+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacy, Specialty Pharmacy, and Others), By Application, By Regional Outlook and Forecast, 2022-2028

  • PDF Icon

    Report

  • 209 Pages
  • June 2022
  • Region: Global
  • Marqual IT Solutions Pvt. Ltd (KBV Research)
  • ID: 5636684
The Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market size is expected to reach $17.3 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 6.9% CAGR during the forecast period.

Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma or white blood cells. It plays a crucial role in the immune system's defense by identifying and attaching to certain antigens such as bacteria and viruses, assisting in the elimination. Intravenous immunoglobulins are immunoglobulins that are given via intravenous injection. This is because most patients receiving immunoglobulins are in hospitals or clinical settings, and intravenous immunoglobulins are the most prevalent mode of administration. This coupled with the demonstrated efficacy of the immunoglobulins as an efficient therapy choice for a number of immunological illnesses and the inadequate amount of training for home-care settings is also positively influencing the Intravenous Immunoglobulin market growth.



Several people may use IVIg instead of other medications to treat their immune system problems such as immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, or biological therapies. IVIg may be used in conjunction with immunosuppressants or other medications in some instances. The immune system of the body regularly produces enough antibodies to fight infection-causing bacteria. The body can't create enough of them if a patient has an immunological deficit. As a result, the patient is more susceptible to infections that can make a person very unwell. IVIg provides antibodies that the body doesn't produce on its own, allowing the patient to fight infections.

The medication may help the body raise low red blood-cell levels in autoimmune illnesses like lupus. If a person doesn't get enough of them, the person suffers from anaemia and weary. IVIg prevents lupus patients' white blood cells from damaging the red blood cells. The medication may stop the patient's immune system from destroying muscle cells if such a person has myositis.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented both a threat and a lucrative opportunity for the IVIG business. The pandemic has also brought together a number of significant players and governments to support the development of novel COVID-19 hyper-immunoglobulins. Plasma-based medicines are being researched for their effectiveness in reducing problems due to severe acute viral respiratory infections, comprising COVID-19. This medication is derived from recovered patients' plasma. The market is likely to be driven by the pandemic, which is presently in its last phases. Many peoplewith symptomatic secondary immunodeficiency (SID), auto-inflammatory disorders, primary immunodeficiency (PID), and C1 inhibitor deficiency were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the United Kingdom, somewere hospitalized to hospitals, and few patientsdied.

Market Growth Factors


Growth in R&D activities in Intravenous Immunoglobulin

The medical system is witnessing the increasing immunoglobulin use, as well as a growth in the frequency of new launches and quick approval from government regulatory authorities around the world. For instance, as per theNational Institutes of Health, a clinical trial to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a combination treatment regimen for coronavirus disease that includes the antiviral Remdesivir plus a highly concentrated solution of antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2.The phase 3 trial, termed Inpatient Treatment with Anti-Coronavirus Immunoglobulin, or ITAC, was sponsored and funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which is part of the National Institutes of Health.

Increase in cases of primary immunodeficiency diseases and preference for hospital treatment

Primary humoral immunodeficiency, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Guillain-Barre syndrome, multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), myasthenia gravis, Kawasaki disease, hypogammaglobulinemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and others are among the indications for intravenous immunoglobulins. The medical system witnessed a rise in the prevalence of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) over the world. In patients with lymphoproliferative diseases, it is the most frequent chronic immunological deficiency (LPDs).



Market Restraining Factors


The likeliness of blood transfused diseases

The risk of contracting a blood-borne infection from blood donors who provide IVIG infusions is very minimal. This is due to the purifying procedure used to purify given blood plasma, which aids in the destruction of infectious organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Additionally, once the purification process is completed, IVIG donations are maintained and packed in sterilized packaging. This aids in the prevention of infectious disease transmission even more. Aseptic meningitis, a kind of non-infection-related brain inflammation, is a significant side effect of IVIG therapy.

Distribution Channel Outlook

Based on Distribution Channel, the market is segmented into Hospital Pharmacy, Specialty Pharmacy, and Others. The Speciality Pharmacy segment procured a substantial revenue share in the intravenous immunoglobulin market in 2021. This is because specialist pharmacies provide convenient treatment at home. Specialty medications are a vital and growing element of the pharmacy industry. As a result, the number of licensed specialty pharmaceuticals is fast expanding, propelling the specialty pharmacy industry forward over the forecast period.

Application Outlook

Based on Application, the market is segmented into Immunodeficiency Diseases, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia & Myasthenia Gravis, Congenital AIDS & Multifocal Motor Neuropathy, Kawasaki Disease, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and Others. The chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy segment garnered a significant revenue share in the intravenous immunoglobulin market in 2021. It is most commonly encountered in diabetic people. Immuno-suppressive medications, steroids, and plasmapheresis are all used in the treatment of CIDP. IVIG is a safe and effective alternative to these treatments. The market growth is aided by associated advantages such as safety, minimally invasive treatment, and user-friendly treatment options.

Regional Outlook

Based on Regions, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Latin America, Middle East & Africa. The Asia Pacific witnessed a promising revenue share in the intravenous immunoglobulin market in 2021. As a result of increased awareness and potential chances for the acceptance of immunoglobulin-based therapies for the treatment of primary immunological deficiencies, as well as a growing geriatric population. Emerging economies, rising healthcare spending, and the rapidly expanding immunoglobulin market are all contributing to the market growth. Moreover, the rising prevalence of immunological illnesses increased awareness of intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy, and improved healthcare facilities are expected to drive future growth.

The market research report covers the analysis of key stake holders of the market. Key companies profiled in the report include Grifols, S.A., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Baxter International, Inc., Biotest AG (Tiancheng International Investment Limited), LFB S.A., CSL Limited (CSL Behring), Octapharma AG, Kedrion S.p.A, and Bayer AG.

Strategies deployed in Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market

  • Jan-2022: LFB came into a partnership with Kedrion, a provider of plasma-derived therapy. This partnership aimed to enable the companies to match the rising demands of the French market for immunoglobulins, drugs that are in great demand in France and across the world.
  • Jul-2021: Octapharma received approval from U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for Octagam 10% [Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human). This approval is expected to enable the first and only intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) to be indicated for the treatment of adult dermatomyositis, a rare immune-mediated inflammatory disease.
  • Oct-2020: Grifols took over GC Pharma, a South Korean firm. This acquisition aimed to strengthen Grifols’ presence in Canada, building on a legacy of partnership in Canada’s blood system. In addition, this acquisition is expected to reinforce the leadership and competitive gains provided by the plasma-center network. By raising the plasma collection and fractionation capacity, both companies is expected to be able to continue ensuring that patients worldwide have safe and secure access to these life-saving plasma-derived medicines.
  • Mar-2020: Takeda Pharmaceuticals received approval from China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for gut-selective biologic Entyvio (vedolizumab). This approval aimed to bring more treatment choices to clinicians and is expected to allow more IBD patients to return to their normal daily lives.
  • Dec-2019: Grifols introduced the XEMBIFY (immune globulin subcutaneous human-klhw). This product aimed to better the lives and well-being of people who suffer from serious, rare, and chronic diseases. XEMBIFY is the company’s first 20% subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy for the treatment of patients 2 years of age and older with primary immunodeficiency (PI).

Scope of the Study


Market Segments Covered in the Report:


By Distribution Channel
  • Hospital Pharmacy
  • Specialty Pharmacy
  • Others
By Application
  • Immunodeficiency Diseases
  • Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
  • Hypogammaglobulinemia
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia & Myasthenia Gravis
  • Congenital AIDS & Multifocal Motor Neuropathy
  • Kawasaki Disease
  • Guillain-Barre Syndrome
  • Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
  • Others
By Geography
  • North America
  • US
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Rest of North America
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • France
  • Russia
  • Spain
  • Italy
  • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • India
  • South Korea
  • Singapore
  • Malaysia
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • LAMEA
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • UAE
  • Saudi Arabia
  • South Africa
  • Nigeria
  • Rest of LAMEA

Key Market Players


List of Companies Profiled in the Report:

  • Grifols, S.A.
  • Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
  • Baxter International, Inc.
  • Biotest AG (Tiancheng International Investment Limited)
  • LFB S.A.
  • CSL Limited (CSL Behring)
  • Octapharma AG
  • Kedrion S.p.A
  • Bayer AG

Unique Offerings from the Publisher

  • Exhaustive coverage
  • The highest number of Market tables and figures
  • Subscription-based model available
  • Guaranteed best price
  • Assured post sales research support with 10% customization free

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Market Scope & Methodology
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Market Scope
1.4 Segmentation
1.4.1 Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market, by Distribution Channel
1.4.2 Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market, by Application
1.4.3 Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market, by Geography
1.5 Methodology for the research
Chapter 2. Market Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.1.1 Market Composition and Scenario
2.2 Key Factors Impacting the Market
2.2.1 Market Drivers
2.2.2 Market Restraints
Chapter 3. Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
3.1 Global Hospital Pharmacy Market by Region
3.2 Global Specialty Pharmacy Market by Region
3.3 Global Others Market by Region
Chapter 4. Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
4.1 Global Immunodeficiency Diseases Market by Region
4.2 Global Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Market by Region
4.3 Global Hypogammaglobulinemia Market by Region
4.4 Global Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia & Myasthenia Gravis Market by Region
4.5 Global Congenital AIDS & Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Market by Region
4.6 Global Kawasaki Disease Market by Region
4.7 Global Guillain-Barre Syndrome Market by Region
4.8 Global Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) Market by Region
4.9 Global Others Market by Region
Chapter 5. Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Region
5.1 North America Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.1.1 North America Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.1.1.1 North America Hospital Pharmacy Market by Country
5.1.1.2 North America Specialty Pharmacy Market by Country
5.1.1.3 North America Others Market by Country
5.1.2 North America Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.1.2.1 North America Immunodeficiency Diseases Market by Country
5.1.2.2 North America Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Market by Country
5.1.2.3 North America Hypogammaglobulinemia Market by Country
5.1.2.4 North America Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia & Myasthenia Gravis Market by Country
5.1.2.5 North America Congenital AIDS & Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Market by Country
5.1.2.6 North America Kawasaki Disease Market by Country
5.1.2.7 North America Guillain-Barre Syndrome Market by Country
5.1.2.8 North America Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) Market by Country
5.1.2.9 North America Others Market by Country
5.1.3 North America Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Country
5.1.3.1 US Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.1.3.1.1 US Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.1.3.1.2 US Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.1.3.2 Canada Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.1.3.2.1 Canada Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.1.3.2.2 Canada Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.1.3.3 Mexico Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.1.3.3.1 Mexico Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.1.3.3.2 Mexico Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.1.3.4 Rest of North America Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.1.3.4.1 Rest of North America Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.1.3.4.2 Rest of North America Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.2 Europe Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.2.1 Europe Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.2.1.1 Europe Hospital Pharmacy Market by Country
5.2.1.2 Europe Specialty Pharmacy Market by Country
5.2.1.3 Europe Others Market by Country
5.2.2 Europe Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.2.2.1 Europe Immunodeficiency Diseases Market by Country
5.2.2.2 Europe Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Market by Country
5.2.2.3 Europe Hypogammaglobulinemia Market by Country
5.2.2.4 Europe Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia & Myasthenia Gravis Market by Country
5.2.2.5 Europe Congenital AIDS & Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Market by Country
5.2.2.6 Europe Kawasaki Disease Market by Country
5.2.2.7 Europe Guillain-Barre Syndrome Market by Country
5.2.2.8 Europe Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) Market by Country
5.2.2.9 Europe Others Market by Country
5.2.3 Europe Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Country
5.2.3.1 Germany Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.2.3.1.1 Germany Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.2.3.1.2 Germany Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.2.3.2 UK Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.2.3.2.1 UK Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.2.3.2.2 UK Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.2.3.3 France Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.2.3.3.1 France Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.2.3.3.2 France Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.2.3.4 Russia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.2.3.4.1 Russia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.2.3.4.2 Russia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.2.3.5 Spain Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.2.3.5.1 Spain Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.2.3.5.2 Spain Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.2.3.6 Italy Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.2.3.6.1 Italy Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.2.3.6.2 Italy Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.2.3.7 Rest of Europe Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.2.3.7.1 Rest of Europe Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.2.3.7.2 Rest of Europe Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.3 Asia Pacific Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.3.1 Asia Pacific Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.3.1.1 Asia Pacific Hospital Pharmacy Market by Country
5.3.1.2 Asia Pacific Specialty Pharmacy Market by Country
5.3.1.3 Asia Pacific Others Market by Country
5.3.2 Asia Pacific Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.3.2.1 Asia Pacific Immunodeficiency Diseases Market by Country
5.3.2.2 Asia Pacific Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Market by Country
5.3.2.3 Asia Pacific Hypogammaglobulinemia Market by Country
5.3.2.4 Asia Pacific Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia & Myasthenia Gravis Market by Country
5.3.2.5 Asia Pacific Congenital AIDS & Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Market by Country
5.3.2.6 Asia Pacific Kawasaki Disease Market by Country
5.3.2.7 Asia Pacific Guillain-Barre Syndrome Market by Country
5.3.2.8 Asia Pacific Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) Market by Country
5.3.2.9 Asia Pacific Others Market by Country
5.3.3 Asia Pacific Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Country
5.3.3.1 China Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.3.3.1.1 China Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.3.3.1.2 China Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.3.3.2 Japan Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.3.3.2.1 Japan Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.3.3.2.2 Japan Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.3.3.3 India Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.3.3.3.1 India Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.3.3.3.2 India Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.3.3.4 South Korea Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.3.3.4.1 South Korea Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.3.3.4.2 South Korea Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.3.3.5 Singapore Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.3.3.5.1 Singapore Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.3.3.5.2 Singapore Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.3.3.6 Malaysia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.3.3.6.1 Malaysia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.3.3.6.2 Malaysia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.3.3.7 Rest of Asia Pacific Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.3.3.7.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.3.3.7.2 Rest of Asia Pacific Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.4 LAMEA Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.4.1 LAMEA Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.4.1.1 LAMEA Hospital Pharmacy Market by Country
5.4.1.2 LAMEA Specialty Pharmacy Market by Country
5.4.1.3 LAMEA Others Market by Country
5.4.2 LAMEA Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.4.2.1 LAMEA Immunodeficiency Diseases Market by Country
5.4.2.2 LAMEA Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Market by Country
5.4.2.3 LAMEA Hypogammaglobulinemia Market by Country
5.4.2.4 LAMEA Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia & Myasthenia Gravis Market by Country
5.4.2.5 LAMEA Congenital AIDS & Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Market by Country
5.4.2.6 LAMEA Kawasaki Disease Market by Country
5.4.2.7 LAMEA Guillain-Barre Syndrome Market by Country
5.4.2.8 LAMEA Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) Market by Country
5.4.2.9 LAMEA Others Market by Country
5.4.3 LAMEA Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Country
5.4.3.1 Brazil Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.4.3.1.1 Brazil Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.4.3.1.2 Brazil Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.4.3.2 Argentina Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.4.3.2.1 Argentina Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.4.3.2.2 Argentina Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.4.3.3 UAE Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.4.3.3.1 UAE Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.4.3.3.2 UAE Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.4.3.4 Saudi Arabia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.4.3.4.1 Saudi Arabia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.4.3.4.2 Saudi Arabia Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.4.3.5 South Africa Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.4.3.5.1 South Africa Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.4.3.5.2 South Africa Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.4.3.6 Nigeria Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.4.3.6.1 Nigeria Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.4.3.6.2 Nigeria Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
5.4.3.7 Rest of LAMEA Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market
5.4.3.7.1 Rest of LAMEA Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Distribution Channel
5.4.3.7.2 Rest of LAMEA Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market by Application
Chapter 6. Company Profiles
6.1 Grifols, S.A
6.1.1 Company Overview
6.1.2 Financial Analysis
6.1.3 Regional & Segmental Analysis
6.1.4 Research & Development Expenses
6.1.5 Recent strategies and developments
6.1.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions
6.1.5.2 Acquisition and Mergers
6.2 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
6.2.1 Company Overview
6.2.2 Financial Analysis
6.2.3 Regional Analysis
6.2.4 Research & Development Expense
6.2.5 Recent strategies and developments
6.2.5.1 Approvals and Trials
6.3 Baxter International, Inc.
6.3.1 Company Overview
6.3.2 Financial Analysis
6.3.3 Regional Analysis
6.3.4 Research & Development Expense
6.4 Biotest AG (Tiancheng International Investment Limited)
6.4.1 Company Overview
6.4.2 Financial Analysis
6.4.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
6.4.4 Research & Development Expense
6.5 LFB S.A.
6.5.1 Company Overview
6.5.2 Recent strategies and developments
6.5.2.1 Partnerships, Collaborations, and Agreements
6.6 CSL Limited (CSL Behring)
6.6.1 Company Overview
6.6.2 Financial Analysis
6.6.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
6.6.4 Research & Development Expense
6.7 Octapharma AG
6.7.1 Company Overview
6.7.2 Recent strategies and developments
6.7.2.1 Approvals and Trials
6.8 Kedrion S.p.A
6.8.1 Company Overview
6.8.2 Financial Analysis
6.8.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
6.8.4 Research & Development Expenses
6.9 Bayer AG
6.9.1 Company Overview
6.9.2 Financial Analysis
6.9.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
6.9.4 Research & Development Expense

Companies Mentioned

  • Grifols, S.A.
  • Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
  • Baxter International, Inc.
  • Biotest AG (Tiancheng International Investment Limited)
  • LFB S.A.
  • CSL Limited (CSL Behring)
  • Octapharma AG
  • Kedrion S.p.A
  • Bayer AG

Methodology

Loading
LOADING...