon Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 113: Synthecon Inc. - Product/Service
Exhibit 114: Synthecon Inc. - Key offerings
10.10 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
Exhibit 115: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Overview
Exhibit 116: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Business segments
Exhibit 117: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key news
Exhibit 118: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibit 119: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Segment focus
10.11 TissUse GmbH
Exhibit 120: TissUse GmbH - Overview
Exhibit 121: TissUse GmbH - Product/Service
Exhibit 122: TissUse GmbH - Key offerings

11 Appendix

11.1 Scope of the report
11.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
Exhibit 123: Inclusions checklist
Exhibit 124: Exclusions checklist
11.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibit 125: Currency conversion rates for US$
11.4 Research methodology
Exhibit 126: Research methodology
Exhibit 127: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibit 128: Information sources
11.5 List of abbreviations
Exhibit 129: List of abbreviations

List of Exhibits

Exhibits 1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits 2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits 3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibits 4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibits 5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
Exhibits 6: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibits 7: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibits 8: Executive Summary - Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibits 9: Parent market
Exhibits 10: Market Characteristics
Exhibits 11: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibits 12: Market segments
Exhibits 13: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 14: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 15: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 16: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 17: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 18: Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 19: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 20: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 21: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 22: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 23: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 24: Chart on Application - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 25: Data Table on Application - Market share 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 26: Chart on Comparison by Application
Exhibits 27: Data Table on Comparison by Application
Exhibits 28: Chart on Cancer and stem cell research - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 29: Data Table on Cancer and stem cell research - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 30: Chart on Cancer and stem cell research - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 31: Data Table on Cancer and stem cell research - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 32: Chart on Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 33: Data Table on Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 34: Chart on Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 35: Data Table on Drug discovery and toxicology testing - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 36: Chart on Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 37: Data Table on Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 38: Chart on Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 39: Data Table on Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 40: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
Exhibits 41: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits 42: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 43: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 44: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibits 45: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibits 46: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 47: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 48: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 49: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 50: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 51: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 52: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 53: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 54: Chart on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 55: Data Table on Asia - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 56: Chart on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 57: Data Table on Asia - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 58: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 59: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 60: Chart on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 61: Data Table on Rest of World (ROW) - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 62: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 63: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 64: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 65: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 66: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 67: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 68: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 69: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 70: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 71: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 72: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 73: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 74: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 75: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 76: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 77: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 78: Chart on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 79: Data Table on Canada - Market size and forecast 2021-2026 ($ million)
Exhibits 80: Chart on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 81: Data Table on Canada - Year-over-year growth 2021-2026 (%)
Exhibits 82: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ million)
Exhibits 83: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2021 and 2026
Exhibits 84: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibits 85: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits 86: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits 87: Vendors covered
Exhibits 88: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibits 89: 3D Biotek LLC - Overview
Exhibits 90: 3D Biotek LLC - Product/Service
Exhibits 91: 3D Biotek LLC - Key offerings
Exhibits 92: Corning Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 93: Corning Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits 94: Corning Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 95: Corning Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits 96: InSphero AG - Overview
Exhibits 97: InSphero AG - Product/Service
Exhibits 98: InSphero AG - Key news
Exhibits 99: InSphero AG - Key offerings
Exhibits 100: Lonza Group Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 101: Lonza Group Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibits 102: Lonza Group Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 103: Lonza Group Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibits 104: Merck KGaA - Overview
Exhibits 105: Merck KGaA - Business segments
Exhibits 106: Merck KGaA - Key news
Exhibits 107: Merck KGaA - Key offerings
Exhibits 108: Merck KGaA - Segment focus
Exhibits 109: REPROCELL Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 110: REPROCELL Inc. - Product/Service
Exhibits 111: REPROCELL Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 112: Synthecon Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 113: Synthecon Inc. - Product/Service
Exhibits 114: Synthecon Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 115: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 116: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits 117: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key news
Exhibits 118: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 119: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits 120: TissUse GmbH - Overview
Exhibits 121: TissUse GmbH - Product/Service
Exhibits 122: TissUse GmbH - Key offerings
Exhibits 123: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits 124: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits 125: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits 126: Research methodology
Exhibits 127: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits 128: Information sources
Exhibits 129: List of abbreviations

Executive Summary

The Publisher Announces the Publication of its Research Report - Global 3D Cell Culture Market 2022-2026

The publisher recognizes the following companies as the key players in the global 3D cell culture market: 3D Biotek LLC, BICO Group AB, CN Bio Innovations Ltd., Corning Inc., Elveflow, Emulate Inc., Greiner Bio-One International GmbH, Hamilton Bonaduz AG, InSphero AG, Lonza Group Ltd., Merck KGaA, PromoCell GmbH, QGel SA, REPROCELL Inc., Synthecon Inc., SynVivo Inc., Tecan Group Ltd., Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., TissUse GmbH, and MIMETAS BV.

Commenting on the report, an analyst from the publisher said: 'The latest trend gaining momentum in the market is rising demand for monoclonal antibodies.'

According to the report, one of the major drivers for this market is the increase in infectious diseases.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to a SWOT analysis of the key vendors.