This book provides a comprehensive overview of the numerical simulation of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) for application in marine engineering.
Fluid–Structure Interaction details a wide range of modeling methods (numerical, semi-analytical, empirical), calculation methods (finite element, boundary element, finite volume, lattice Boltzmann method) and numerical approaches (reduced order models and coupling strategy, among others).
Written by a group of experts and researchers from the naval sector, this book is intended for those involved in research or design who are looking to gain an overall picture of hydrodynamics, seakeeping and performance under extreme loads, noise and vibration. Using a concise, didactic approach, the book describes the ways in which numerical simulation contributes to modeling and understanding fluid–structure interaction for designing and optimizing the ships of the future.
Table of Contents
Foreword: Numerical Simulation: A Strategic Challenge For Our Industrial Sovereignty xiii
Hervé GRANDJEAN
Preface: Fluid-Structure Interactions in Naval Engineering xv
Jean-François SIGRIST and Cédric LEBLOND
Acknowledgments xxi
Jean-François SIGRIST and Cédric LEBLOND
Chapter 1 A Brief History of Naval Hydrodynamics 1
Alain BOVIS
1.1 The emergence of a new science 2
1.2 Perfecting the theory 8
1.2.1 Fluids, viscosity and turbulence 8
1.2.2 Potential theories 10
1.2.3 Waves 11
1.3 Ship theory 14
1.3.1 Stability 14
1.3.2 Resistance to forward motion 15
1.3.3 Roll, pitch and seakeeping 19
1.3.4 Propeller and cavitation 21
1.4 The numerical revolution 24
1.5 References 28
Chapter 2 Numerical Methods for Vibro-acoustics of Ships in the “Low frequency” Range 31
Jean-François SIGRIST
2.1 The acoustic signature of maritime platforms 31
2.2 Vibro-acoustic models 34
2.2.1 Vibro-acoustics without dissipative effects 34
2.2.2 Dissipation of energy in a fluid 37
2.2.3 Dissipation of energy in materials 39
2.3 Calculating the frequency response 40
2.3.1 Numerical model, vibro-acoustic equation 41
2.3.2 Direct and modal methods 43
2.4 Improving the predictive character of simulations 46
2.4.1 The medium- and high-frequency domains 46
2.4.2 Uncertainty propagation and parametric dependency 49
2.5 References 50
Chapter 3 Hybrid Methods for the Vibro-acoustic Response of Submerged Structures 53
Valentin MEYER and Laurent MAXIT
3.1 Noise and vibration of a submerged structure 54
3.1.1 Why vibro-acoustics? 54
3.1.2 From the real-world problem to the physical model 56
3.2 Solving the vibro-acoustic problem 57
3.2.1 Substructuring approach 57
3.2.2 Point admittance method 58
3.2.3 Condensed transfer function method 61
3.2.4 Examples of condensation functions 63
3.2.5 Spectral theory of cylindrical shells 64
3.2.6 FEM calculation for internal structures 66
3.3 Physical analysis of the vibro-acoustic behavior of a submerged cylindrical shell 67
3.3.1 The influence of heavy fluid 67
3.3.2 Vibration behavior of the cylindrical shell 69
3.3.3 The influence of stiffeners 71
3.3.4 Influence of non-axisymmetric internal structures 74
3.4 Conclusion 76
3.5 References 77
Chapter 4 “Advanced” Methods for the Vibro-acoustic Response of Naval Structures 79
Cédric LEBLOND
4.1 On reducing computing time 79
4.2 Parametric reduced-order models in the harmonic regime 82
4.2.1 Bibliographical elements 82
4.2.2. Standard construction of the parametric reduced-order model .. 83
4.2.3. Constructing a goal-oriented parametric reduced-order model .. 91
4.3 Parametric reduced-order models in the time domain 102
4.3.1 Motivation 102
4.3.2 On the stability of full vibro-acoustic models 102
4.3.3 Construction of stable reduced-order models 103
4.3.4 Offline construction of the reduced-basis 105
4.3.5 Illustration of the temporal approach 105
4.4 Conclusion 107
4.5 References 108
Chapter 5 Calculating Hydrodynamic Flows: LBM and POD Methods 113
Erwan LIBERGE
5.1 Model reduction 114
5.2 Proper orthogonal decomposition 116
5.2.1 Calculation of the reduced basis POD 116
5.2.2 Using POD in fluid-structure interaction 119
5.2.3 Sensitivity to parameters and interpolation of POD bases 125
5.3 Lattice Boltzmann method 128
5.3.1 History 128
5.3.2 Mrt/bgk 132
5.3.3 Real parameters/LBM parameters 133
5.4 LBM and FSI 135
5.4.1 Boundary conditions in the LBM 136
5.4.2 Immersed boundary method 138
5.5 Conclusion 141
5.6 References 141
Chapter 6 Dynamic Behavior of Tube Bundles with Fluid-Structure Interaction 147
Daniel BROC
6.1 Introduction 147
6.1.1 Tube bundles in the nuclear industry 148
6.1.2 Tube bundles, industrial problems 151
6.1.3 Modeling FSI in exchangers 154
6.2 Physical models and equations 154
6.2.1 Fluid-structure interaction with Euler equations 154
6.2.2 Numerical methods for Euler equations with FSI 157
6.2.3 Homogenization in the case of tube bundles 159
6.2.4 Numerical methods for homogenization 163
6.2.5 Euler equations, Rayleigh damping 163
6.2.6 Homogenization, Rayleigh damping 164
6.2.7 Implementing the homogenization method 165
6.3 Validation and illustration of the homogenization method 167
6.3.1 Vibrational eigenmodes 167
6.3.2 Rayleigh damping: direct and homogenization methods 173
6.4 Homogenization methods for Navier‒Stokes equations 173
6.5 Applications 178
6.5.1 Dynamic behavior of RNR-Na cores 178
6.5.2 Onboard steam generator 181
6.6 Conclusion 183
6.7 References 183
Chapter 7 Calculating Turbulent Pressure Spectra 185
Myriam SLAMA
7.1 Vibrations caused by turbulent flow 185
7.2 Characteristics of the wall pressure spectrum 188
7.2.1 Turbulent boundary layer without a pressure gradient 188
7.2.2 Flow with a pressure gradient 193
7.3 Empirical models 194
7.3.1 Corcos model 194
7.3.2 Chase models 195
7.3.3 Smol’yakov model 197
7.3.4 Goody’s model 199
7.3.5 Rozenberg model 199
7.3.6 Model comparison 200
7.4 Solving the Poisson equation for wall pressure fluctuations 203
7.4.1 Formulations for the TMS part of the wall pressure 203
7.4.2 Formulations for the TMS and TT parts of the wall pressure 206
7.5 Conclusion 211
7.6 References 211
Chapter 8 Calculating Fluid-Structure Interactions Using Co-simulation Techniques 215
Laëtitia PERNOD
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 The physics of fluid-structure interaction 219
8.2.1 Dimensionless numbers for the fluid flow 222
8.2.2 Dimensionless numbers for the motion of structures 223
8.2.3 Dimensionless numbers linked to fluid-structure coupling 224
8.2.4 Additional dimensionless numbers and the generic effects of a fluid on a structure 225
8.2.5 Summary of dimensionless numbers and fluid-structure coupling intensity 226
8.3 Mathematical formulation of the fluid-structure interaction 228
8.3.1 Mathematical formulation of the fluid problem 230
8.3.2 Mathematical formulation of the structural problem 231
8.3.3 Mathematical formulation of interface coupling conditions 232
8.4 Numerical methods in the dynamics of fluids and structures 232
8.4.1 Numerical methods in the dynamics of fluids 232
8.4.2 Numerical methods in structural dynamics 234
8.4.3 Arbitrary Lagrange‒Euler (ALE) formulation and moving meshes 234
8.5 Numerical solution of the fluid-structure interaction 236
8.5.1 Software strategy 237
8.5.2. Time coupling methods in the case of partitioning approaches .. 240
8.5.3 Methods of space coupling 245
8.5.4 The added mass effect 251
8.6 Examples of applications to naval hydrodynamics 254
8.6.1 Foils in composite materials 254
8.6.2 Hydrodynamics of hulls 255
8.7 Conclusion: Which method for which physics? 256
8.8 References 257
Chapter 9 The Seakeeping of Ships 261
Jean-Jacques MAISONNEUVE
9.1 Why predict ships’ seakeeping ability? 261
9.1.1 Guaranteeing structural reliability 262
9.1.2 Guaranteeing a ship’s safety at sea 262
9.1.3 Predicting operability domains 264
9.1.4 Improving operability 264
9.1.5. Getting to know the environment and how the ship disrupts it 265
9.1.6 The particular case of multibodies 266
9.1.7 Knowing average or low-frequency forces resulting from swell 266
9.2 Waves 267
9.2.1 Origin, nature and description of waves 267
9.2.2 Monochromatic swell 269
9.2.3 Irregular swell 271
9.2.4 Complete nonlinear wave modeling 272
9.2.5 Considering a ship’s forward speed 272
9.3 The hydromechanical linear frequency solution 273
9.3.1 Hypotheses and general formulation 273
9.3.2 Response on regular swell 275
9.3.3 Response on irregular swell 284
9.4 Nonlinear time solution based on force models 286
9.4.1 Principles of the method 287
9.4.2 Results 290
9.4.3 Tools: uses and limitations 291
9.5 Complete solution of the Navier‒Stokes equations 291
9.5.1 Method 292
9.5.2 Applications to the problem of seakeeping 294
9.6 Conclusion 298
9.7 References 298
Chapter 10 Modeling the Effects of Underwater Explosions on Submerged Structures 301
Quentin RAKOTOMALALA
10.1 Underwater explosions 302
10.1.1 Characterizing the threat 302
10.1.2 Calculating the flow 305
10.1.3 Semi-analytical models for the response of submerged structures 307
10.2 Semi-analytical models for the motion of a rigid hull 308
10.2.1 Local motion of a rigid hull with or without equipment 308
10.2.2 Overall motion of a rigid hull with or without equipment 312
10.3 Semi-analytical models of the motion of a deformable hull 319
10.3.1 Shock signal on a deformable hull alone 319
10.3.2 Correction of the rigid body motion 322
10.3.3 Device rigidly mounted on the hull 327
10.3.4 Simplified representation of hull stiffeners 331
10.4 Notes on implementing models 334
10.5 Conclusion 337
10.6 References 337
Chapter 11 Resistance of Composite Structures Under Extreme Hydrodynamic Loads 339
Pierre BERTHELOT, Kevin BROCHARD, Alexis BLOCH and Jean-Christophe PETITEAU
11.1 The behavior of composite materials 340
11.1.1 Orthotropic linear elastic behavior 340
11.1.2 Non-elastic behavior 341
11.1.3 Strain rate dependency 344
11.2 Underwater explosions 345
11.2.1 Categorizing phenomena 346
11.2.2 Analytical formulations and simple experiments 348
11.2.3 Numerical methods 354
11.3 Slamming: phenomenon and formulation 362
11.4 Conclusion 365
11.5 References 365
List of Authors 369
Index 371
