The Global Market for Biofuels 2024-2035

2.1          Comparison to fossil fuels
2.2          Role in the circular economy
2.3          Market drivers
2.4          Market challenges
2.5          Liquid biofuels market
2.5.1      Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022
2.5.2      Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production.

4.1          Overview
4.2          The global biofuels market
4.2.1      Diesel substitutes and alternatives
4.2.2      Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
4.3          SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
4.4          Comparison of biofuel costs 2023, by type
4.5          Types
4.5.1      Solid Biofuels
4.5.2      Liquid Biofuels
4.5.3      Gaseous Biofuels
4.5.4      Conventional Biofuels
4.5.5      Advanced Biofuels
4.6          Feedstocks
4.6.1      First-generation (1-G)
4.6.2      Second-generation (2-G)
4.6.2.1   Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.6.2.2   Biorefinery lignin
4.6.3      Third-generation (3-G)
4.6.3.1   Algal biofuels
4.6.3.1.1               Properties
4.6.3.1.2               Advantages
4.6.4      Fourth-generation (4-G)
4.6.5      Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
4.6.6      Energy crops
4.6.6.1   Feedstocks
4.6.6.2   SWOT analysis
4.6.7      Agricultural residues
4.6.7.1   Feedstocks
4.6.7.2   SWOT analysis
4.6.8      Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
4.6.8.1   Processing pathways
4.6.8.2   SWOT analysis
4.6.9      Forestry and wood waste
4.6.9.1   Feedstocks
4.6.9.2   SWOT analysis
4.6.10    Feedstock costs

5.1          Biodiesel
5.1.1      Biodiesel by generation
5.1.2      SWOT analysis
5.1.3      Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
5.1.3.1   Pyrolysis of biomass
5.1.3.2   Vegetable oil transesterification
5.1.3.3   Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
5.1.3.3.1               Production process
5.1.3.4   Biodiesel from tall oil
5.1.3.5   Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
5.1.3.6   Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
5.1.3.7   CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
5.1.3.8   Dymethyl ether (DME)
5.1.4      Prices
5.1.5      Global production and consumption
5.2          Renewable diesel
5.2.1      Production
5.2.2      SWOT analysis
5.2.3      Global consumption
5.2.4      Prices
5.3          Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
5.3.1      Description
5.3.2      SWOT analysis
5.3.3      Global production and consumption
5.3.4      Production pathways
5.3.5      Prices
5.3.6      Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
5.3.7      Challenges
5.3.8      Global consumption
5.4          Bio-naphtha
5.4.1      Overview
5.4.2      SWOT analysis
5.4.3      Markets and applications
5.4.4      Prices
5.4.5      Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
5.4.6      Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned

6.1          Biomethanol
6.1.1      SWOT analysis
6.1.2      Methanol-to gasoline technology
6.1.2.1   Production processes
6.1.2.1.1               Anaerobic digestion
6.1.2.1.2               Biomass gasification
6.1.2.1.3               Power to Methane
6.2          Ethanol
6.2.1      Technology description
6.2.2      1G Bio-Ethanol
6.2.3      SWOT analysis
6.2.4      Ethanol to jet fuel technology
6.2.5      Methanol from pulp & paper production
6.2.6      Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
6.2.7      Gasification
6.2.7.1   Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
6.2.7.2   Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
6.2.8      CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
6.2.9      Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
6.2.9.1   Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
6.2.9.2   Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
6.2.9.3   Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
6.2.9.4   Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
6.2.9.5   Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
6.2.10    Global ethanol consumption
6.3          Biobutanol
6.3.1      Production
6.3.2      Prices

7.1          Feedstocks
7.1.1      Biomethane
7.1.2      Production pathways
7.1.2.1   Landfill gas recovery
7.1.2.2   Anaerobic digestion
7.1.2.3   Thermal gasification
7.1.3      SWOT analysis
7.1.4      Global production
7.1.5      Prices
7.1.5.1   Raw Biogas
7.1.5.2   Upgraded Biomethane
7.1.6      Bio-LNG
7.1.6.1   Markets
7.1.6.1.1               Trucks
7.1.6.1.2               Marine
7.1.6.2   Production
7.1.6.3   Plants
7.1.7      bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
7.1.8      Carbon capture from biogas
7.2          Biosyngas
7.2.1      Production
7.2.2      Prices
7.3          Biohydrogen
7.3.1      Description
7.3.2      SWOT analysis
7.3.3      Production of biohydrogen from biomass
7.3.3.1   Biological Conversion Routes
7.3.3.1.1               Bio-photochemical Reaction
7.3.3.1.2               Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
7.3.3.2   Thermochemical conversion routes
7.3.3.2.1               Biomass Gasification
7.3.3.2.2               Biomass Pyrolysis
7.3.3.2.3               Biomethane Reforming
7.3.4      Applications
7.3.5      Prices
7.4          Biochar in biogas production
7.5          Bio-DME

8.1          Plastic pyrolysis
8.2          Used tires pyrolysis
8.2.1      Conversion to biofuel
8.3          Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
8.4          Gasification
8.4.1      Syngas conversion to methanol
8.4.2      Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
8.4.3      Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
8.5          Hydrothermal cracking
8.6          SWOT analysis

9.1          Introduction
9.1.1      Benefits of e-fuels
9.2          Feedstocks
9.2.1      Hydrogen electrolysis
9.2.2      CO2 capture
9.3          SWOT analysis
9.4          Production
9.4.1      eFuel production facilities, current and planned
9.5          Electrolysers
9.5.1      Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
9.5.2      PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
9.5.3      High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
9.6          Prices
9.7          Market challenges
9.8          Companies

10.1        Technology description
10.2        Conversion pathways
10.3        SWOT analysis
10.4        Production
10.5        Market challenges
10.6        Prices
10.7        Producers

11.1        Production
11.1.1    Decarbonisation of ammonia production
11.1.2    Green ammonia projects
11.2        Green ammonia synthesis methods
11.2.1    Haber-Bosch process
11.2.2    Biological nitrogen fixation
11.2.3    Electrochemical production
11.2.4    Chemical looping processes
11.3        SWOT analysis
11.4        Blue ammonia
11.4.1    Blue ammonia projects
11.5        Markets and applications
11.5.1    Chemical energy storage
11.5.1.1                Ammonia fuel cells
11.5.2    Marine fuel
11.6        Prices
11.7        Estimated market demand
11.8        Companies and projects

12.1        Overview
12.2        CO2 capture from point sources
12.3        Production routes
12.4        SWOT analysis
12.5        Direct air capture (DAC)
12.5.1    Description
12.5.2    Deployment
12.5.3    Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
12.5.4    Technologies
12.5.4.1                Solid sorbents
12.5.4.2                Liquid sorbents
12.5.4.3                Liquid solvents
12.5.4.4                Airflow equipment integration
12.5.4.5                Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
12.5.4.6                Direct conversion
12.5.4.7                Co-product generation
12.5.4.8                Low Temperature DAC
12.5.4.9                Regeneration methods
12.5.5    Commercialization and plants
12.5.6    Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
12.5.7    DAC plants and projects-current and planned
12.5.8    Markets for DAC
12.5.9    Costs
12.5.10  Challenges
12.5.11  Players and production
12.6        Carbon utilization for biofuels
12.6.1    Production routes
12.6.1.1                Electrolyzers
12.6.1.2                Low-carbon hydrogen
12.6.2    Products & applications
12.6.2.1                Vehicles
12.6.2.2                Shipping
12.6.2.3                Aviation
12.6.2.4                Costs
12.6.2.5                Ethanol
12.6.2.6                Methanol
12.6.2.7                Sustainable Aviation Fuel
12.6.2.8                Methane
12.6.2.9                Algae based biofuels
12.6.2.10              CO2-fuels from solar
12.6.3    Challenges
12.6.4    SWOT analysis
12.6.5    Companies

13.1        Description
13.1.1    Advantages of bio-oils
13.2        Production
13.2.1    Fast Pyrolysis
13.2.2    Costs of production
13.2.3    Upgrading
13.3        SWOT analysis
13.4        Applications
13.5        Bio-oil producers
13.6        Prices

14.1        Overview
14.2        Production
14.2.1    Production process
14.2.2    Mechanical biological treatment
14.3        Markets

15.1        Aduro Clean Technologies, Inc.
15.2        Aemetis, Inc.
15.3        Agilyx
15.4        Air Company
15.5        Agra Energy
15.6        Aircela Inc
15.7        Algenol
15.8        Alpha Biofuels (Singapore) Pte Ltd
15.9        Andritz AG
15.10     APChemi Pvt. Ltd.
15.11     Apeiron Bioenergy
15.12     Aperam BioEnergia
15.13     Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA)
15.14     Arcadia eFuels
15.15     ASB Biodiesel Limited
15.16     Atmonia
15.17     Avantium B.V.
15.18     BASF
15.19     BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid Co., Ltd.
15.20     BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH
15.21     BEE Biofuel
15.22     Benefuel Inc.
15.23     Bio2Oil ApS
15.24     Bio-Oils
15.25     BIOD Energy
15.26     Biofy
15.27     Biofine Technology, LLC
15.28     BiogasClean A/S
15.29     Biojet AS
15.30     Bloom Biorenewables SA
15.31     BlueAlp Technology
15.32     Blue BioFuels, Inc.
15.33     Braven Environmental, LLC
15.34     Brightmark Energy
15.35     bse Methanol GmbH
15.36     BTG Bioliquids B.V.
15.37     Byogy Renewables, Inc.
15.38     C1 Green Chemicals AG
15.39     Caphenia GmbH
15.40     Carbonade
15.41     Carbon Collect Limited
15.42     Carbon Engineering Ltd.
15.43     Carbon Infinity Limited
15.44     Carbon Recycling International
15.45     Carbon Sink LLC
15.46     Carbyon BV
15.47     Cargill
15.48     Cassandra Oil AB
15.49     Casterra Ag Ltd.
15.50     Celtic Renewables Ltd.
15.51     CERT Systems, Inc.
15.52     CF Industries Holdings, Inc.
15.53     Chitose Bio Evolution Pte Ltd.
15.54     Circla Nordic
15.55     Climeworks
15.56     CNF Biofuel AS
15.57     Cool Planet Energy Systems
15.58     Corsair Group International
15.59     Coval Energy B.V.
15.60     Crimson Renewable Energy LLC
15.61     C-Zero Inc.
15.62     D-CRBN
15.63     Diamond Green Diesel LLC
15.64     Dimensional Energy
15.65     Royal DSM N.V
15.66     Dioxide Materials
15.67     Dioxycle
15.68     Domsjö Fabriker AB
15.69     DuPont
15.70     EcoCeres, Inc.
15.71     Eco Environmental
15.72     Eco Fuel Technology, Inc
15.73     Electro-Active Technologies Inc.
15.74     Emerging Fuels Technology (EFT)
15.75     Encina Development Group, LLC
15.76     Enerkem, Inc.
15.77     Eneus Energy
15.78     Enexor BioEnergy
15.79     Eni Sustainable Mobility
15.80     Ensyn Corporation
15.81     Euglena Co., Ltd.
15.82     EnviTec Biogas AG
15.83     Firefly Green Fuels
15.84     Forge Hydrocarbons Corporation
15.85     FuelPositive Corp.
15.86     Fuenix Ecogy
15.87     Fulcrum BioEnergy, Inc.
15.88     Galp Energia, SGPS, S.A.
15.89     GenCell Energy
15.90     Genecis Bioindustries, Inc.
15.91     Gevo, Inc
15.92     GIDARA Energy B.V.
15.93     Graforce Hydro GmbH
15.94     Granbio Technologies
15.95     Green COP Pte Ltd
15.96     Green Earth Institute
15.97     Green Fuel
15.98     Hago Energetics
15.99     Haldor Topsoe A/S
15.100   Handerek Technologies
15.101   Hero BX
15.102   Honeywell
15.103   Hyundai Oilbank
15.104   Oy Hydrocell Ltd.
15.105   Hy2Gen AG
15.106   HYCO1, Inc.
15.107   HydGene Renewables
15.108   Ineratec GmbH
15.109   Infinitree LLC
15.110   Infinium Electrofuels
15.111   Innoltek
15.112   Jilin COFCO Biomaterial Corporation
15.113   Jupiter Ionics Pty Ltd
15.114   Kaidi
15.115   Kanteleen Voima
15.116   Khepra
15.117   Klean Industries
15.118   Krajete GmbH
15.119   Kvasir Technologies
15.120   LanzaJet, Inc.
15.121   Lanzatech
15.122   Lectrolyst LLC
15.123   Licella
15.124   Liquid Wind AB
15.125   Lummus Technology LLC
15.126   LXP Group GmbH
15.127   Manta Biofuel, LLC
15.128   Mash Energy ApS
15.129   Mercurius Biorefining Inc
15.130   MOFWORX
15.131   Mote, Inc.
15.132   NeoZeo AB
15.133   Neste
15.134   New Hope Energy
15.135   NewEnergyBlue LLC
15.136   Nexus Fuels, LLC
15.137   Nordic ElectroFuel
15.138   Nordsol
15.139   Norsk e-Fuel AS
15.140   Nova Pangaea Technologies (UK) Ltd.
15.141   Novozymes A/S
15.142   Obeo Biogas
15.143   Oberon Fuels Inc.
15.144   Obrist Group
15.145   O.C.O
15.146   Opus 12, Inc.
15.147   ORLEN Poludnie
15.148   OxEon Energy, LLC
15.149   Phillips 66
15.150   Phoenix BioPower
15.151   Photanol B.V.
15.152   Phycobloom
15.153   Phytonix Corporation
15.154   Plastic2Oil, Inc.
15.155   Plastogaz SA
15.156   Polycycl
15.157   Praj Industries Ltd.
15.158   Preem AB
15.159   Prometheus Fuels, Inc.
15.160   Proton Power, Inc.
15.161   Provectus Algae
15.162   Pure Lignin Environmental Technology
15.163   Pyrochar
15.164   Qairos Energies
15.165   Quadrise PLC
15.166   QuantaFuel ASA
15.167   RenFuel
15.168   Renmatix
15.169   Renovare Fuels
15.170   Repsol
15.171   Resilient Energi
15.172   Resynergi, Inc.
15.173   Reverion GmbH
15.174   RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB
15.175   SABIC
15.176   Sainc Energy Limited
15.177   SBI BioEnergy Inc.
15.178   Sea6 Energy
15.179   Sekab E-Technology AB
15.180   Shell
15.181   Silva Green Fuel
15.182   SkyNRG
15.183   Skytree BV
15.184   St1 Oy
15.185   Steeper Energy Aps
15.186   Stiesdal
15.187   Sumitomo
15.188   SunCoal Industries GmbH
15.189   Sundrop Fuels, Inc.
15.190   Sunho Biodiesel Corporation
15.191   Sunfire GmbH
15.192   Synhelion
15.193   Synkero
15.194   Syzygy Plasmonics, Inc.
15.195   Swedish Biofuels AB
15.196   Takachar
15.197   TotalEnergies
15.198   Tree Energy Solutions (TES-H2)
15.199   Twelve
15.200   Uflex
15.201   UPM Biofuels
15.202   Velocys
15.203   VERBIO Vereinigte BioEnergie AG
15.204   Vertimass LLC
15.205   Vertoro
15.206   Versalis SpA
15.207   Vertus Energy Ltd.
15.208   Virent Inc.
15.209   Viridos, Inc.
15.210   WasteFuel
15.211   XFuel
15.212   Yield10 Bioscience, Inc.

Table 1. Market drivers for biofuels.
Table 2. Market challenges for biofuels.
Table 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production.
Table 4. Industry developments in biofuels 2022-2024.
Table 5. Comparison of biofuels.
Table 6. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2023, by type.
Table 7. Categories and examples of solid biofuel.
Table 8. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity.
Table 9. Classification of biomass feedstock.
Table 10. Biorefinery feedstocks.
Table 11. Feedstock conversion pathways.
Table 12. First-Generation Feedstocks.
Table 13.  Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities.
Table 14. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins.
Table 15. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes
Table 16. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol.
Table 17. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae.
Table 18. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops.
Table 19. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation.
Table 20. Biodiesel by generation.
Table 21. Biodiesel production techniques.
Table 22. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions.
Table 23. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield.
Table 24. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process.
Table 25. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel.
Table 26. Main producers of HVO and capacities.
Table 27. Example commercial Development of BtL processes.
Table 28. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes.
Table 29. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).
Table 30. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).
Table 31. Renewable diesel price ranges.
Table 32. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel.
Table 33. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel.
Table 34. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities.
Table 35. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year).
Table 36. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications.
Table 37. Bio-naphtha market value chain.
Table 38. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products.
Table 39. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer.
Table 40. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas.
Table 41. Processes in bioethanol production.
Table 42. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic.
Table 43. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres).
Table 44. Biogas feedstocks.
Table 45. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants.
Table 46. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas.
Table 47. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways.
Table 48. Markets and applications for biohydrogen.
Table 49. Summary of gasification technologies.
Table 50. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling.
Table 51. Applications of e-fuels, by type.
Table 52. Overview of e-fuels.
Table 53. Benefits of e-fuels.
Table 54. eFuel production facilities, current and planned.
Table 55. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies.
Table 56. Market challenges for e-fuels.
Table 57. E-fuels companies.
Table 58. Algae-derived biofuel producers.
Table 59. Green ammonia projects (current and planned).
Table 60. Blue ammonia projects.
Table 61. Ammonia fuel cell technologies.
Table 62. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel.
Table 63. Summary of marine alternative fuels.
Table 64. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia.
Table 65. Main players in green ammonia.
Table 66. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 67. Point source examples.
Table 68. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC.
Table 69. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC.
Table 70. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies.
Table 71. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies.
Table 72. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 73. DAC technology developers and production.
Table 74. DAC projects in development.
Table 75. Markets for DAC.
Table 76. Costs summary for DAC.
Table 77. Cost estimates of DAC.
Table 78. Challenges for DAC technology.
Table 79. DAC companies and technologies.
Table 80. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 81. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide.
Table 82. CO2-derived fuels projects.
Table 83. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2.
Table 84. pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion.
Table 85. Microalgae products and prices.
Table 86. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches.
Table 87. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels.
Table 88. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products.
Table 89. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils.
Table 90. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil.
Table 91. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels.
Table 92. Markets and applications for bio-oil.
Table 93. Bio-oil producers.
Table 94. Key resource recovery technologies
Table 95. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF).
Table 96. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes.

Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022.
Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2022.
Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends.
Figure 4. SWOT analysis for biofuels.
Figure 5.  Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals.
Figure 6. Hydrolytic lignin powder.
Figure 7. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels.
Figure 8. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels.
Figure 9. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels.
Figure 10. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels.
Figure 11. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type.
Figure 12. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres).
Figure 13. SWOT analysis for biodiesel.
Figure 14. Flow chart for biodiesel production.
Figure 15. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre.
Figure 16. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).
Figure 17. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel.
Figure 18. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year).
Figure 19. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel.
Figure 20. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year).
Figure 21. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha.
Figure 22. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2035 (tonnes).
Figure 23. SWOT analysis biomethanol.
Figure 24. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks.
Figure 25. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading.
Figure 26. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation.
Figure 27. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process.
Figure 28. SWOT analysis for ethanol.
Figure 29. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres).
Figure 30. Properties of petrol and biobutanol.
Figure 31. Biobutanol production route.
Figure 32. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 33. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 34. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 35. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production.
Figure 36. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production.
Figure 37. SWOT analysis for biogas.
Figure 38. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 39. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen.
Figure 40. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 41. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires.
Figure 42. Used tires conversion process.
Figure 43. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021.
Figure 44. Overview of biogas utilization.
Figure 45. Biogas and biomethane pathways.
Figure 46. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels.
Figure 47. Process steps in the production of electrofuels.
Figure 48. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics.
Figure 49. Production process for green hydrogen.
Figure 50. SWOT analysis for E-fuels.
Figure 51. E-liquids production routes.
Figure 52. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products.
Figure 53. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production.
Figure 54. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels.
Figure 55. Cost breakdown for e-fuels.
Figure 56.  Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels.
Figure 57. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels.
Figure 58. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production.
Figure 59. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production.
Figure 60. Green ammonia production and use.
Figure 61. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction.
Figure 62. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation.
Figure 63. SWOT analysis for green ammonia.
Figure 64. Estimated production cost of green ammonia.
Figure 65. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons.
Figure 66. CO2 capture and separation technology.
Figure 67. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 68.  Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 69. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture.
Figure 70. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse.
Figure 71. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario.
Figure 72.  DAC technologies.
Figure 73. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system.
Figure 74. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland.
Figure 75.  Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC.
Figure 76. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering.
Figure 77. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities.
Figure 78. Global map of DAC and CCS plants.
Figure 79. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies.
Figure 80. DAC cost breakdown and comparison.
Figure 81. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems.
Figure 82. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates.
Figure 83.  Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel.
Figure 84. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol.
Figure 85. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV EC) approaches for CO2.
Figure 86. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels.
Figure 87. Audi synthetic fuels.
Figure 88. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques.
Figure 89. SWOT analysis for bio-oils.
Figure 90. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 91. ChemCyclingTM prototypes.
Figure 92. ChemCycling circle by BASF.
Figure 93. FBPO process
Figure 94. Direct Air Capture Process.
Figure 95. CRI process.
Figure 96. Cassandra Oil  process.
Figure 97. Colyser process.
Figure 98. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic.
Figure 99. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer.
Figure 100. Domsjö process.
Figure 101. FuelPositive system.
Figure 102. INERATEC unit.
Figure 103. Infinitree swing method.
Figure 104. Audi/Krajete unit.
Figure 105. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 106: Plantrose process.
Figure 107. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production.
Figure 108. Takavator.
Figure 109. O12 Reactor.
Figure 110. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials.
Figure 111. CO2 made car part.
Figure 112. The Velocys process.
Figure 113. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 114. The Proesa® Process.