This update on SARS-CoV-2 focuses on basic knowledge about the virus and COVID-19 treatment. Chapters present basic information about the disease and its treatment. The virology, epidemiology, etiology, and damage response framework of SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in detail.
The book also covers recent topics of interest to pharmacology scholars such as the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV2, nanotechnology, repurposed drug treatments, COVID-19 vaccines, and phytomedicine for COVID-19 therapeutics.
Readers in pharmacology, virology and medicine will find the book a simple, yet informative update on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 treatment.
The book also covers recent topics of interest to pharmacology scholars such as the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV2, nanotechnology, repurposed drug treatments, COVID-19 vaccines, and phytomedicine for COVID-19 therapeutics.
Readers in pharmacology, virology and medicine will find the book a simple, yet informative update on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 treatment.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Origin of Sars-Cov-2
- Reservoir of Sars-Cov-2
- Genome Sequence
- Major Events in the Timeline of the COVID-19 Outbreak
- Reported Confirmed Cases, Death Cases, and Case Fatality Rate (Cfr) of COVID-19
- Types of Coronaviruses and Their Outbreak Impact
- Coronavirus
- Taxonomy of Coronavirus
- Coronavirus
- Facts of Fatally Potential Beta Coronaviruses
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Anitha Sriram, Ravindra Vasave,Indrani Maji, Rahul Kumar, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Shashi Bala Singh, Neelesh K. Mehra and Pankaj Kumar Singh Introduction
- Detailed Virology of Sars-Cov-2
- Size and Content
- Genomic Rna of Sars-Cov-2
- Nsps Role in 2019-Ncov
- Structural Proteins
- Envelope Protein (E)
- Membrane Glycoprotein/Matrix Glycoprotein (M)
- Nucleocapsid Protein (N)
- Spike (S) Protein
- Two Subunits S1 and S2 of the Spike Protein
- Detailed Composition of Two Subunits of 'S' Protein and Their Functions
- S1 Subunit
- S2 Subunit
- Components and Functions of S1 Subunit
- Components of S1 Subunit
- Boundary Between S1 Subunit and S2 Subunit (S1/S2')
- Functions of S1 Subunits
- Why the Hace-2 Receptor Has More Affinity with 2019-Ncov in Comparison to Sars-Cov?
- Stabilization of Virus-Binding Hotspots on Hace2 By 2019-Ncov
- Role of Thiol-Disulfide Interchanges in the Interplay Between 'S' Protein and Hace2
- Components and Functions of S2 Subunit
- Components of S2 Subunit
- Fp
- Hr1 and Hr2
- Functions of S2 Subunit
- Similarity Percentage (In Term of Amino Acid Sequence) of 2019- Ncov with the Other Covs
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Anitha Sriram, Yojana Bhor, Srushti Mahajan, Rahul Kumar, Saurabh Srivastava, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Shashi Bala Singh and Pankaj Kumar Singh Introduction
- Entryways of 2019-Ncov into the Host Cell
- Priming of Tmprss2 Associated Cleavage for the Fusion of Virus
- Endocytosis
- Furin Mediated Viral Entry
- Role of Host Cell Proteolytic Cleavage on ‘S’ Protein of Sars-Cov2
- Tmprss2 Role for the Fusion of Sars-Cov2
- Furin Mediated Proteolytic Cleavage at S1/S2 Frontier
- Other Proteases Involved in the Functioning of Activated Spike Protein
- Why Viral Immune Evasion is Seen in COVID-19?
- Pre-Fusion and Post-Fusion Conformational States of 2019-Ncov Spike Protein
- Role of Sps, Nsps, and Orfs of 2019-Ncov in Host Immune Evasion (Host Ifn Response) 51 Role of Viral Vsr (Viral Suppressors of Rna) in Host Immune Evasion
- How ‘S' Protein of 2019-Ncov is Accountable for Virus Widespread? 52 Mutations of Sars-Cov-2 and Emergence of Sars-Cov-2 Variants
- Sars-Cov-2 Variants
- Alpha Variant
- Beta Variant
- Gamma Variant
- Delta and Kappa Variants
- a New Variant of Sars-Cov-2 Called “Omicron” Emerging
- Genomic Variant Analysis Study
- Danger Magnitude Levels of Emerging 2019-Ncov Variants
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Anitha Sriram, Yojana Bhor, Srushti Mahajan, Rahul Kumar, Saurabh Srivastava, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Shashi Bala Singh and Pankaj Kumar Singh Introduction
- Life Cycle of 2019-Ncov
- Adsorption
- Penetration Step or Fusion Step
- Uncoating Step
- Replication
- Transcription
- Incubation Time
- How Sars-Cov2 Spreads?
- Person to Person
- Airborne Transmission
- Fecal Contamination
- Fomite Transmission (Contaminated Objects and Surfaces)
- Mass Gatherings
- Mother to the Baby in Pregnancy Condition
- Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 Disease
- Clinical Symptoms of Mild COVID-19 Disease
- Symptoms During the Severity of Disease
- Complications of Very Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients
- Asymptomatic COVID-19
- High Risk of COVID-19 Infection
- COVID-19 in Children
- Case Fatality Rate (Cfr in %) of COVID-19
- Recovery Rate
- Diagnosis
- Radiology Findings
- Laboratory Findings in COVID-19
- Serological Findings
- Immunopathological Findings
- Mild COVID-19 Infection
- Severe COVID-19 Infection
- Hematological Changes
- Immunological Marker to Assess Severity
- Autopsy Pathological Findings
- Pulmonary Findings
- Blood
- COVID-19 Prevention
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Anitha Sriram, Balram Prajapati, Srushti Mahajan, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Shashi Bala Singh, Saurabh Srivastava and Pankaj Kumar Singh Introduction
- Stages of COVID-19
- Healthy Individual
- Stages of COVID-19 Infection in Detail
- Mild COVID-19 Infection: First Stage of Infection
- Clinical Signs
- Level of Care
- Moderate Type of COVID-19 Infection: Second Stage of Infection
- Host's Innate Immune System Consequences Lead to the Progression of COVID-19
- Host's Adaptive Immune System Consequences Leading to Progression of COVID-19
- Cytotoxic Action of 2019-Ncov on Host Immune Cells
- Clinical Signs
- Level of Care
- Severe Type of COVID-19 Infection: Third Stage of Infection
- Exuberant Cytokine Storm
- Enhanced Vascular Hyper-Permeability
- Diffuse Alveolar Damage (Dad)
- Severe Pneumonia
- Ards
- Acute Lung Injury (Ali)
- Cause for Ali
- Complement Activation
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (Dic)
- Clinical Signs
- Level of Care
- Critically Ill COVID-19 Infection: Fourth Stage of Infection
- Hyper-Inflammation Additionally Causes Sirs
- Sirs Lead to Septic Shock
- Multiple Organ Failure (Mof)
- Acute COVID-19 Cardiovascular Syndrome (Acovcs)
- Liver Damage
- Renal Damage
- Ocular Damage
- Git Damage
- Olfactory Nerve (Brain) Damage
- Ade (Antibody-Dependent Enhancement)
- Clinical Signs
- Level of Care
- Biomarkers in Testing COVID-19 Severity
- Hematological Biomarkers
- Biochemical Markers
- Coagulation Biomarkers
- Inflammatory Biomarkers
- Potential New Biomarkers
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Anitha Sriram, Pravin Medtiya, Srushti Mahajan, Indrani Maji, Rahul Kumar and Pankaj Kumar Singh Introduction
- Pathogenic Events
- Direct Cytotoxic Effect of 2019-Ncov on Host Target Cell
Author
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Shashi Bala Singh
