Therapeutic Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites

Table of Contents

• Foreword
• Preface
• List of Contributors

Chapter 1 the Role of Plant Secondary Metabolites in Health

• Management
• Taofik Olatunde Uthman

1. Introduction

2. Classification of Plant Secondary Metabolites

3. Polyphenols - a Major Class of Plant Secondary Metabolites
3.1. Classes of Polyphenols
3.1.1. Phenolic Acids
3.1.2. Flavonoids
3.1.3. Lignans and Stilbenes

4. Medicinal Plants

5. Plants Secondary Metabolites in Health Management
5.1. Alkaloids
5.2. Flavonoids
5.3. Terpenes
5.4. Saponins

• Conclusion
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 2 Medicinal Plants and Drug Discovery

• Emmanuel O. Ajani

1. Introduction

2. Historical Use of Plants for Pharmacological Purposes

3. The Process and Techniques of Drug Development from Plants

• Phase 1: Collection and Identification
• Phase Ii: Isolation and Purification
• Phase Iii: Synthesis of the Bioactive Compound
• Phase Iv: Clinical Trials

4. Plants Bioactive Compounds and Their Applications in Some

• Diseases

4.1. Plants Bioactive Compounds as Anticancer Agents
4.2. Plants Bioactive Compounds as Antimalarial Agents
4.3. Plants Bioactive Compounds as Antiviral Agents

5. Plant-Based Drug and the Challenge of Emerging Infectious

• Diseases: Covid-19 Experience

6. Application of Emerging Technologies in Promoting Drug

• Discovery from Plants

(A). Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics
(B). Combinatorial Chemistry
(C). High-Throughput Screening (Hts)

7. Challenges to Drug Discovery from Plants

8. Drug Discovery from Plants: the Challenge for Africa

9. Future Prospect of Plant-Based Drugs

• Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 3 Therapeutic Properties of Bioactive Secondary

• Metabolites in Essential Oil Crops
• Fikisiwe C. Gebashe, Adeyemi O. Aremu and Stephen O. Amoo

1. Introduction

2. Secondary Metabolites and Their Role in Plants

3. Major Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Essential Oils Of

• Selected Medicinal Herbs

4 . Pharmacological Properties of Essential Oils Major Compounds
4.1. Antimicrobial Activity
4.2. Anti-Inflammatory
4.3. Antioxidants
4.4. Cytotoxicity

• Concluding Remarks
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 4 Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention In

• Cancer Therapy
• Depika Dwarka, Himansu Baijnath and John Jason Mellem

1. Introduction

2. Cancer and Apoptosis
2.1. Global Prevalence of Cancer
2.2. General Features of Cancer
2.3. Pathophysiology of the Carcinogenic Process
2.4. Apoptosis: Hallmark of Cancer Development and Progression
2.5. Free Radicals and Anti-Oxidants in Relation to Cancer Inflammation

3. Medicinal Plants: Their Use in Anti-Cancer Treatment
3.1. Plant Based Chemotherapeutics
3.1.1. Camptothecin
3.1.2. Paclitaxel and Docetaxel
3.1.3. Colchicine
3.1.4. Vinca Alkaloids
3.1.5. Homoharringtonine
3.1.6. Podophyllotoxin
3.2. Other Plant-Based Compounds of Importance in Cancer Treatment
3.2.1. Phenolic Compounds
3.2.2. Alkaloids
3.2.3. Polysaccharides
3.2.4. Terpenoids
3.2.5. Quinones

• Conclusion
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 5 Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention In Mucocutaneous Cancers

• Henry A. Adeola, Rashmi Bhardwaj, Aderonke F. Ajayi-Smith, Afsareen Bano, Tayo A. Adekiya,
• Michael C. Ojo, Raphael T. Aruleba, Adeniyi C. Adeola8, Babatunji E Oyinloye and Chinedu
• E. Udekwu

1. Introduction to Mucosal and Skin Cancers
1.1. Melanomas
1.2. Basal Cell Carcinoma
1.3. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2. Conventional Mucocutaneous Cancer Therapy
2.1. Surgical Excision of Mucocutaneous Cancers
2.2. Non-Surgical Treatment of Mucocutaneous Cancers

3. Targeted Mucocutaneous Cancer Therapies
3.1. Purine/Pyrimidine Analogues
3.2. Photodynamic Therapy (Using Antioxidants)
3.3. Bioactive Compound and Photodynamic Therapy-Carotenoids, Flavonoids And

• Terpenoids

3.4. Emerging Targeted Molecular Therapies-Obstacles and Opportunities

4. Bioactive Compounds as Potential Targets for Mucocutaneous

• Cancers

5. Bioactive Compounds and Omics Approach in Mucocutaneous

• Cancers

6. Bioactive Compounds and Importance in the Treatment Of

• Mucocutaneous Cancers

6.1. Bioactive Compounds With Anti-Skin Cancer Property
6.1.1. Curcumin
6.1.2. Myricetin
6.1.3. Tocotrienol

7. Novel Applications of Bioactive Flavonoid Compounds For Mucocutaneous Cancer Management

• Conclusion and Future Perspectives
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• Authors' Contributions
• References

Chapter 6 Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention In

• Bacterial Infections
• Kazeem A. Alayande, Abdulwakeel A. Ajao and Mariam O. Oyedeji-Amusa

1. Introduction

2. Difficulties in the Treatment of Bacterial Infections

3. What Bioactive Compounds Do Differently
3.1. Efficiency of Bioactive Compounds Against Bacterial Pathogens
3.2. Phenols and Phenolic Compounds
3.3. Alkaloids
3.4. Tannins
3.5. Terpenoids and Terpenes
3.6. Saponins
3.7. Flavonoids
3.8. Bioactive Peptides

• Conclusion
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 7 the Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Treatment

• Of Bacterial Diseases
• Pillay Charlene, Ramdhani Nishani and Singh Seema

1. Introduction

2. Groups of Secondary Metabolites With Antibacterial Activities

• Terpenes
• Phenolics
• Flavonoids
• Tannins
• Coumarins
• Quinones
• Nitrogen Containing Compounds
• Alkaloids
• Sulphur Containing Compounds
• Allicin
• Ajoene
• Sulforaphane

3. The Mode of Action of Secondary Metabolites on Microbial

• Cells
• Conclusion
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 8 Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Management Of

• Degenerative Diseases
• Judith N. Ohanaka, Uwazie C. Kenneth, Fatai O. Balogun and Saheed Sabiu

1. Introduction

2. Secondary Metabolites
2.1. Major Classifications of Secondary Metabolites
2.1.1. Terpenoids
2.1.2. Phenolics
2.1.3. Alkaloids

3. Secondary Metabolites in the Management of Bacterial

• Infections

4 Secondary Metabolites in the Management of Viral Infections

5 Secondary Metabolites in the Management of Malaria Diseases

6. Secondary Metabolites in Cancer Management

7. Secondary Metabolites in Diabetes Mellitus Management

• Concluding Remarks
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 9 Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Intervention In

• Neurodegenerative Diseases
• N. Suleiman, I. Bulama and L.S. Bilbis

1. Introduction

2. Bioactive Chemicals
2.1. Role and Types of Bioactive Compounds
2.1.1. Phenolic Compounds
2.1.2. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Fat-Soluble Vitamins
2.1.3. Isothiocyanates
2.1.4. Carotenoids
2.1.5. Mind Food
2.2. Application of Some of the Bioactive Compounds in the Treatment Of

• Neurodegenerative Diseases

2.3. Constituents of Bioactive Compounds
2.3.1. Flavonoids
2.3.2. Anthocyanins
2.3.3. Tannins
2.3.4. Betalins
2.3.5. Carotenoids
2.3.6. Plant Sterols
2.3.7. Glucosinolates

3. Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.1. Most Common Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.1.1. Alzheimer's Disease (Ad)
3.1.2. Parkinson Disease (Pd)
3.1.3. Huntington's Disease (Hd)
3.1.4. Stroke
3.2. Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases

• Conclusion
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 10 Green Synthesis Application in Diabetes Therapy

• Fatai O. Balogun and Saheed Sabiu
• Introduction
• Nano-Synthesis Methods
• Characterization of Nanoparticles
• Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
• Interplay Between Diabetes Mellitus, Medicinal Plants, and Nanotechnology
• Safety Concerns
• Mechanism of Action (Moa)
• Materials and Methodology
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Contributors

• Saheed Sabiu