+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Global Market Insights 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2029, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application

  • PDF Icon

    Report

  • 77 Pages
  • January 2024
  • Region: Global
  • Prof Research
  • ID: 5726207
Description Jump to:

Quick Summary:

In an ever-evolving global landscape, staying abreast of market trends is integral to business success. The global 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane market report fills this gap, providing you with the necessary data to make informed strategic decisions. Covering the years from 2018 to 2028, this comprehensive report delves into the market size, growth trends, and forecasts for this vital organic synthesis intermediate, predominantly used in pharmaceuticals and the spice industry.

This report offers in-depth analysis of key geographies like the US, China, Japan, India, Korea, ASEAN, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, CIS and Brazil, noting supply, demand, and major players in each region. It further lists the top global competitors of 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane, offering company profiles, SWOT analysis, production capacity, volume, revenue, price, gross margin and market share details. This wealth of information will equip you with the solution to navigate the complexities of the 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane market effectively and efficiently.

This report describes the global market size of 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane from 2019 to 2023 and its CAGR from 2019 to 2023, and also forecasts its market size to the end of 2029 and its CAGR from 2024 to 2029.

For the geography segment, regional supply, demand, major players, price is presented from 2019 to 2029. This report cover following regions:
  • North America
  • South America
  • Asia & Pacific
  • Europe
  • MEA
The key countries for each region are also included such as the United States, China, Japan, India, Korea, ASEAN, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain, CIS, and Brazil etc.

For the competitor segment, the report includes global key players of 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane as well as some small players. The information for each competitor include:
  • Company Profile
  • Main Business Information
  • SWOT Analysis
  • Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin
  • Market Share

Applications Segment:

  • Pharmaceutical
  • Spices
  • Organic synthesis intermediate

Companies Covered:

  • Tosoh
  • Neogen Chemical Limited
  • Yancheng Longshen Chemical
  • etc.
Base Year: 2024
Historical Data: from 2019 to 2023
Forecast Data: from 2024 to 2029


This product will be delivered within 1-3 business days.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Executive SummaryChapter 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms
Chapter 3 Preface
3.1 Research Scope
3.2 Research Sources
3.2.1 Data Sources
3.2.2 Assumptions
3.3 Research Method
Chapter 4 Market Landscape
4.1 Market Overview
4.2 Classification/Types
4.3 Application/End Users
Chapter 5 Market Trend Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Drivers
5.3 Restraints
5.4 Opportunities
5.5 Threats
Chapter 6 Industry Chain Analysis
6.1 Upstream/Suppliers Analysis
6.2 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Analysis
6.2.1 Technology Analysis
6.2.2 Cost Analysis
6.2.3 Market Channel Analysis
6.3 Downstream Buyers/End Users
Chapter 7 Latest Market Dynamics
7.1 Latest News
7.2 Merger and Acquisition
7.3 Planned/Future Project
7.4 Policy Dynamics
Chapter 8 Trading Analysis
8.1 Export of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane by Region
8.2 Import of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane by Region
8.3 Balance of Trade
Chapter 9 Historical and Forecast 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market in North America (2019-2029)
9.1 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size
9.2 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand by End Use
9.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
9.4 Type Segmentation and Price
9.5 Key Countries Analysis
9.5.1 United States
9.5.2 Canada
9.5.3 Mexico
Chapter 10 Historical and Forecast 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market in South America (2019-2029)
10.1 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size
10.2 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand by End Use
10.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
10.4 Type Segmentation and Price
10.5 Key Countries Analysis
10.5.1 Brazil
10.5.2 Argentina
10.5.3 Chile
10.5.4 Peru
Chapter 11 Historical and Forecast 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market in Asia & Pacific (2019-2029)
11.1 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size
11.2 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand by End Use
11.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
11.4 Type Segmentation and Price
11.5 Key Countries Analysis
11.5.1 China
11.5.2 India
11.5.3 Japan
11.5.4 South Korea
11.5.5 Southeast Asia
11.5.6 Australia
Chapter 12 Historical and Forecast 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market in Europe (2019-2029)
12.1 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size
12.2 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand by End Use
12.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
12.4 Type Segmentation and Price
12.5 Key Countries Analysis
12.5.1 Germany
12.5.2 France
12.5.3 United Kingdom
12.5.4 Italy
12.5.5 Spain
12.5.6 Belgium
12.5.7 Netherlands
12.5.8 Austria
12.5.9 Poland
12.5.10 Russia
Chapter 13 Historical and Forecast 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market in MEA (2019-2029)
13.1 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size
13.2 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand by End Use
13.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
13.4 Type Segmentation and Price
13.5 Key Countries Analysis
13.5.1 Egypt
13.5.2 Israel
13.5.3 South Africa
13.5.4 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
13.5.5 Turkey
Chapter 14 Summary For Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market (2019-2024)
14.1 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size
14.2 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand by End Use
14.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
14.4 Type Segmentation and Price
Chapter 15 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Forecast (2024-2029)
15.1 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size Forecast
15.2 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand Forecast
15.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
15.4 Type Segmentation and Price Forecast
Chapter 16 Analysis of Global Key Vendors
16.1 Tosoh
16.1.1 Company Profile
16.1.2 Main Business and 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Information
16.1.3 SWOT Analysis of Tosoh
16.1.4 Tosoh 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
16.2 Neogen Chemical Limited
16.2.1 Company Profile
16.2.2 Main Business and 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Information
16.2.3 SWOT Analysis of Neogen Chemical Limited
16.2.4 Neogen Chemical Limited 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
16.3 Yancheng Longshen Chemical
16.3.1 Company Profile
16.3.2 Main Business and 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Information
16.3.3 SWOT Analysis of Yancheng Longshen Chemical
16.3.4 Yancheng Longshen Chemical 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
List of Tables and Figures
Table Abbreviation and Acronyms List
Table Research Scope of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Report
Table Data Sources of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Report
Table Major Assumptions of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Report
Figure Market Size Estimated Method
Figure Major Forecasting Factors
Figure 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Picture
Table 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Classification
Table 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Applications List
Table Drivers of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market
Table Restraints of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market
Table Opportunities of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market
Table Threats of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market
Table Raw Materials Suppliers List
Table Different Production Methods of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane
Table Cost Structure Analysis of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane
Table Key End Users List
Table Latest News of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market
Table Merger and Acquisition List
Table Planned/Future Project of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market
Table Policy of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market
Table 2019-2029 Regional Export of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane
Table 2019-2029 Regional Import of 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane
Table 2019-2029 Regional Trade Balance
Figure 2019-2029 Regional Trade Balance
Table 2019-2029 North America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2019-2029 North America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2019-2029 North America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2019-2029 North America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Application
Table 2019-2024 North America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Sales List
Table 2019-2024 North America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Market Share List
Table 2019-2029 North America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Type
Table 2019-2024 North America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Price List by Type
Table 2019-2029 United States 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 United States 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Canada 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Canada 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Mexico 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Mexico 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 South America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2019-2029 South America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2019-2029 South America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2019-2029 South America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Application
Table 2019-2024 South America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Sales List
Table 2019-2024 South America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Market Share List
Table 2019-2029 South America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Type
Table 2019-2024 South America 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Price List by Type
Table 2019-2029 Brazil 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Brazil 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Argentina 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Argentina 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Chile 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Chile 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Peru 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Peru 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Application
Table 2019-2024 Asia & Pacific 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Sales List
Table 2019-2024 Asia & Pacific 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Market Share List
Table 2019-2029 Asia & Pacific 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Type
Table 2019-2024 Asia & Pacific 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Price List by Type
Table 2019-2029 China 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 China 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 India 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 India 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Japan 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Japan 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 South Korea 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 South Korea 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Southeast Asia 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size List
Table 2019-2029 Southeast Asia 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Southeast Asia 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import List
Table 2019-2029 Southeast Asia 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Export List
Table 2019-2029 Australia 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Australia 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Europe 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2019-2029 Europe 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2019-2029 Europe 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2019-2029 Europe 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Application
Table 2019-2024 Europe 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Sales List
Table 2019-2024 Europe 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Market Share List
Table 2019-2029 Europe 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Type
Table 2019-2024 Europe 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Price List by Type
Table 2019-2029 Germany 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Germany 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 France 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 France 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 United Kingdom 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 United Kingdom 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Italy 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Italy 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Spain 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Spain 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Belgium 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Belgium 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Netherlands 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Netherlands 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Austria 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Austria 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Poland 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Poland 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Russia 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Russia 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 MEA 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Figure 2019-2029 MEA 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2019-2029 MEA 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume and CAGR
Table 2019-2029 MEA 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Application
Table 2019-2024 MEA 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Sales List
Table 2019-2024 MEA 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Players Market Share List
Table 2019-2029 MEA 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Type
Table 2019-2024 MEA 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Price List by Type
Table 2019-2029 Egypt 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Egypt 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Israel 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Israel 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 South Africa 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 South Africa 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2029 Turkey 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2019-2029 Turkey 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Import & Export List
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size List by Region
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size Share List by Region
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume List by Region
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume Share List by Region
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Application
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand Market Share List by Application
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Capacity List
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Capacity Share List
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Production List
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Production Share List
Figure 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Production Value List
Figure 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Production Value and Growth Rate
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Production Value Share List
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Type
Table 2019-2024 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand Market Share List by Type
Table 2019-2024 Regional 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Price List
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size List by Region
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Size Share List by Region
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume List by Region
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Market Volume Share List by Region
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Application
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand Market Share List by Application
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Capacity List
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Capacity Share List
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Production List
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Production Share List
Figure 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Production Value List
Figure 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Production Value and Growth Rate
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Key Vendors Production Value Share List
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand List by Type
Table 2024-2029 Global 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Demand Market Share List by Type
Table 2024-2029 1-Bromo-4-Chlorobutane Regional Price List
Table Tosoh Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Tosoh
Table 2019-2024 Tosoh 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2019-2024 Tosoh 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2019-2024 Tosoh 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Market Share
Table Neogen Chemical Limited Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Neogen Chemical Limited
Table 2019-2024 Neogen Chemical Limited 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2019-2024 Neogen Chemical Limited 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2019-2024 Neogen Chemical Limited 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Market Share
Table Yancheng Longshen Chemical Information
Table SWOT Analysis of Yancheng Longshen Chemical
Table 2019-2024 Yancheng Longshen Chemical 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Product Capacity Production Price Cost Production Value
Figure 2019-2024 Yancheng Longshen Chemical 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2019-2024 Yancheng Longshen Chemical 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane Market Share

Companies Mentioned (Partial List)

A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:

  • Tosoh
  • Neogen Chemical Limited
  • Yancheng Longshen Chemical

Methodology

Loading
LOADING...

Related Topics

Related Reports

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane (CAS 6940-78-9) Global Market Research Report 2024 - Product Image

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane (CAS 6940-78-9) Global Market Research Report 2024

  • Report
  • 50 Pages
  • Global
From
1-Chlorobutane (CAS 109-69-3) Global Market Research Report 2024 - Product Image

1-Chlorobutane (CAS 109-69-3) Global Market Research Report 2024

  • Report
  • 50 Pages
  • Global
From
1-Bromo-5-chloropentane Global Market Insights 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2029, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application - Product Image

1-Bromo-5-chloropentane Global Market Insights 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2029, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application

  • Report
  • 77 Pages
  • Global
From
1-Bromo-3-Chloropropane Global Market Insights 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2029, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application - Product Image

1-Bromo-3-Chloropropane Global Market Insights 2024, Analysis and Forecast to 2029, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Application

  • Report
  • 83 Pages
  • Global
From
Global Bromine Derivatives Market Report and Forecast 2023-2028 - Product Image

Global Bromine Derivatives Market Report and Forecast 2023-2028

  • Report
  • 145 Pages
  • Global
From
Copyright © 2002-2024 Research and Markets. All Rights Reserved.