3D Concrete Printing Technology - Research and Markets

The book presents a detailed comparison between traditional construction techniques and 3D printing construction. The comparison focuses on four primary parameters: mechanism, composition, time and cost. The operational details of each technology (cast-in situ, pre-stress, post-tension) are reviewed and comparison criteria for all techniques are formulated. In conclusion, 3D printing seems to be well on its way to transform the whole construction industry.

About the Author

Dr. Tejwant Singh Brar is Senior Professor in School of Art & Architecture, Sushant University, Gurugram, Haryana, India and founding member of Architecture and Planning office Map Solutions, Patiala, Punjab India. He was awarded Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) Institute Assistantship for pursuing Ph.D. in Architecture from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. He is an Architect and Urban Planner having 23 years of Teaching, Research and Professional experience in the field of Architecture, Building Technology and Urban Planning. His areas of interest are Urban Water Resource Management, GIS, Remote Sensing, Urban Planning and Building Technology etc. He has published around 70 Research papers in various International Journals, Book Chapters and Conferences.

Dr. Mohammad Arif Kamal is an architect and academician having around 20 years of Teaching, Research and Professional experience in the field of Architecture and Building Construction Technology. He was awarded a Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) Institute Assistantship for pursuing both M. Arch. and Ph.D. in Architecture from Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India. Dr. Kamal is presently working as an Associate Professor in Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. His area of research includes Environmental Design, Climate Responsive Architecture, Sustainable Architecture, and Building Technology, Traditional Architecture etc. He has published around 80 Research papers in various International Journals and Conferences. He has published 3 books and 10 book chapters. Dr. Kamal is Editor-in-Chief of 5 International journals related to Architecture, and Building Technology. He has also edited 5 Special Topic Volume (Scopus indexed) related to Sustainable Building Materials, published by Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

Shubham Singh is an undergraduate student of Architecture at School of Art & Architecture, Sushant University, Gurugram, Haryana, India. He has done internships at Arcop Associates Pvt. Ltd. and Town and Country Planning Department, Gurugram. He is currently an Architecture Intern at Callison RTKL, Dubai. Shubham was also part of summer school held at Bartlett School of Architecture, London in 2019. His areas of interest are Architectural Design, Urban Design and Building Construction Technology etc.

Preface

Introduction

1. Introduction
2. Justification and Need for the Study
3. Objectives of the Study
4. Scope and Limitations
5. Research Methodology
6. The Expected Outcomes

Conventional Construction Technology

1. Introduction
2. Evolution of Construction Technology
3. Cast-in-Situ Construction Technology
3.1 Composition/Mix Design in Cast-in-Situ Construction
3.1.1 Cement, Sand and Coarse Aggregate Requirement for M20 Grade Concrete
3.1.2 Weight of Cement Required for 1 Cubic Meter of M20 Grade Concrete
3.1.3 Volume of Sand and Aggregate Required for 1 Cubic Meter of M20 Grade Concrete
3.1.4 Volume of Sand and Aggregate Required for 1 Cubic Meter of M20 Grade Concrete
3.2 Cost Analysis of Cast-in-Situ Construction
3.3 Rate Analysis for 1 cum Concrete of M20 (1:1.5:3)
4. Pre-Cast Construction Technology
4.1 Types of Precast Elements
4.2 Machinery Used in Pre-Cast Technology
4.2.1 Hollow Core Slab Production
4.2.2 Production of Wall, Beam and Column
4.2.3 Concrete Distribution
4.2.4 Batching Plant
4.2.5 Other Miscellaneous Machinery
4.2.6 Transportation and lifting Machinery
4.2.7 Q.C. Machinery and Apparatuses
4.3 Composition/Mix Design in Precast construction
4.3.1 Cement Required for M25 Grade (in Cubic Meter)
4.3.2 Cement Required for M25 Grade (in Kg)
4.3.3 Cement Bags Required for M25 Grade
4.3.4 Sand Required for M25 Grade (in Cubic Meters)
4.3.5 Sand Required for M25 Grade (in Kg)
4.3.6 Sand Required for M25 Grade (in cft)
4.3.7 Aggregate Required for M25 Grade (in Cubic Meter)
4.3.8 Aggregate Required for M25 Grade (in Kg)
4.3.9 Aggregate Required for M25 Grade (in cft)
4.4 Cost Analysis of Precast Construction (Case Study)
5. Pre-Stressed Technology
5.1 Composition/Mix Design in Pre-Stressed Construction
5.2 Cost Analysis of Pre-Stressed Construction
6. Post-Tension Technology
6.1 Composition/Mix Design in Post-Tension Construction
6.2 Cost Analysis of Post-Tension Construction
7. Conclusions

3-D Concrete Printing Technology

1. Introduction
2. Classification Based on Material
3. Classification Based on Technique
3.1 Extrusion-Based Technique
3.1.1 Contour Crafting
3.1.2 Concrete Printing
3.1.3 CONPrint3D: Concrete On-Site 3D Printing
3.2 Powder-Based Technique
3.2.1 D-shape
3.2.2 Emerging Objects
3.2.3 Powder Based 3D Concrete Printing Using Geopolymer
4. Mechanism of 3D Concrete Printing System
5. Composition/Mix Design of 3D Concrete Printing
5.1 3D-Printable Material Requirements
5.2 Material Composition
6. Requirements of Concrete for 3D Printing
6.1 Extrudability
6.2 Buildability
6.3 Workability
6.4 Open Time
6.5 Contact Strength between Layers
6.7 Aggregates
6.8 Water Cement Ratio
6. Challenges for 3D Printable Material in Large

Scale Construction

7. Advantages of 3D Concrete Printing
8. Disadvantages of 3D Concrete Printing
9. Conclusions

Properties and Cost Analysis of 3D Concrete Printing

1. Introduction
2. Rheological Properties of 3D printable materials
2.1 Pumpability of concrete
2.2 Extrudability of concrete
2.3 Buildability of concrete
3. Mechanical properties of 3D printed vs casted steel fiber reinforced concrete
4. Types of Reinforcement Strategies for 3D Concrete Printing
4.1 Cable Introduction at the Nozzle
4.2 Insertion of Reinforcing Elements into the Printed Concrete
4.3 Mesh Reinforcement
4.4 Printing over Conventional Bars
4.5 Use of Printed Reinforcement
4.6 Fiber-Reinforced Printable Concrete Mix
4.7 Post-Printed Reinforcement Strategies
5. Printability Window
6. Cost Analysis of 3D Concrete Printing
6.1 Parameter Selection and Strength Requirements of Geopolymer Printable Concrete
6.2 Analysis of 3D Concrete Printing Cost Using a Case Study

Green Concrete

1. Introduction
2. Composition of Green Concrete
2.1 Blast Furnace Slag
2.2 Fly Ash
2.3 Silica Fume
2.4 Recycled Glass
2.5 Date Palm Ash
3. Cost Analysis of Green concrete and Conventional Concrete
3.1 Cost Analysis of Green Concrete with Fly Ash and Bottom Fly Ash with the Cement of 333 kg/m3
3.2 Cost Analysis of Green Concrete with Fly Ash, Bottom Ash and Fly Ash Aggregate with a Cement Content of 389 kg/m3
4. Conclusions

Self-Healing Concrete

1. Introduction
2. Process Involved in Self-Healing Concrete
2.1 The Natural Process
2.2 The Chemical Self-Healing Process
2.3 The Biological Self-Healing Process
3. Classification of Self-Healing Concrete
3.1 Autogenous Self-Healing Concrete
3.2 Autonomous Self-Healing Concrete
4. The Environmental Impact of Self-Healing Concrete
5. Composition / Mix Design of Self-Healing Concrete
6. Mechanism of Self-Healing Concrete
7. Properties and Experimental Results
7.1 Compressive Strength
7.2 Water Absorption
7.3 Water Permeability
7.4 Other Experimentation Results
8. Factors Affecting Self-Healing Concrete
8.1 Moisture Content
8.2 Crack Width
8.3 Time for Hydration
8.4 Pressure Applied to Cracks
8.5 Water-Cement Ratio
9. Advantages of Self-Healing Concrete
10. Disadvantages of Self-Healing Concrete
11. Cost Analysis of Self-Healing Concrete and

Conventional Concrete

12. Conclusions

Conclusions

1. Introduction
2. Combining 3D-Printing Technology with Green and

Self-Healing Concrete

3. Opportunities and Future Implications

BibliographyAbout the Authors

Table of Contents

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