Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes: Production, Biocatalysis, and Industrial Applications, Second Edition provides a complete survey of the latest innovations on microbial enzymes, highlighting biotechnological advances in their production and purification along with information on successful applications as biocatalysts in several chemical and industrial processes under mild and green conditions.
The application of recombinant DNA technology within industrial fermentation and the production of enzymes over the last three decades have produced a host of useful chemical and biochemical substances. The power of these technologies results in novel transformations, better enzymes, a wide variety of applications, and the unprecedented development of biocatalysts through the ongoing integration of molecular biology methodology, all of which is covered insightfully and in-depth within the book.
This fully revised, second edition is updated to address the latest research developments and applications in the field, from microbial enzymes recently applied in drug discovery to penicillin biosynthetic enzymes and penicillin acylase, xylose reductase, and microbial enzymes used in antitubercular drug design. Across the chapters, the use of microbial enzymes in sustainable development and production processes is fully considered, with recent successes and ongoing challenges highlighted.
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Table of Contents
1. Biotechnology of microbial enzymes: production, biocatalysis, and industrial applications-an overview Goutam Brahmachari
1.1 Introduction 1.2 An overview of the book �1.2.1 Chapter 2 �1.2.2 Chapter 3 �1.2.3 Chapter 4 �1.2.4 Chapter 5 �1.2.5 Chapter 6 �1.2.6 Chapter 7 �1.2.7 Chapter 8 �1.2.8 Chapter 9 �1.2.9 Chapter 10 �1.2.10 Chapter 11 �1.2.11 Chapter 12 �1.2.12 Chapter 13 �1.2.13 Chapter 14 �1.2.14 Chapter 15 �1.2.15 Chapter 16 �1.2.16 Chapter 17 �1.2.17 Chapter 18 �1.2.18 Chapter 19 �1.2.19 Chapter 20 �1.2.20 Chapter 21 �1.2.21 Chapter 22 �1.2.22 Chapter 23 �1.2.23 Chapter 24 �1.2.24 Chapter 25 �1.2.25 Chapter 26 1.3 Concluding remarks
2. Useful microbial enzymes-an introduction Beatriz Ruiz-Villafa�n, Romina Rodri�guez-Sanoja and Sergio Sa�nchez
�2.1 The enzymes: a class of useful biomolecules �2.2 Microbial enzymes for industry �2.3 Improvement of enzymes �2.4 Discovery of new enzymes �2.5 Concluding remarks �Acknowledgments �Abbreviations �References
3. Production, purification, and application of microbial enzymes Anil Kumar Patel, Cheng-Di Dong, Chiu-Wen Chen, Ashok Pandey and Reeta Rani Singhania
�3.1 Introduction �3.2 Production of microbial enzymes ��3.2.1 Enzyme production in industries ��3.2.2 Industrial enzyme production technology �3.3 Strain improvements ��3.3.1 Mutation ��3.3.2 Recombinant DNA technology ��3.3.3 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 technology ��3.3.4 Protein engineering �3.4 Downstream processing/enzyme purification �3.5 Product formulations �3.6 Global enzyme market scenarios �3.7 Industrial applications of enzymes ��3.7.1 Food industry ��3.7.2 Textile industry ��3.7.3 Detergent industry ��3.7.4 Pulp and paper industry ��3.7.5 Animal feed industry ��3.7.6 Leather industry ��3.7.7 Biofuel from biomass ��3.7.8 Enzyme applications in the chemistry and pharma sectors �3.8 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
4. Solid-state fermentation for the production of microbial cellulases Sudhanshu S. Behera, Ankush Kerketta and Ramesh C. Ray
�4.1 Introduction �4.2 Solid-state fermentation ��4.2.1 Comparative aspects of solid-state and submerged fermentations ��4.2.2 Cellulase-producing microorganisms in solid-state fermentation ��4.2.3 Extraction of microbial cellulase in solid-state fermentation ��4.2.4 Measurement of cellulase activity in solid-state fermentation �4.3 Lignocellulosic residues/wastes as solid substrates in solid-state fermentation �4.4 Pretreatment of agricultural residues ��4.4.1 Physical pretreatments ��4.4.2 Physiochemical pretreatment ��4.4.3 Chemical pretreatments ��4.4.4 Biological pretreatment �4.5 Environmental factors affecting microbial cellulase production in solid-state fermentation ��4.5.1 Water activity/moisture content ��4.5.2 Temperature ��4.5.3 Mass transfer processes: aeration and nutrient diffusion ��4.5.4 Substrate particle size ��4.5.5 Other factors �4.6 Strategies to improve production of microbial cellulase ��4.6.1 Metabolic engineering and strain improvement ��4.6.2 Recombinant strategy (heterologous cellulase expression) ��4.6.3 Mixed-culture (coculture) systems �4.7 Fermenter (bioreactor) design for cellulase production in solid-state fermentation ��4.7.1 Tray bioreactor ��4.7.2 Packed bed reactor ��4.7.3 Rotary drum bioreactor ��4.7.4 Fluidized bed reactor �4.8 Biomass conversions and application of microbial cellulase ��4.8.1 Textile industry ��4.8.2 Laundry and detergent ��4.8.3 Paper and pulp industry ��4.8.4 Bioethanol and biofuel production ��4.8.5 Food industry ��4.8.6 Agriculture �4.9 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
5. Hyperthermophilic subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus kodakarensis Ryo Uehara, Hiroshi Amesaka, Yuichi Koga, Kazufumi Takano, Shigenori Kanaya and Shun-ichi Tanaka
�5.1 Introduction �5.2 Two Subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus Kodakarensis KOD1 �5.3 TK-subtilisin ��5.3.1 Ca21-dependent maturation of Tk-subtilisin ��5.3.2 Crystal structures of Tk-subtilisin ��5.3.3 Requirement of Ca21-binding loop for folding ��5.3.4 Ca21 ion requirements for hyperstability ��5.3.5 Role of Tkpro ��5.3.6 Role of the insertion sequences ��5.3.7 Cold-adapted maturation through Tkpro engineering ��5.3.8 Degradation of PrPSc by Tk-subtilisin ��5.3.9 Tk-subtilisin pulse proteolysis experiments �5.4 Tk-SP ��5.4.1 Maturation of Pro-Tk-SP ��5.4.2 Crystal structure of Pro-S359A ��5.4.3 Role of proN ��5.4.4 Role of the C-domain ��5.4.5 PrPSc degradation by Tk-SP �5.5 Concluding remarks �Acknowledgments �Abbreviations �References
6. Enzymes from basidiomycetes-peculiar and efficient tools for biotechnology Thai�s Marques Uber, Emanueli Backes, Vini�cius Mateus Salvatore Saute, Bruna Polacchine da Silva, Rubia Carvalho Gomes Corre^ a, Camila Gabriel Kato, Fla�vio Augusto Vicente Seixas, Adelar Bracht and Rosane Marina Peralta
�6.1 Introduction �6.2 Brown- and white-rot fungi �6.3 Isolation and laboratory maintenance of wood-rot basidiomycetes �6.4 Basidiomycetes as producers of enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose biomass ��6.4.1 Enzymes involved in the degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses ��6.4.2 Enzymes involved in lignin degradation �6.5 Production of ligninolytic enzymes by basidiomycetes: screening and production in laboratory scale �6.6 General characteristics of the main ligninolytic enzymes with potential biotechnological applications ��6.6.1 Laccases ��6.6.2 Peroxidases �6.7 Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes from basidiomycetes ��6.7.1 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in delignification of vegetal biomass and biological detoxification for biofuel production ��6.7.2 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds ��6.7.3 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in the degradation of textile dyes ��6.7.4 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in pulp and paper industry �6.8 Concluding remarks �Acknowledgments �Abbreviations �References
7. Metagenomics and new enzymes for the bioeconomy to 2030 Patricia Molina-Espeja, Cristina Coscoli�n, Peter N. Golyshin and Manuel Ferrer
�7.1 Introduction �7.2 Metagenomics �7.3 Activity-based methods for enzyme search in metagenomes �7.4 Computers applied to metagenomic enzyme search �7.5 Concluding remarks �Acknowledgments �References
8. Enzymatic biosynthesis of �-lactam antibiotics Swati Srivastava, Reeta Bhati and Rajni Singh
�8.1 Introduction �8.2 Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of �-lactam antibiotics ��8.2.1 Isopenicillin N synthase ��8.2.2 �-Lactam synthetase ��8.2.3 Carbapenam synthetase (Cps) ��8.2.4 Tabtoxinine �-lactam synthetase (Tbl S) ��8.2.5 Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase and deacetylcephalosporin C synthase ��8.2.6 Clavaminic acid synthase ��8.2.7 Nonribosomal peptide synthetases �8.3 Semisynthetic �-lactam derivatives �8.4 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
9. Insights into the molecular mechanisms of �-lactam antibiotic synthesizing and modifying enzymes in fungi Juan F. Marti�n, Carlos Garci�a-Estrada and Paloma Liras
�9.1 Introduction ��9.1.1 Penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis: a brief overview ��9.1.2 Genes involved in penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis �9.2 ACV synthetase ��9.2.1 The ACV assembly line ��9.2.2 The cleavage function of the integrated thioesterase domain �9.3 Isopenicillin N synthase ��9.3.1 Binding and lack of cyclization of the LLL-ACV ��9.3.2 The iron-containing active center ��9.3.3 The crystal structure of isopenicillin N synthase ��9.3.4 Recent advances in the cyclization mechanism �9.4 Acyl-CoA ligases: a wealth of acyl-CoA ligases activate penicillin side-chain precursors �9.5 Isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT) ��9.5.1 Posttranslational maturation of the IAT ��9.5.2 The IPN/6-APA/PenG substrate-binding pocket ��9.5.3 A transient acyl-IAT intermediate ��9.5.4 The origin of IAT: an homologous AT in many fungal genomes �9.6 Transport of intermediates and penicillin secretion ��9.6.1 Transport of isopenicillin N into peroxisomes ��9.6.2 IAT is easily accessible to external 6-APA ��9.6.3 Intracellular traffic of intermediates and secretion of penicillins �9.7 Production of semisynthetic penicillins by penicillin acylases ��9.7.1 Molecular mechanisms of penicillin acylases ��9.7.2 Novel developments in industrial applications of penicillin acylases �9.8 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
10. Role of glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of antibiotics Pankaj Kumar, Sanju Singh, Vishal A. Ghadge, Harshal Sahastrabudhe, Meena R. Rathod and Pramod B. Shinde � �10.1 Introduction �10.2 Classification and structural insights of glycosyltransferases �10.3 Role of glycosylation in enhancing bioactivity ��10.3.1 Vancomycin ��10.3.2 Tiacumicin B ��10.3.3 Amycolatopsins ��10.3.4 Digitoxin ��10.3.5 Aminoglycosides �10.4 Engineering biosynthetic pathway of antibiotics by altering glycosyltransferases ��10.4.1 Combinatorial biosynthesis ��10.4.2 Glycorandomization �10.5 Identification of glycosyltransferases and glycosylated molecules using bioinformatics �10.6 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
11. Relevance of microbial glucokinases Beatriz Ruiz-Villafa�n, Diana Rocha, Alba Romero and Sergio Sa�nchez
�11.1 Introduction �11.2 Synthesis, biochemical properties, and regulation �11.3 Structure �11.4 Catalytic mechanism �11.5 Production �11.6 Potential applications in industrial processes �11.7 Concluding remarks �Acknowledgments �References
12. Myctobacterium tuberculosis DapA as a target for antitubercular drug design Ayushi Sharma, Ashok Kumar Nadda and Rahul Shrivastava
�12.1 Introduction ��12.1.1 Tuberculosis: global epidemiology �12.2 Challenges encountered by the scientific communities �12.3 MTB cell wall: a source of drug targets ��12.3.1 Targeting MTB cell wall enzymes �12.4 The diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway (lysine synthesis pathway) �12.5 Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA) ��12.5.1 Structure of MTB DapA ��12.5.2 Action mechanism of MTB DapA ��12.5.3 Active site of MTB DapA ��12.5.4 Kinetic parameters of MTB DapA ��12.5.5 Regulation of MTB DapA activity ��12.5.6 Inhibitors against MTB DapA �12.6 Previous experiments targeting MTB Dap pathway enzymes �12.7 Significance of inhibitors against MTB Dap pathway enzymes �12.8 Concluding remarks �Acknowledgment �Abbreviations �References
13. Lipase-catalyzed organic transformations: a recent update Goutam Brahmachari
�13.1 Introduction �13.2 Chemoenzymatic applications of lipases in organic transformations: a recent update �13.3 Concluding remarks �References
14. Tyrosinase and Oxygenases: Fundamentals and Applications Shagun Sharma, Kanishk Bhatt, Rahul Shrivastava and Ashok Kumar Nadda
�14.1 Introduction �14.2 Origin and Sources ��14.2.1 Tyrosinase ��14.2.2 Oxygenase �14.3 Molecular Structure of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase ��14.3.1 Molecular structure of Tyrosinase ��14.3.2 Oxygenase �14.4 Mechanism of Catalytic Action ��14.4.1 Tyrosinase: mechanism of the reaction ��14.4.2 Oxygenase �14.5 Applications of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase ��14.5.1 Biological applications ��14.5.2 Applications in food industry ��14.5.3 Applications in bioremediation ��14.5.4 Medicinal applications ��14.5.5 Industrial applications �14.6 Concluding Remarks �Acknowledgement �Abbreviations �References
15. Application of microbial enzymes as drugs in human therapy and healthcare Miguel Arroyo, Isabel de la Mata, Carlos Barreiro, Jose� Luis Garci�a and Jose� Luis Barredo
�15.1 Introduction �15.2 Manufacture of therapeutic enzymes ��15.2.1 Production and purification ��15.2.2 Preparation of "single-enzyme nanoparticles�: SENization ��15.2.3 Oral enzyme therapy �15.3 Examples of microbial enzymes aimed at human therapy and healthcare ��15.3.1 "Clot buster� microbial enzymes ��15.3.2 Microbial enzymes as digestive aids ��15.3.3 Microbial enzymes for the treatment of congenital diseases ��15.3.4 Microbial enzymes for the treatment of infectious diseases: enzybiotics ��15.3.5 Microbial enzymes for burn debridement and fibroproliferative diseases: collagenase ��15.3.6 Enzymes for the treatment of cancer ��15.3.7 Other enzymes for the treatment of other health disorders �15.4 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
16. Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical industry Nidhi Y. Patel, Dhritiksha M. Baria, Dimple S. Pardhi, Shivani M. Yagnik, Rakeshkumar R. Panchal, Kiransinh N. Rajput and Vikram H. Raval
�16.1 Introduction �16.2 Cataloging of hydrolases used in pharmaceutical industry �16.3 Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical processes ��16.3.1 Therapeutics ��16.3.2 Antiinflammatory ��16.3.3 Enzybiotics �16.4 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
17. Microbial enzymes of use in industry Xiangyang Liu and Chandrakant Kokare
�17.1 Introduction �17.2 Classification and chemical nature of microbial enzymes ��17.2.1 Amylases ��17.2.2 Catalases ��17.2.3 Cellulases ��17.2.4 Lipases ��17.2.5 Pectinases ��17.2.6 Proteases ��17.2.7 Xylanases ��17.2.8 Other enzymes �17.3 Production of microbial enzymes ��17.3.1 Fermentation methods ��17.3.2 Purification methods �17.4 Applications of microbial enzymes ��17.4.1 Plastic/polymer biodegradation ��17.4.2 Food and beverage ��17.4.3 Detergents ��17.4.4 Removal of pollutants ��17.4.5 Textiles ��17.4.6 Animal feed ��17.4.7 Ethanol production ��17.4.8 Other applications �17.5 Future of microbial enzymes �17.6 Concluding remarks �References
18. Microbial enzymes used in food industry Pedro Fernandes and Filipe Carvalho
�18.1 Introduction ��18.1.1 A global perspective on the use of enzymes in the food industry ��18.1.2 Identification/improvement of the right biocatalyst ��18.1.3 Enzyme sources and safety issues �18.2 Microbial enzymes in food industry ��18.2.1 Production of enzymes for food processing ��18.2.2 Formulation of enzymes for use in food processing ��18.2.3 Granulation of enzymes ��18.2.4 Tablets ��18.2.5 Immobilization ��18.2.6 Applications in food industries �18.3 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
19. Carbohydrases: a class of all-pervasive industrial biocatalysts Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, Hima A. Salu, K.R. Pooja, Nandini Amrutha Nandyal, Venkatesh S. Joshi, Veena S. More, Niyonzima Francois, K.S. Anantharaju and Sunil S. More
�19.1 Introduction �19.2 Classification of carbohydrases ��19.2.1 Glycosidases ��19.2.2 Glycosyltransferase ��19.2.3 Glycosyl phosphorylases ��19.2.4 Polysaccharide lyases ��19.2.5 Carbohydrate esterases �19.3 Sources ��19.3.1 Marine microorganisms ��19.3.2 Rumen bacteria ��19.3.3 Genetically modified organisms ��19.3.4 Fungi and yeasts �19.4 Industrial production of carbohydrase ��19.4.1 Enzyme immobilization �19.5 Industrial applications of carbohydrases ��19.5.1 Enzymes involved in the production of beverages ��19.5.2 Enzymes involved in the production of prebiotics ��19.5.3 Enzymes involved in syrup and isomaltulose production ��19.5.4 Enzymes in dairy industry ��19.5.5 Carbohydrases in animal feed production ��19.5.6 Carbohydrase application in pharmaceutical industries ��19.5.7 Carbohydrases involved in detergent ��19.5.8 Carbohydrases in wastewater treatment ��19.5.9 Agriculture ��19.5.10 Enzymes in textile industry ��19.5.11 Carbohydrases involved in biofuel production ��19.5.12 Carbohydrases involved in paper industry �19.6 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
20. Role of microbial enzymes in agricultural industry Prashant S. Arya, Shivani M. Yagnik and Vikram H. Raval
�20.1 Introduction �20.2 Soil and soil bacteria for agriculture �20.3 Microbial enzymes ��20.3.1 Nitro-reductase ��20.3.2 Hydrolases ��20.3.3 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase ��20.3.4 Phosphate-solubilizing enzymes ��20.3.5 Sulfur-oxidizing and reducing enzymes ��20.3.6 Oxidoreductases ��20.3.7 Zinc-solubilizing enzymes �20.4 Microbial enzymes for crop health, soil fertility, and allied agro-industries ��20.4.1 Crop health (assessment via biocontrol agents) ��20.4.2 Soil fertility (indicator enzymes) ��20.4.3 Allied agro-industrial applications �20.5 Agricultural enzyme market �20.6 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
21. Opportunities and challenges for the production of fuels and chemicals: materials and processes for biorefineries Carolina Reis Guimara~ es, Ayla Sant'Ana da Silva, Daniel Oluwagbotemi Fasheun, Denise M.G. Freire, Elba P.S. Bon, Erika Cristina G. Aguieiras, Jaqueline Greco Duarte, Marcella Fernandes de Souza, Mariana de Oliveira Faber, Marina Cristina Tomasini, Roberta Pereira Espinheira, Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira and Viridiana S. Ferreira-Leita~o
�21.1 Introduction �21.2 Brazilian current production and processing of lignocellulosic sugarcane biomass ��21.2.1 Cellulosic ethanol: worldwide production and feedstock description ��21.2.2 Lignocellulosic biomass components and biomass-degrading enzymes ��21.2.3 Perspectives and difficulties of cellulosic ethanol production ��21.2.4 Enzyme-based initiatives for ethanol production at commercial scale ��21.2.5 Perspectives on the use of microalgae as sources of fermentable sugars �21.3 Technical and economic prospects of using lipases in biodiesel production ��21.3.1 Current biodiesel production and perspectives ��21.3.2 Biocatalytic production of biodiesel ��21.3.3 Feedstocks used for biodiesel production ��21.3.4 Enzymatic routes for biodiesel production ��21.3.5 Enzymatic biodiesel: state of the art ��21.3.6 Perspectives for enzymatic biodiesel production �21.4 Perspectives on biomass processing for composites and chemicals production �21.5 Biogas/biomethane production ��21.5.1 Enzymes applied to improve anaerobic digestion ��21.5.2 Generation and use of biogas/biomethane in Brazil ��21.5.3 Hydrogen production ��21.5.4 Sequential production of hydrogen and methane �21.6 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
22. Use of lipases for the production of biofuels Thais de Andrade Silva, Julio Pansiere Zavarise, Igor Carvalho Fontes Sampaio, Laura Marina Pinotti, Servio Tulio Alves Cassini and Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
�22.1 Introduction �22.2 Lipases ��22.2.1 Immobilization of lipases ��22.2.2 Immobilization methods and supports �22.3 Feedstocks ��22.3.1 Vegetable oils ��22.3.2 Animal fats ��22.3.3 Oily waste ��22.3.4 Microalgae oil and biomass �22.4 Catalytic process ��22.4.1 Effect of temperature ��22.4.2 Effect of water content ��22.4.3 Effect of acyl acceptor ��22.4.4 Effect of solvent ��22.4.5 Effect of molar ratio ��22.5 Reactors and industrial processes ��22.6 Concluding remarks �References
23. Microbial enzymes used in textile industry Francois N. Niyonzima, Veena S. More, Florien Nsanganwimana, Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, K.S. Anantharaju and Sunil S. More
�23.1 Introduction �23.2 Isolation and identification of microorganism-producing textile enzymes �23.3 Production of textile enzymes by bacteria and fungi �23.4 Process aspect optimization for producing microbial textile enzymes ��23.4.1 Effect of initial pH medium for the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms ��23.4.2 Influence of incubation temperature on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms ��23.4.3 Effect of agitation on the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms ��23.4.4 Influence of inoculum concentration on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms ��23.4.5 Effect of initial time on the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms ��23.4.6 Influence of carbon sources on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms ��23.4.7 Effect of nitrogen sources on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms �23.5 Purification strategies of textile enzymes �23.6 Microbial enzymes used in the textile industry ��23.6.1 Biodesizing by a-amylases ��23.6.2 Bioscouring by pectinases aided by proteases, cutinases, and lipases ��23.6.3 Biostone-washing by neutral cellulases ��23.6.4 Biobleaching by laccases, catalases, and peroxidases ��23.6.5 Biodyeing and printing by pectinases and peroxidases ��23.6.6 Biopolishing/biofinishing by acid cellulases ��23.6.7 Use of the mixture of microbial enzymes in textile fabric material processing �23.7 Immobilization of textile enzymes �23.8 Genetic engineering of bacteria- and fungi-producing textile enzymes �23.9 Manufacturers of some commercial textile enzymes �23.10 Textile industry effluents' treatment �23.11 Concluding remarks �References
24. Microbial enzymes in bioremediation Shivani M. Yagnik, Prashant S. Arya and Vikram H. Raval
�24.1 Introduction �24.2 Robust microbes/superbugs in bioremediation ��24.2.1 Xenobiotic and persistent compounds ��24.2.2 Robust microbes and their application in bioremediation ��24.2.3 Metabolic pathway engineering for high-speed bioremediation �24.3 Role of microbial enzymes ��24.3.1 Dye degradation ��24.3.2 Remediation of hydrocarbon and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds ��24.3.3 Heavy metal remediation ��24.3.4 Pesticide degradation �24.4 Remedial applications for industries ��24.4.1 Designing and developing environmental biosensor ��24.4.2 Immobilization and bioengineering ��24.4.3 Biotransformation and bioleaching �24.5 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
25. The role of microbes and enzymes for bioelectricity generation: a belief toward global sustainability Lakshana Nair G, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
�25.1 Introduction �25.2 Bioresources: biorefinery �25.3 Hydrolytic enzymes and their applications in various sectors ��25.3.1 Ligninolytic enzymes ��25.3.2 Laccases ��25.3.3 Cellulases ��25.3.4 Xylanases ��25.3.5 Amylases ��25.3.6 Pectinases ��25.3.7 Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases ��25.3.8 Lipases �25.4 Bioelectricity and microbial electrochemical system ��25.4.1 Working of the microbial fuel cell ��25.4.2 Use of wastes for electricity generation ��25.4.3 Hydrolytic enzymes in microbial fuel cell �25.5 Limitations and their possible solutions in biorefinery and bioelectricity generation �25.6 Prospects �25.7 Concluding remarks �Abbreviations �References
26. Discovery of untapped nonculturable microbes for exploring novel industrial enzymes based on advanced next-generation metagenomic approach Shivangi Mudaliar, Bikash Kumar, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
26.1 Introduction 26.2 Need for nonculturable microbe study 26.3 Problems associated with nonculturable microbial studies 26.3.1 Relationship with coexisting microbes 26.4 Culture-independent molecular-based methods 26.4.1 Isolation of sample DNA 26.4.2 Metagenomic library construction 26.4.3 Metagenomics 26.4.4 Metatranscriptomics 26.4.5 Metaproteomic 26.5 Different approaches for metagenomic analysis of unculturable microbes 26.5.1 Sequence-based screening 26.5.2 Function-based screening 26.6 Next-generation sequencing and metagenomics 26.6.1 Benefits of metagenomic next-generation sequencing 26.7 Application of unculturable microbes and significance of next-generation metagenomic approaches 26.7.1 Agricultural applications 26.7.2 Clinical diagnosis 26.7.3 Xenobiotic degradation 26.7.4 Industrial applications 26.7.5 Bioeconomy 26.8 Concluding remarks
Conflict of interest Abbreviations References Index
Authors
Goutam Brahmachari Goutam Brahmachari, PhDFull Professor, Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry,
Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal, India. Born on April 14, 1969 in Barala, a village in the district of Murshidabad (West Bengal, India), Goutam Brahmachari had his early education in his native place. He received his high school degree in scientific studies in 1986 at Barala R. D. Sen High School under the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education (WBCHSE). Then he moved to Visva-Bharati (a Central University founded by Rabindranath Tagore at Santiniketan, West Bengal, India) to study chemistry at the undergraduate level. After graduating from this university in 1990, he completed his master's in 1992 with a specialization in organic chemistry. After that, receiving his Ph.D. in 1997 in chemistry from the same university, he joined his alma mater the very next year and currently holds the position of a full professor of chemistry since 2011. The research interests of Prof. Brahmachari's group include natural products chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, green chemistry, and the medicinal chemistry of natural and natural product-inspired synthetic molecules. With about 23 years of experience in teaching and research, he has produced 235 scientific publications, including original research papers, review articles, books, and invited book chapters in the field of natural products and green chemistry. He has already authored/edited 26 books published by internationally reputed major publishing houses, namely, Elsevier Science (The Netherlands), Academic Press (Oxford), Wiley-VCH (Germany), Alpha Science International (Oxford), De Gruyter (Germany), World Scientific (Singapore), CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group, USA), Royal Society of Chemistry (Cambridge), etc. Prof. Brahmachari serves as a life member for the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), Kolkata, and Chemical Research Society of India (CRSI), Bangalore. He has also been serving as an associate editor for Current Green Chemistry.
Prof. Brahmachari serves as the founder series editor of Elsevier Book Series' Natural Product Drug Discovery. He is an elected fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and a recipient of CRSI (Chemical Research Society of India) Bronze Medal, 2021 (contributions to research in chemistry), INSA (Indian National Science Academy) Teachers Award, 2019, Dr. Kalam Best Teaching Faculty Award, 2017, and Academic Brilliance Award, 2015 (Excellence in Research). Prof. Brahmachari was featured in the World's Top 2% Scientists (organic chemistry category) in 2020 and 2021 and the AD Scientific Index 2022 World Ranking of Scientists, 2022.
