The Global Tappet Market size is expected to reach $10.3 billion by 2028, rising at a market growth of 3.3% CAGR during the forecast period.
A vital component of an internal combustion engine is the tappet, which converts the camshaft's rotational motion or speed into either direct or indirect linear motion of the valves. In other terms, a tappet is a projecting arm or a lever that moves when it comes into touch with a valve or a driving mechanism for traversing motion or when an external force moves it. It is essential because it transmits a signal between machine elements using internal combustion engines.
A key driver boosting the development of the tappet market is the rising rate of automotive production and sales globally, which is expected to persist throughout the projected period. The usage of tappets in engines is growing due to the rising demand for high-power engines like the V-6 and V-8, where the number of tappets is proportionate to the number of cylinders. The market for high-speed engine cars has been strengthened by the economy's growth and the increase in disposable income, which has also benefited the tappet market.
Automakers have created cutting-edge valve technology, like Variable Valve Timing (VVT) by Toyota, VTech by Honda, and MIVEC by Mitsubishi, to preserve vehicle fuel efficiency. To ensure optimal combustion in the cylinder, reduce emissions, and boost fuel economy, the ECU regulates the tappets to change the valve timing and delay or hold the valve action. Pumps with hydraulic tappets are more effective, quieter, and preserve valve clearance. In the future, the market will become more interested in the self-adjusting tappet technology and design to maintain excellent valve clearance.
The rising demand for electric and hybrid cars is one of the main things preventing the automotive tappet market from expanding further. The usage of electric vehicles has the potential to drastically lower emissions of dangerous gases, greenhouse gases, and air pollutants. To increase engine performance in these electric cars, valve and tappet assembly is unnecessary. Due to decreased pollution and improved vehicle economy, customers place a high value on electric and hybrid cars.
The market research report covers the analysis of key stake holders of the market. Key companies profiled in the report include Eaton Corporation PLC, NSK Ltd., Schaeffler AG, Otics Corporation, Tenneco, Inc. (Federal-Mogul Holdings), Rane Engine Valve Limited (Rane Holdings Limited), Wuxi Xizhou Machinery Co. Ltd., GM Holden Ltd (ACDelco), ZF Friedrichshafen AG (TRW), and COMP Cams (Edelbrock Group).
A vital component of an internal combustion engine is the tappet, which converts the camshaft's rotational motion or speed into either direct or indirect linear motion of the valves. In other terms, a tappet is a projecting arm or a lever that moves when it comes into touch with a valve or a driving mechanism for traversing motion or when an external force moves it. It is essential because it transmits a signal between machine elements using internal combustion engines.
A key driver boosting the development of the tappet market is the rising rate of automotive production and sales globally, which is expected to persist throughout the projected period. The usage of tappets in engines is growing due to the rising demand for high-power engines like the V-6 and V-8, where the number of tappets is proportionate to the number of cylinders. The market for high-speed engine cars has been strengthened by the economy's growth and the increase in disposable income, which has also benefited the tappet market.
Automakers have created cutting-edge valve technology, like Variable Valve Timing (VVT) by Toyota, VTech by Honda, and MIVEC by Mitsubishi, to preserve vehicle fuel efficiency. To ensure optimal combustion in the cylinder, reduce emissions, and boost fuel economy, the ECU regulates the tappets to change the valve timing and delay or hold the valve action. Pumps with hydraulic tappets are more effective, quieter, and preserve valve clearance. In the future, the market will become more interested in the self-adjusting tappet technology and design to maintain excellent valve clearance.
The rising demand for electric and hybrid cars is one of the main things preventing the automotive tappet market from expanding further. The usage of electric vehicles has the potential to drastically lower emissions of dangerous gases, greenhouse gases, and air pollutants. To increase engine performance in these electric cars, valve and tappet assembly is unnecessary. Due to decreased pollution and improved vehicle economy, customers place a high value on electric and hybrid cars.
COVID-19 Impact Analysis
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely slowed down several businesses, including the automotive, aerospace & military, manufacturing, and other sectors. Some key issues that put much pressure on the tappet market were the nationwide lockout, disruptions in supply chain analyses, and a lack of automotive parts and components. Tappet demand decreased significantly worldwide since it is heavily employed in the production of automobiles. China is the top producer and exporter of the raw materials needed to make automobiles. Sales of tappets are intimately correlated with demand from many end-use sectors, including the automobile industry.Market Growth Factors
Rising demand for high-powered vehicles and fuel efficiency
VVT technology is extensively used in these racing cars and high-performance vehicles. By altering the timing of the valves and the length of the valves while the engine is running, it improves performance. Furthermore, multiple camshafts may be integrated via electronic or mechanical connecting systems thanks to the sophisticated automotive technology known as VVT and lift electronic control (VTEC). Boosting the Revolutions Per Minute, also improves the engines' effectiveness and performance (RPM). Due to its use in camshafts, rising VTEC or VVT use is anticipated to propel market development throughout the projection period.Increasing demand for commercial vehicles
The sales of commercial vehicles surged due to the rise in building and e-commerce activities, which boosted the need for material transportation. The demand for material transportation has increased due to the expansion of construction and e-commerce businesses. This is anticipated to accelerate the growth of commercial vehicles shortly. High productivity, significant carrying capacity, and fuel economy are the main factors driving the need for heavy commercial vehicles. Over the anticipated period, the tappet market will see considerable expansion in line with the rising demand for commercial vehicles worldwide.
Market Restraining Factors
Rising sales of hybrid and electric automobiles
One of the main factors impeding the development of the automotive tappet market is the rising demand for electric and hybrid cars. The need for traction motors is expected to grow due to the increasing demand for EVs and significant R&D expenditures targeting enhancing electric vehicles' effectiveness and operational performance. These traction motors are a necessary part of fully electric vehicles. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the industry will grow and be driven by governments from other countries imposing regulatory norms. In addition, incentives for EV purchases and greater fuel efficiency than conventional cars are anticipated to increase demand for EVs. Therefore, it is anticipated that these issues would restrain the tappet market's expansion.End-user Outlook
By end user, the tappet market is segmented into economic passenger car, luxury passenger car, and mid-priced passenger car. In 2021, the economic passenger car segment dominated the tappet market with maximum revenue share. A road motor vehicle intended for passenger transportation that seats no more than nine people and is neither a moped or a motorbike is referred to as an economy passenger car (including the driver). An economy passenger automobile in the US is built with low initial and ongoing costs in mind. Small (compact or subcompact), light, and affordable to make and buy, economy automobiles are the norm.Type Outlook
Based on the type, the tappet market is divided into flat tappets and roller tappets. The flat tappet market category had the highest revenue share in 2021. A flat tappet is an engine item used in the automotive industry that regulates the flow of oil from the reservoir to all other components of an engine. It is also referred to as a fixed or closed valve since it prevents oil from passing through its ports. Most current engines employ this kind of valve since it beats poppet valves in terms of performance and dependability. They are also expected to be the key variables influencing the tappet market size during the forecast period.Engine Capacity Outlook
Based on engine capacity, the tappet market is bifurcated into < 4 cylinders engine, 4-6 cylinders engine, and >6 cylinder engine. In 2021, the 4-6 Cylinders engine segment covered a considerable revenue share in the tappet market. The need for high-performance automobiles with smaller engines and strict emission restrictions in certain places are the main reasons behind the development of the 4-6 cylinders category. Additionally, the manufacturing of passenger cars and commercial trucks has increased, ascribed to the better business climate for fleet operators, which is driving the market expansion.Vehicle Type Outlook
By vehicle type, the tappet market is categorized into heavy commercial vehicle and light duty vehicles. In 2021, the heavy commercial vehicles segment recorded a remarkable revenue share in the tappet market. In the area, there is an increasing need for high-performance heavy commercial vehicles due to the growing logistics and transportation sectors. During the forecast period, this would further increase demand for automobile tappets.Regional Outlook
Region wise, the tappet market is analyzed across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific and LAMEA. The Asia Pacific region led the tappet market by generating largest revenue share in 2021. The area is anticipated to develop significantly due to growing consumer disposable income levels and increased automobile manufacturing and sales. China is expected to continue to play a prominent role in the regional market due to its sizable vehicle manufacturing industry and other advantageous economic factors, including its cheap labor costs and easy access to funding.The market research report covers the analysis of key stake holders of the market. Key companies profiled in the report include Eaton Corporation PLC, NSK Ltd., Schaeffler AG, Otics Corporation, Tenneco, Inc. (Federal-Mogul Holdings), Rane Engine Valve Limited (Rane Holdings Limited), Wuxi Xizhou Machinery Co. Ltd., GM Holden Ltd (ACDelco), ZF Friedrichshafen AG (TRW), and COMP Cams (Edelbrock Group).
Scope of the Study
By End-user
- Economic Passenger Cars
- Luxury Passenger Cars
- Mid-priced Passenger Cars
By Engine Capacity
- < 4 Cylinders
- 4-6 Cylinders
- >6 Cylinders
By Type
- Flat
- Roller
By Vehicle Type
- Light Duty Vehicles
- Heavy Commercial Vehicles
By Geography
- North America
- US
- Canada
- Mexico
- Rest of North America
- Europe
- Germany
- UK
- France
- Russia
- Spain
- Italy
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- South Korea
- Singapore
- Malaysia
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- LAMEA
- Brazil
- Argentina
- UAE
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- Nigeria
- Rest of LAMEA
Key Market Players
List of Companies Profiled in the Report:
- Eaton Corporation PLC
- NSK Ltd.
- Schaeffler AG
- Otics Corporation
- Tenneco, Inc. (Federal-Mogul Holdings)
- Rane Engine Valve Limited (Rane Holdings Limited)
- Wuxi Xizhou Machinery Co. Ltd.
- GM Holden Ltd (ACDelco)
- ZF Friedrichshafen AG (TRW)
- COMP Cams (Edelbrock Group)
Unique Offerings
- Exhaustive coverage
- The highest number of Market tables and figures
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Market Scope & Methodology1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Market Scope
1.4 Segmentation
1.4.1 Global Tappet Market, by End User
1.4.2 Global Tappet Market, by Engine Capacity
1.4.3 Global Tappet Market, by Type
1.4.4 Global Tappet Market, by Vehicle Type
1.4.5 Global Tappet Market, by Geography
1.5 Methodology for the research
Chapter 2. Market Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.1.1 Market Composition & Scenario
2.2 Key Factors Impacting the Market
2.2.1 Market Drivers
2.2.2 Market Restraints
Chapter 3. Global Tappet Market by End User
3.1 Global Economic Passenger Cars Market by Region
3.2 Global Luxury Passenger Cars Market by Region
3.3 Global Mid-priced Passenger Cars Market by Region
Chapter 4. Global Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
4.1 Global < 4 Cylinders Market by Region
4.2 Global 4-6 Cylinders Market by Region
4.3 Global >6 Cylinders Market by Region
Chapter 5. Global Tappet Market by Type
5.1 Global Flat Market by Region
5.2 Global Roller Market by Region
Chapter 6. Global Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
6.1 Global Light Duty Vehicles Market by Region
6.2 Global Heavy Commercial Vehicles Market by Region
Chapter 7. Global Tappet Market by Region
7.1 North America Tappet Market
7.1.1 North America Tappet Market by End User
7.1.1.1 North America Economic Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.1.1.2 North America Luxury Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.1.1.3 North America Mid-priced Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.1.2 North America Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.1.2.1 North America < 4 Cylinders Market by Country
7.1.2.2 North America 4-6 Cylinders Market by Country
7.1.2.3 North America >6 Cylinders Market by Country
7.1.3 North America Tappet Market by Type
7.1.3.1 North America Flat Market by Country
7.1.3.2 North America Roller Market by Country
7.1.4 North America Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.1.4.1 North America Light Duty Vehicles Market by Country
7.1.4.2 North America Heavy Commercial Vehicles Market by Country
7.1.5 North America Tappet Market by Country
7.1.5.1 US Tappet Market
7.1.5.1.1 US Tappet Market by End User
7.1.5.1.2 US Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.1.5.1.3 US Tappet Market by Type
7.1.5.1.4 US Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.1.5.2 Canada Tappet Market
7.1.5.2.1 Canada Tappet Market by End User
7.1.5.2.2 Canada Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.1.5.2.3 Canada Tappet Market by Type
7.1.5.2.4 Canada Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.1.5.3 Mexico Tappet Market
7.1.5.3.1 Mexico Tappet Market by End User
7.1.5.3.2 Mexico Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.1.5.3.3 Mexico Tappet Market by Type
7.1.5.3.4 Mexico Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.1.5.4 Rest of North America Tappet Market
7.1.5.4.1 Rest of North America Tappet Market by End User
7.1.5.4.2 Rest of North America Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.1.5.4.3 Rest of North America Tappet Market by Type
7.1.5.4.4 Rest of North America Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.2 Europe Tappet Market
7.2.1 Europe Tappet Market by End User
7.2.1.1 Europe Economic Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.2.1.2 Europe Luxury Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.2.1.3 Europe Mid-priced Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.2.2 Europe Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.2.2.1 Europe < 4 Cylinders Market by Country
7.2.2.2 Europe 4-6 Cylinders Market by Country
7.2.2.3 Europe >6 Cylinders Market by Country
7.2.3 Europe Tappet Market by Type
7.2.3.1 Europe Flat Market by Country
7.2.3.2 Europe Roller Market by Country
7.2.4 Europe Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.2.4.1 Europe Light Duty Vehicles Market by Country
7.2.4.2 Europe Heavy Commercial Vehicles Market by Country
7.2.5 Europe Tappet Market by Country
7.2.5.1 Germany Tappet Market
7.2.5.1.1 Germany Tappet Market by End User
7.2.5.1.2 Germany Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.2.5.1.3 Germany Tappet Market by Type
7.2.5.1.4 Germany Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.2.5.2 UK Tappet Market
7.2.5.2.1 UK Tappet Market by End User
7.2.5.2.2 UK Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.2.5.2.3 UK Tappet Market by Type
7.2.5.2.4 UK Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.2.5.3 France Tappet Market
7.2.5.3.1 France Tappet Market by End User
7.2.5.3.2 France Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.2.5.3.3 France Tappet Market by Type
7.2.5.3.4 France Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.2.5.4 Russia Tappet Market
7.2.5.4.1 Russia Tappet Market by End User
7.2.5.4.2 Russia Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.2.5.4.3 Russia Tappet Market by Type
7.2.5.4.4 Russia Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.2.5.5 Spain Tappet Market
7.2.5.5.1 Spain Tappet Market by End User
7.2.5.5.2 Spain Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.2.5.5.3 Spain Tappet Market by Type
7.2.5.5.4 Spain Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.2.5.6 Italy Tappet Market
7.2.5.6.1 Italy Tappet Market by End User
7.2.5.6.2 Italy Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.2.5.6.3 Italy Tappet Market by Type
7.2.5.6.4 Italy Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.2.5.7 Rest of Europe Tappet Market
7.2.5.7.1 Rest of Europe Tappet Market by End User
7.2.5.7.2 Rest of Europe Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.2.5.7.3 Rest of Europe Tappet Market by Type
7.2.5.7.4 Rest of Europe Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.3 Asia Pacific Tappet Market
7.3.1 Asia Pacific Tappet Market by End User
7.3.1.1 Asia Pacific Economic Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.3.1.2 Asia Pacific Luxury Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.3.1.3 Asia Pacific Mid-priced Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.3.2 Asia Pacific Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.3.2.1 Asia Pacific < 4 Cylinders Market by Country
7.3.2.2 Asia Pacific 4-6 Cylinders Market by Country
7.3.2.3 Asia Pacific >6 Cylinders Market by Country
7.3.3 Asia Pacific Tappet Market by Type
7.3.3.1 Asia Pacific Flat Market by Country
7.3.3.2 Asia Pacific Roller Market by Country
7.3.4 Asia Pacific Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.3.4.1 Asia Pacific Light Duty Vehicles Market by Country
7.3.4.2 Asia Pacific Heavy Commercial Vehicles Market by Country
7.3.5 Asia Pacific Tappet Market by Country
7.3.5.1 China Tappet Market
7.3.5.1.1 China Tappet Market by End User
7.3.5.1.2 China Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.3.5.1.3 China Tappet Market by Type
7.3.5.1.4 China Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.3.5.2 Japan Tappet Market
7.3.5.2.1 Japan Tappet Market by End User
7.3.5.2.2 Japan Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.3.5.2.3 Japan Tappet Market by Type
7.3.5.2.4 Japan Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.3.5.3 India Tappet Market
7.3.5.3.1 India Tappet Market by End User
7.3.5.3.2 India Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.3.5.3.3 India Tappet Market by Type
7.3.5.3.4 India Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.3.5.4 South Korea Tappet Market
7.3.5.4.1 South Korea Tappet Market by End User
7.3.5.4.2 South Korea Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.3.5.4.3 South Korea Tappet Market by Type
7.3.5.4.4 South Korea Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.3.5.5 Singapore Tappet Market
7.3.5.5.1 Singapore Tappet Market by End User
7.3.5.5.2 Singapore Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.3.5.5.3 Singapore Tappet Market by Type
7.3.5.5.4 Singapore Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.3.5.6 Malaysia Tappet Market
7.3.5.6.1 Malaysia Tappet Market by End User
7.3.5.6.2 Malaysia Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.3.5.6.3 Malaysia Tappet Market by Type
7.3.5.6.4 Malaysia Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.3.5.7 Rest of Asia Pacific Tappet Market
7.3.5.7.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Tappet Market by End User
7.3.5.7.2 Rest of Asia Pacific Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.3.5.7.3 Rest of Asia Pacific Tappet Market by Type
7.3.5.7.4 Rest of Asia Pacific Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.4 LAMEA Tappet Market
7.4.1 LAMEA Tappet Market by End User
7.4.1.1 LAMEA Economic Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.4.1.2 LAMEA Luxury Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.4.1.3 LAMEA Mid-priced Passenger Cars Market by Country
7.4.2 LAMEA Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.4.2.1 LAMEA < 4 Cylinders Market by Country
7.4.2.2 LAMEA 4-6 Cylinders Market by Country
7.4.2.3 LAMEA >6 Cylinders Market by Country
7.4.3 LAMEA Tappet Market by Type
7.4.3.1 LAMEA Flat Market by Country
7.4.3.2 LAMEA Roller Market by Country
7.4.4 LAMEA Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.4.4.1 LAMEA Light Duty Vehicles Market by Country
7.4.4.2 LAMEA Heavy Commercial Vehicles Market by Country
7.4.5 LAMEA Tappet Market by Country
7.4.5.1 Brazil Tappet Market
7.4.5.1.1 Brazil Tappet Market by End User
7.4.5.1.2 Brazil Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.4.5.1.3 Brazil Tappet Market by Type
7.4.5.1.4 Brazil Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.4.5.2 Argentina Tappet Market
7.4.5.2.1 Argentina Tappet Market by End User
7.4.5.2.2 Argentina Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.4.5.2.3 Argentina Tappet Market by Type
7.4.5.2.4 Argentina Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.4.5.3 UAE Tappet Market
7.4.5.3.1 UAE Tappet Market by End User
7.4.5.3.2 UAE Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.4.5.3.3 UAE Tappet Market by Type
7.4.5.3.4 UAE Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.4.5.4 Saudi Arabia Tappet Market
7.4.5.4.1 Saudi Arabia Tappet Market by End User
7.4.5.4.2 Saudi Arabia Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.4.5.4.3 Saudi Arabia Tappet Market by Type
7.4.5.4.4 Saudi Arabia Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.4.5.5 South Africa Tappet Market
7.4.5.5.1 South Africa Tappet Market by End User
7.4.5.5.2 South Africa Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.4.5.5.3 South Africa Tappet Market by Type
7.4.5.5.4 South Africa Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.4.5.6 Nigeria Tappet Market
7.4.5.6.1 Nigeria Tappet Market by End User
7.4.5.6.2 Nigeria Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.4.5.6.3 Nigeria Tappet Market by Type
7.4.5.6.4 Nigeria Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
7.4.5.7 Rest of LAMEA Tappet Market
7.4.5.7.1 Rest of LAMEA Tappet Market by End User
7.4.5.7.2 Rest of LAMEA Tappet Market by Engine Capacity
7.4.5.7.3 Rest of LAMEA Tappet Market by Type
7.4.5.7.4 Rest of LAMEA Tappet Market by Vehicle Type
Chapter 8. Company Profiles
8.1 Schaeffler AG
8.1.1 Company Overview
8.1.2 Financial Analysis
8.1.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
8.1.4 Research & Development Expenses
8.1.5 Recent strategies and developments:
8.1.5.1 Acquisition and Mergers:
8.1.5.2 Geographical Expansions:
8.2 NSK Ltd.
8.2.1 Company Overview
8.2.2 Financial Analysis
8.2.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
8.2.4 Research & Development Expenses
8.3 Eaton Corporation PLC
8.3.1 Company Overview
8.3.2 Financial Analysis
8.3.3 Segmental Analysis
8.3.4 Research & Development Expense
8.4 Rane Engine Valve Limited (Rane Holdings Limited)
8.4.1 Company Overview
8.4.2 Financial Analysis
8.4.3 Regional Analysis
8.4.4 Research & Development Expenses
8.5 ZF Friedrichshafen AG (TRW)
8.5.1 Company Overview
8.5.2 Financial Analysis
8.5.3 Regional Analysis
8.5.4 Research & Development Expenses
8.6 Wuxi Xizhou Machinery Co. Ltd.
8.6.1 Company Overview
8.7 GM Holden Ltd (ACDelco)
8.7.1 Company Overview
8.8 Tenneco, Inc. (Federal-Mogul Holdings)
8.8.1 Company Overview
8.9 COMP Cams (Edelbrock Group)
8.9.1 Company Overview
8.10. OTICS Corporation
8.10.1 Company Overview
Companies Mentioned
- Eaton Corporation PLC
- NSK Ltd.
- Schaeffler AG
- Otics Corporation
- Tenneco, Inc. (Federal-Mogul Holdings)
- Rane Engine Valve Limited (Rane Holdings Limited)
- Wuxi Xizhou Machinery Co. Ltd.
- GM Holden Ltd (ACDelco)
- ZF Friedrichshafen AG (TRW)
- COMP Cams (Edelbrock Group)
Methodology
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