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Climate Impacts on Sustainable Natural Resource Management. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 384 Pages
  • December 2021
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5836915
CLIMATE IMPACTS ON SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Climate change has emerged as one of the predominant global concerns of the 21st century. Statistics show that the average surface temperature of the Earth has increased by about 1.18°C since the late 19th century and the sea levels are rising due to the melting of glaciers. Further rise in the global temperature will have dire consequences for the survival of humans on the planet Earth. There is a need to monitor climatic data and associated drivers of changes to develop sustainable planning. The anthropogenic activities that are linked to climate change need scientific evaluation and must be curtailed before it is too late.

This book contributes significantly in the field of sustainable natural resource management linked to climate change. Up to date research findings from developing and developed countries like India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and the USA have been presented through selected case studies covering different thematic areas. The book has been organised into six major themes of sustainable natural resource management, determinants of forest productivity, agriculture and climate change, water resource management and riverine health, climate change threat on natural resources, and linkages between natural resources and biotic-abiotic stressors to develop the concept and to present the findings in a way that is useful for a wide range of readers. While the range of applications and innovative techniques is constantly increasing, this book provides a summary of findings to provide the updated information.

This book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the field of environmental sciences, remote sensing, geographical information system, meteorology, sociology and policy studies related to natural resource management and climate change.

Table of Contents

About the Editors xiii

List of Contributors xv

Foreword xxi

Preface xxii

Section I Sustainable Natural Resource Management 1

1 Impact of Local REDD+ Intervention on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia 3
Kiswanto, Martiwi Diah Setiawati, and Satoshi Tsuyuki

1.1 Introduction 3

1.1.1 Tropical Deforestation 3

1.1.2 REDD+ 3

1.1.3 REDD+ in Indonesia 4

1.2 Materials and Methods 5

1.2.1 Spatial Dataset 5

1.2.2 Carbon Stock in Each Land Cover Class 5

1.2.3 Change in Carbon Stock and CO2 Emission 7

1.2.4 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories 7

1.3 Results 8

1.3.1 Annual GHG Emissions 8

1.3.2 Historical Baselines and Future Trajectories 9

1.4 Discussion 10

1.5 Conclusions 12

Acknowledgement 12

Author Contribution 12

List of Appendix 13

References 14

2 Role of Geospatial Technologies in Natural Resource Management 19
Abhishek K. Kala and Manoj Kumar

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Applications of Geospatial Technology in Natural Resource Management 20

2.2.1 Forest Management 20

2.2.2 Water Resource Management 21

2.2.3 Water Quality Monitoring 22

2.2.4 Agriculture 23

2.2.5 Combating Desertification 25

2.2.6 Biodiversity Management 25

2.3 LiDAR Technology 26

2.4 Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing 26

2.5 Machine Learning Tools for Natural Resource Management 27

2.6 Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Natural Resource Management 28

2.7 Google Earth Engine as a Platform for Environmental Monitoring and NRM 29

2.8 Conclusion 29

References 30

3 Estimation of Snow Cover Area Using Microwave SAR Dataset 35
Shafiyoddin B. Sayyad and Mudassar A. Shaikh

3.1 Introduction 35

3.2 Classification Technique 36

3.2.1 Unsupervised Classification 36

3.2.1.1 H A Alpha Unsupervised Classification 36

3.2.1.2 Wishart H A Alpha Unsupervised Classification 37

3.2.2 Supervised Classification 37

3.2.2.1 Wishart Supervised Classification 38

3.2.2.2 Support Vector Machine (SVM) Supervised Classification 38

3.3 Statistical Parameters 39

3.3.1 Mean 39

3.3.2 Standard Deviation 40

3.3.3 Coefficient Variance 40

3.3.4 Equivalence Number of Looks (ENL) 40

3.4 Error and Accuracy Assessment 40

3.4.1 Confusion Matrix 41

3.4.2 Commission Error 41

3.4.3 Omission Error 42

3.5 Study Area 42

3.6 Methodology 43

3.7 Result and Discussion 44

3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective 52

References 52

Section II Determinants of Forest Productivity 57

4 Forest Cover Change Detection Across Recent Three Decades in Persian Oak
Forests Using Convolutional Neural Network 59
Alireza Sharifi, Shilan Felegari, Aqil Tariq, and Saima Siddiqui

4.1 Introduction 59

4.2 Materials and Methods 61

4.2.1 Study Area 61

4.2.2 Dataset 61

4.2.3 Image Pre-processing 64

4.2.4 Image Classification 64

4.3 Results and Discussion 65

4.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 68

References 69

5 The Interlinked Mechanisms of Productivity for Developing Process-Based
Forest Growth Models 74
Keshav Tyagi, Manoj Kumar, Sweta Nisha Phukon, Abhishek Ranjan, Pavan Kumar,and Ram Kumar Singh

5.1 Introduction 74

5.2 Productivity: Definition and Associated Components 76

5.3 Various Processes and Components Driving Forest Productivity 77

5.3.1 Photosynthesis 78

5.3.2 Light Interception 79

5.3.3 Stomatal Conductance 79

5.3.4 Leaf Area Index 79

5.3.5 Gas-Exchange 80

5.3.6 Plant Respiration 80

5.3.7 Hydrology 81

5.3.8 Nitrogen Cycle 81

5.3.9 Litterfall 81

5.4 Different Approaches to Productivity Assessment 82

5.5 Evolution of Process-Based Models 83

5.6 Conclusion 84

References 84

6 Allometric Equations for the Estimation of Biomass and Carbon in the Sub- tropical Pine Forests of India 89
Harshi Jain, Keshav Tyagi, Akshay Paygude, Pavan Kumar, Ram Kumar Singh, andManoj Kumar

6.1 Introduction 89

6.1.1 Species of Pine in India and its Associates 91

6.1.2 Uses of Chirpine 91

6.2 Chir Pine - a Boon or Bane? 92

6.3 Forest Carbon and Forest Biomass 93

6.4 Composition of Forest Biomass 94

6.4.1 Indian Forest Biomass and Carbon Estimates 94

6.4.2 Importance of Forest Biomass Estimation 95

6.5 Allometric Equations for Biomass Estimation 96

6.5.1 How Are Allometric Equations Developed? 96

6.6 Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation in Chir Pine Forests of India Using Allometric Equations 97

6.7 Conclusion 101

References 102

Section III Agriculture and Climate Change 109

7 Characterization of Stress-Prone Areas for Dissemination of Suitable Rice Varieties and their Adoption in Eastern India: An Integrated Approach toward Food Security 111
Sk Mosharaf Hossain, Devi Dayal Sinha, and Swati Nayak

7.1 Introduction 111

7.1.1 Characterization of Stress-Prone (Flood and Drought) Areas in Eastern India: Geo-Spatial Based Studies (Submergence and Drought) 112

7.1.2 Eastern India (Submergence Study - Assam) 114

7.1.3 Eastern India (Drought Study - Uttar Pradesh) 115

7.1.4 Rice-Growing Environments in India and Constraints 116

7.1.5 Abiotic Stress in the Context of Rice Production 117

7.2 Materials and Method (for Submergence-prone: Assam) 118

7.3 Results and Discussion 120

7.4 Conclusions 127

References 128

8 Farmers’ Perspective and Adaptation Efforts to Tackle the Impacts of Climate Change 132
Shivani Mehta and Shridhar Samant

8.1 Introduction 132

8.2 Methodology 135

8.3 Results and Analysis 137

8.3.1 Trends in Rainfall Patterns 137

8.3.1.1 Trends in Annual Rainfall 137

8.3.1.2 Trends in Rainy Days 140

8.3.1.3 Trends in Actual and Normal (Expected) Rainfall for Every Month 144

8.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Farmers 148

8.3.2.1 Demographic Profile of the Respondents 148

8.3.2.2 Livelihood 148

8.3.2.3 Pests and Diseases 149

8.4 Understanding the Farmer’s Perception of Climate Change 149

8.5 Adaptation Efforts 150

8.6 Conclusion 151

References 152

Section IV Water Resource Management and Riverine Health 157

9 Multicriteria Drought Severity Analysis in Monaragala District Sri Lanka by Utilizing Remote Sensing and GIS 159
K.U.J. Sandamali, K.A.M. Chathuranga, B.A.S.C. Kumara, and D.K.D.A. Ranaweera

9.1 Introduction 159

9.2 Methodology 162

9.2.1 Study Area 162

9.2.2 Data Sources and Data Collection Techniques 163

9.3 Meteorological Drought of Monaragala District 164

9.4 Agricultural Drought of Monaragala District 167

9.4.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 167

9.4.2 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) 167

9.5 Hydrological Drought of Monaragala District 169

9.6 Drought Risk Area Map of Monaragala District 173

9.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 177

9.8 Conclusion 177

9.9 Recommendation 179

References 180

10 Comparative Evaluation of Predicted Hydrologic Response Under Two Extremities of Sustainability Using Transformed Landuse-Landcover and CORDEX-Based Climatic Scenarios: A Case Study of Kangshabati River Basin, West Bengal 183
Shreyashi Santra Mitra, Akhilesh Kumar, Abhisek Santra, and Shidharth Routh

10.1 Introduction 183

10.2 A Brief Account of the Kangshabati River Basin, the Study Area 185

10.3 Data and Methodological Description 187

10.3.1 Model Data Input 187

10.3.2 Land Change Scenarios Using Idrisi Land Change Modeler (LCM) 190

10.3.3 SWAT Model Setup for Simulating Hydrologic Responses 194

10.4 Results and Observations 195

10.4.1 Trends in Climatic Indicators 195

10.4.2 Trends in Land Use and Land Cover Change Scenarios 198

10.4.3 Trends in Volumetric Runoff 204

10.4.4 Trends in Surface Runoff 209

10.5 Conclusion 214

References 215

11 Riverine Health a Function of Riverscape Variable: A Case Study of the River Ganga in Varanasi 219
Shikha Sharma, Harshith Clifford Prince, Arijit Roy, and Madhoolika Agarwal

11.1 Introduction 219

11.2 Material and Methods 222

11.2.1 Study Area 222

11.2.1.1 Sampling Zones 222

11.2.1.2 Survey Sites 222

11.2.2 Data Collection 223

11.2.2.1 Water Sample Collection and Analysis 223

11.2.2.2 Survey Method 224

11.2.3 Statistical Analysis 224

11.2.3.1 Cluster Analysis 224

11.2.3.2 Correlations Between Land Use Classes and Water Quality Parameters 225

11.3 Result and Discussion 225

11.3.1 Land Use and Water Quality 225

11.3.2 Land Use and Biodiversity 227

11.3.3 Land Use and Societal Perceptions 228

11.3.3.1 Livelihood Earners Perceptions 228

11.3.3.2 Tourists’ Perception 229

11.4 Conclusions 231

References 231

Section V Climate Change Threat on Natural Resources 237

12 Socio-Economic Impacts of Climate Change 239
Shubhi Patel, Anwesha Dey, Shani Kumar Singh, Rakesh Singh, and H.P. Singh

12.1 Introduction 239

12.2 Trends in Climate Variables 240

12.3 Welfare Impact of Climate Change 242

12.4 Impact on Agriculture 244

12.5 Impact of Climate Change on Society 246

12.5.1 Food Security 246

12.5.2 Labor Productivity 247

12.5.3 Health and Nutrition 248

12.5.4 Adaptation Risk and Potential 248

12.6 Conclusion 262

References 263

13 The Political Economy of Vulnerable Environment in the Age of Climate Change: A Kerala Experience 268
P. RatheeshMon

13.1 Introduction 268

13.2 Climate Change in Kerala 269

13.3 Climate and Sea Level Change Projections 270

13.4 Natural Disasters Associated with Climate Change 270

13.5 The Political Economy of Climate Change and Associated Disasters 273

13.6 Who Are the Affected? 275

13.7 Conclusion and Suggestions 276

References 276

14 Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Changes in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia: Explore the Impact of the LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) Using Remote Sensing 279
Mohd Hasmadi Ismail, Darren How Jin Aik, Mohamad Azani Alias, Farrah MelissaMuharam, and Pakhriazad Hassan Zaki

14.1 Introduction 279

14.2 Effectiveness of Usage of Satellite Imagery in Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Change 281

14.3 The Impact of LULC Changes on Land Surface Temperature (LST) 282

14.4 Methodology 283

14.4.1 Cameron Highlands 283

14.4.2 Data Collection 284

14.4.3 Field Verification 284

14.4.4 Image Processing 285

14.5 Land Use/Cover Changes in Cameron Highland from 2009 to 2019 287

14.5.1 Accuracy Assessment 290

14.6 Land Surface Temperature Analysis of Comparative Sensors between Landsat Satellite Data and MODIS 291

14.7 The LULC Effect on LST in Cameron Highlands 292

14.8 Conclusions 296

References 297

Section VI Linkages between Natural Resources and Biotic-Abiotic Stressors 303

15 Emerging Roles of Osmoprotectants in Alleviating Abiotic Stress Response Under Changing Climatic Conditions 305
Debasish Pattnaik, Deepali Dash, Ankita Mishra, Aditya Kiran Padhiary, Prajjal Dey,and Goutam Kumar Dash

15.1 Introduction 305

15.2 Role of Osmoprotectant Under Abiotic Stress 306

15.3 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Drought Stress 306

15.4 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Salinity Stress 307

15.5 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Cold Stress 307

15.6 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Submergence Stress 308

15.7 Role of Osmoprotectants Under Low Light Stress 308

15.8 Mechanisms of Osmoprotectants Under Multiple Abiotic Stress 309

15.9 Approaches to Improve Osmoprotectants to Confer Abiotic Stress Tolerance 313

15.10 Metabolic Engineering Approach 315

15.11 Future Prospect for Osmoprotectants Under Changing Climatic Conditions 316

References 316

16 Growth Variability of Conifers in Temperate Region of Western Himalayas 325
Ufaid Mehraj, Akhlaq Amin Wani, Aasif Ali Gatoo, Mohammd Ajaz-ul-Islam, Shah Murtaza Mushtaq, Amir Farooq, Immad Ahmad Shah, and Tariq Hussain Masoodi

16.1 Introduction 325

16.2 Material and Methods 326

16.2.1 Study Area 326

16.2.2 Collection of Core Samples 326

16.3 Results 328

16.4 Discussion 332

16.4.1 Species-Wise 332

16.4.2 Site-Wise 332

16.4.3 Diameter Class-Wise 333

16.5 Conclusion 333

References 334

17 Process-Based Carbon Sequestration Study with Reference to the Energy-Water-Carbon Flux in a Forest Ecosystem 336
Hukum Singh

17.1 Introduction 336

17.2 Concept of Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere- Transfer (SVAT) 338

17.3 History of Flux Measurements and Recent Advances-Different Methods 339

17.4 Exchange Flux Measurements over Forest Ecosystems 340

17.4.1 Fast Response System: Eddy Covariance or Eddy Correlation Measurements 341

17.4.2 Slow-Response System 341

17.4.2.1 Bowen Ratio Measurements 341

17.4.2.2 Aerodynamic Flux Profile Method 342

17.5 Ecosystem Flux Measurements Network Worldwide and Indian Scenario 343

17.5.1 The Worldwide Network: The FLUXNET 343

17.5.2 Scenario in India and Prospects 344

17.5.3 The Proposed Concept of IndoFlux 345

17.6 State of the Current Knowledge at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun 345

17.7 Research Gaps and Future Needs 346

17.8 Conclusion 347

References 347

Index 352

Authors

Pavan Kumar Ram Kumar Singh Manoj Kumar Meenu Rani Pardeep Sharma