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High-Performance Materials from Bio-based Feedstocks. Edition No. 1. Wiley Series in Renewable Resource

  • Book

  • 432 Pages
  • April 2022
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5836239

High-Performance Materials from Bio-based Feedstocks

The latest advancements in the production, properties, and performance of bio-based feedstock materials

In High-Performance Materials from Bio-based Feedstocks, an accomplished team of researchers delivers a comprehensive exploration of recent developments in the research, manufacture, and application of advanced materials from bio-based feedstocks. With coverage of bio-based polymers, the inorganic components of biomass, and the conversion of biomass to advanced materials, the book illustrates the research and commercial potential of new technologies in the area.

Real-life applications in areas as diverse as medicine, construction, synthesis, energy storage, agriculture, packaging, and food are discussed in the context of the structural properties of the materials used. The authors offer deep insights into materials production, properties, and performance.

Perfect for chemists, environmental scientists, engineers, and materials scientists, High-Performance Materials from Bio-based Feedstocks will also earn a place in the libraries of academics, industrial researchers, and graduate students with an interest in biomass conversion, green chemistry, and sustainability.

Table of Contents

Series Preface xxi

1 High-performance

Materials from Bio-based

Feedstocks: Introduction and Structure of the Book 1
Kaewta Jetsrisuparb, Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg, Nontipa Supanchaiyamat and Andrew J. Hunt

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 High-performance Bio-based Materials and Their Applications 4

1.2.1 Biomass Constituents 4

1.2.2 Bioderived Materials 7

1.3 Structure of the Book 10

2 Bio-based Carbon Materials for Catalysis 13
Chaiyan Chaiya and Sasiradee Jantasee

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Biomass Resources for Carbon Materials 14

2.2.1 Wood from Natural Forests 14

2.2.2 Agricultural Residues 17

2.3 Thermochemical Conversion Processes 18

2.3.1 Carbonization and Pyrolysis 18

2.3.2 Activation 20

2.3.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization 23

2.3.4 Graphene Preparation from Biomass 24

2.4 Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis 25

2.5 Catalysis Applications of Selected Bio-based Carbon Materials 26

2.5.1 Biochar 26

2.5.2 Modified Biochar 28

2.5.3 Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon 30

2.5.4 Hydrothermal Bio-based Carbons 34

2.5.5 Sugar-Derived Carbon Catalysts 35

2.5.6 Carbon Nanotubes from Biomass 36

2.5.7 Graphene and Its Derivatives 37

2.6 Summary and Future Aspects 37

3 Starbon®: Novel Template-Free Mesoporous Carbonaceous Materials from Biomass - Synthesis, Functionalisation and Applications in Adsorption, and Catalysis 47
Duncan J. Macquarrie, Tabitha H.M. Petchey and Cinthia J. Meña Duran

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Choice of Polysaccharide 48

3.2.1 Synthetic Procedure 49

3.2.2 Derivatisation 51

3.2.3 Applications 56

3.2.4 Adsorption Processes 63

3.2.5 Conclusion 69

4 Conversion of Biowastes into Carbon-based Electrodes 73
Xiaotong Feng and Qiaosheng Pu

4.1 Introduction 73

4.2 Conversion Techniques of Biowastes 74

4.2.1 Carbonization 75

4.2.2 Activation 77

4.3 Structure and Doping 79

4.3.1 Biowaste Selection 79

4.3.2 Structure Control 81

4.3.3 Heteroatom Doping 83

4.4 Electrochemical Applications 84

4.4.1 Supercapacitors 84

4.4.2 Capacitive Deionization Cells 86

4.4.3 Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution 88

4.4.4 Fuel Cells 90

4.4.5 Lithium-Ion Batteries and Others 94

4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 95

5 Bio-based Materials in Electrochemical Applications 105
Itziar Iraola-Arregui, Mohammed Aqil, Vera Trabadelo, Ismael Saadoune and Hicham Ben Youcef

5.1 Introduction 105

5.2 Fundamentals of Bio-based Materials 106

5.2.1 Bio-based Polymers 106

5.2.2 Carbonaceous Materials from Biological Feedstocks 108

5.3 Application of Bio-based Materials in Batteries 109

5.3.1 General Concept of Metal-Ion Batteries 109

5.4 Application of Bio-based Polymers in Capacitors 115

5.4.1 General Concept of Electrochemical Capacitors 115

5.4.2 Electrode Materials 116

5.5 Alternative Binders for Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Storage 119

5.5.1 Polysaccharides and Cellulose-based Binders 120

5.5.2 Lignin 123

5.6 Application of Bio-based

Polymers in Fuel Cells 123

5.6.1 Chitosan 124

5.6.2 Other Biopolymers 125

5.7 Conclusion and Outlook 126

6 Bio-based Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Modifiers 133
Wanwan Qu, Sarah Key and Andrew P. Abbott

6.1 Introduction 133

6.2 Bio-based Materials 134

6.2.1 Ionic Liquids 136

6.2.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents 136

6.2.3 Morphological/Mechanical Modification 137

6.2.4 Chemical Modification 139

6.2.5 Composite Formation 141

6.2.6 Gelation 143

6.3 Conclusion 145

7 Biopolymer Composites for Recovery of Precious and Rare Earth Metals 151
Jesper T.N. Knijnenburg and Kaewta Jetsrisuparb

7.1 Introduction 151

7.2 Mechanisms of Metal Adsorption 153

7.2.1 Silver 153

7.2.2 Gold and Platinum Group Metals 153

7.2.3 Rare Earth Metals 154

7.3 Composite Materials and Their Adsorption 154

7.3.1 Cellulose-based Composite Adsorbents 154

7.3.2 Chitosan-based Composite Adsorbents 163

7.3.3 Alginate-based Adsorbents 170

7.3.4 Lignin-based Composite Adsorbents 173

7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 175

8 Bio-Based Materials in Anti-HIV Drug Delivery 181
Oranat Chuchuen and David F. Katz

8.1 Introduction 181

8.2 Biomedical Strategies for HIV Prophylaxis 182

8.3 Properties of Anti-HIV Drug Delivery Systems 184

8.4 Bio-based Materials for Anti-HIV Drug Delivery Systems 185

8.4.1 Cellulose 186

8.4.2 Chitosan 190

8.4.3 Polylactic Acid 191

8.4.4 Carrageenan 193

8.4.5 Alginate 194

8.4.6 Hyaluronic Acid 195

8.4.7 Pectin 196

8.5 Conclusion 196

9 Chitin - A Natural Bio-feedstock and Its Derivatives: Chemistry and Properties for Biomedical Applications 207
Anu Singh, Shefali Jaiswal, Santosh Kumar and Pradip K. Dutta

9.1 Bio-feedstocks 207

9.1.1 Chitin 208

9.1.2 Chitosan 208

9.1.3 Glucan 209

9.1.4 Chitin-Glucan Complex 209

9.1.5 Polyphenols 209

9.2 Synthetic Route 210

9.2.1 Isolation of ChGC 210

9.2.2 Derivatives of ChGC and Its Modified Polymers 210

9.2.3 Preparation of d-Glucosamine from Chitin/Chitosan-Glucan 212

9.3 Properties of Chitin, ChGC, and Its Derivatives for Therapeutic Applications 212

9.3.1 Antibacterial Activity 212

9.3.2 Anticancer Activity 212

9.3.3 Antioxidant Activity 212

9.3.4 Therapeutic Applications 213

9.4 Gene Therapy - A Biomedical Approach 213

9.5 Cs: Properties and Factors Affecting Gene Delivery 214

9.6 Organic Modifications of Cs Backbone for Enhancing the Properties of Cs Associated with Gene Delivery 215

9.6.1 Modification of Cs with Hydrophilic Groups 215

9.6.2 Modification in Cs by Hydrophobic Groups 216

9.6.3 Modification by Cationic Substituents 216

9.6.4 Modification by Target Ligands 217

9.7 Multifunctional Modifications of Cs 218

9.8 Miscellaneous 218

9.9 Conclusion 218

10 Carbohydrate-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications 235
Chadamas Sakonsinsiri

10.1 Introduction 235

10.2 Bio-based Glycopolymers 236

10.2.1 Chitin and Chitosan 236

10.2.2 Cellulose 238

10.2.3 Starch 239

10.2.4 Dextran 239

10.3 Synthetic Carbohydrate-based Functionalized Materials 240

10.3.1 Glycomimetics 240

10.3.2 Presentation of Glycomimetics in Multivalent Scaffolds 241

10.4 Conclusion 243

11 Organic Feedstock as Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering 247
Poramate Klanrit

11.1 Introduction 247

11.2 Protein-based Natural Biomaterials 248

11.2.1 Silk 249

11.2.2 Collagen 249

11.2.3 Decellularized Skins 251

11.2.4 Fibrin/Fibrinogen 252

11.3 Polysaccharide-based Natural Biomaterials 253

11.3.1 Chitosan 253

11.3.2 Alginate 254

11.3.3 Agarose 255

11.4 Summary 255

12 Green Synthesis of Bio-based Metal-Organic Frameworks 261
Emile R. Engel, Bernardo Castro-Dominguez and Janet L. Scott

12.1 Introduction 261

12.2 Green Synthesis of MOFs 262

12.2.1 Solvent-Free and Low Solvent Synthesis 262

12.2.2 Green Solvents 264

12.2.3 Sonochemical Synthesis 266

12.2.4 Electrochemical Synthesis 266

12.3 Bio-based Ligands 266

12.3.1 Amino Acids 266

12.3.2 Aliphatic Diacids 267

12.3.3 Cyclodextrins 269

12.3.4 Other 270

12.3.5 Exemplars: Bio-based MOFs Obtainable via Green Synthesis 271

12.4 Metal Ion Considerations 271

12.4.1 Calcium 272

12.4.2 Magnesium 272

12.4.3 Manganese 273

12.4.4 Iron 273

12.4.5 Titanium 274

12.4.6 Zirconium 274

12.4.7 Aluminium 275

12.4.8 Zinc 275

12.5 Challenges for Further Development Towards Applications 276

12.5.1 Stability Issues 276

12.5.2 Scalability and Cost 278

12.5.3 Competing Alternative Materials 279

12.6 Conclusion 280

13 Geopolymers Based on Biomass Ash and Bio-based Additives for Construction Industry 289
Prinya Chindaprasirt, Ubolluk Rattanasak and Patcharapol Posi

13.1 Introduction 289

13.2 Pozzolan and Agricultural Waste Ash 290

13.3 Geopolymer 292

13.4 Combustion of Biomass 294

13.4.1 Open Field Burning 294

13.4.2 Controlled Burning 294

13.4.3 Boiler Burning 294

13.4.4 Fluidized Bed Burning 295

13.5 Properties and Utilization of Biomass Ashes 295

13.6 Biomass Ash-based Geopolymer 299

13.6.1 Rice Husk Ash-based Geopolymer 300

13.6.2 Bagasse Ash-based Geopolymer 304

13.6.3 Palm Oil Fuel Ash-based Geopolymer 306

13.6.4 Other Biomass-based Geopolymers 308

13.6.5 Use of Biomass in Making Sodium Silicate Solution and Other Products 308

13.6.6 Fire Resistance of Bio-based Geopolymer 309

13.7 Conclusion 309

14 The Role of Bio-based Excipients in the Formulation of Lipophilic Nutraceuticals 315
Alexandra Teleki, Christos Tsekou and Alan Connolly

14.1 Introduction 315

14.2 Emulsions and the Importance of Bio-based Materials as Emulsifiers 316

14.2.1 Conventional Micro-and Nanoemulsions 316

14.2.2 Pickering-Stabilised Emulsions 319

14.3 Novel Formulation Technologies: Colloidal Delivery Vesicles 320

14.3.1 Microgels 320

14.3.2 Nanoprecipitation 321

14.3.3 Liposomes 322

14.3.4 Complex Coacervation 323

14.3.5 Complexation 325

14.4 Key Drying Technologies Employed During Formulation 325

14.4.1 Spray Drying 325

14.4.2 Spray-Freeze Drying 327

14.4.3 Electrohydrodynamic Processing 328

14.4.4 Fluid Bed Drying 329

14.4.5 Extrusion 329

14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 330

15 Bio-derived Polymers for Packaging 337
Pornnapa Kasemsiri, Uraiwan Pongsa, Manunya Okhawilai, Salim Hiziroglu, Nawadon Petchwattana, Wilaiporn Kraisuwan and Benjatham Sukkaneewat

15.1 Introduction 337

15.2 Starch 338

15.3 Chitin/Chitosan 340

15.4 Cellulose and Its Derivatives 342

15.4.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals 343

15.4.2 Cellulose Nanofibers 343

15.4.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose 344

15.4.4 Carboxymethyl Cellulose 344

15.5 Poly(Lactic Acid) 345

15.5.1 Bio-based Toughening Agents Used in PLA Toughness Improvement 346

15.5.2 Toughening of PLA and Its Properties Related to Packaging Applications 346

15.6 Bio-based Active and Intelligent Agents for Packaging 348

15.6.1 Active Agents 348

15.6.2 Intelligent Packaging 351

15.7 Conclusion 351

16 Recent Developments in Bio-Based Materials for Controlled-Release Fertilizers 361
Kritapas Laohhasurayotin, Doungporn Yiamsawas and Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon

16.1 Introduction and Historical Review 361

16.1.1 Early Fertilizer Development and Its Impact on Environment 361

16.1.2 Controlled-Release Fertilizer 362

16.2 Mechanistic View of Controlled-Release Fertilizer from Bio-based Materials 365

16.2.1 Coating Type 366

16.2.2 Matrix Type 367

16.2.3 Other Release Mechanisms 368

16.3 Controlled Release Technologies from Bio-based Materials 368

16.3.1 Natural Polymers and Their Fertilizer Applications 369

16.3.2 Bio-based Modified Polymer Coatings for Controlled-Release Fertilizer 376

16.3.3 Biochar and Other Carbon-based Fertilizers 380

16.4 Conclusion and Foresight 385

Index 399 

Authors

Andrew J. Hunt Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Nontipa Supanchaiyamat Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Kaewta Jetsrisuparb Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Jesper T. N. Knijnenburg Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.