A complete and authoritative discussion of the fundamentals of designing and engineering energy efficient buildings
In Energy Efficient Buildings: Fundamentals of Building Science and Thermal Systems, distinguished engineer and architect Dr. John Zhai delivers a comprehensive exploration of the design and engineering fundamentals of energy efficient buildings. The book introduces the fundamental knowledge, calculations, analyses, and principles used by designers of energy efficient buildings and addresses all essential elements of the discipline.
An essential guide for students studying civil, architectural, mechanical, and electrical engineering with a focus on energy, building systems, and building science, the book provides practical in-class materials, examples, and actual design practices, as well as end-of-chapter questions (with solutions) and sample group projects.
Readers will find: - A thorough introduction to the cross-disciplinary approach to the design of energy efficient buildings - Comprehensive explorations of all critical elements of energy efficient building design, including standards and codes, psychometrics, microclimate, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, HVAC systems, and more - In-depth discussions of the foundational knowledge, calculations, analysis, and principles needed to design energy efficient buildings - Practical in-class examples and end-of-chapter questions with solutions for students, and design guidance and sample group projects for use in course lectures and actual design practices.
Perfect for graduate and advanced undergraduate students studying building environmental systems, building systems in construction, and mechanical and electrical systems in construction, Energy Efficient Buildings: Fundamentals of Building Science and Thermal Systems will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing civil, architectural, and mechanical engineers.
Table of Contents
1 Sustainable Building 1
1.1 Building Functions 1
1.2 Building Elements 2
1.2.1 Input: Energy 2
1.2.2 Input: Water 3
1.2.3 Input: Materials 5
1.2.4 Output: Waste 6
1.2.5 Output: Pollution 7
1.2.6 Output: Poor Health 7
1.3 Definition of Sustainable Building 7
1.4 Origin and Significance of Sustainable Building 8
1.5 Sustainable Principles 11
1.5.1 Reduce 12
1.5.2 Reuse 13
1.5.3 Recycle 13
1.5.4 Regenerate 13
1.6 Three-Layer Design Approach 14
1.7 Three-Tier Design Approach 16
1.8 Two Case Studies 18
Homework Problems 20
References 21
2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 23
2.1 Life Phases of a Building 23
2.2 Design Process of a Building 24
2.3 Integrated Design Process of a Sustainable Building 27
2.4 Basics of Cost and Economic Analysis 30
2.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis 35
2.5.1 Terminologies 35
2.5.2 Life Cycle Cost 36
2.5.3 Life Cycle Savings 37
2.6 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Based Optimization 40
Homework Problems 43
3 Building Standards and Codes 45
3.1 Impacts of Building Codes 45
3.2 Types of Design Regulations 45
3.2.1 Federal Regulations 45
3.2.2 Building Codes 48
3.2.3 Building Standards 49
3.2.4 Building Guidelines 50
3.2.5 Building Assessment and Rating Systems 51
3.3 Integrative Use of All 56
3.3.1 Integrated Design 56
3.3.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Based Design 57
3.3.3 Building Information Modeling 58
Homework Problems 59
References 59
4 Air Properties and Psychrometric Chart 61
4.1 Air Composition 61
4.2 Moist Air and Its Properties 62
4.2.1 Ideal Gas Law 62
4.2.2 Properties 62
4.2.2.1 Pressure: P (Unit: Pa) 62
4.2.2.2 Temperature: T (Unit: K, C, F, R) 64
4.2.2.3 Humidity Ratio: W (Unit: Kg/Kgdry-air) 64
4.2.2.4 Relative Humidity: ϕ (Unit: %) 65
4.2.2.5 Dewpoint Temperature: Tdew (Unit: K, C, F, R) 66
4.2.2.6 Wet-Bulb Temperature: Twet (Unit: K, C, F, R) 66
4.2.2.7 Enthalpy: h (Unit: kJ/kgdry-air, Btu/lbdry-air) 67
4.3 Construction of a Psychrometric Chart 70
4.3.1 Construction of Air Saturation Line as a Function of Temperature 70
4.3.2 Construction of Relative Humidity Lines 71
4.3.3 Construction of Enthalpy Lines 71
4.3.4 Construction of Wet-Bulb Temperature Lines 72
4.3.5 The Final Format of a Psychrometric Chart 74
Homework Problems 77
5 Climate and Site Analysis 79
5.1 Climate Analysis 79
5.1.1 Meteorological Year Data 79
5.1.2 Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Data on Psychrometric Chart 80
5.2 Heating and Cooling Design Climatic Data 99
5.3 Site Analysis 104
Homework Problems 108
6 Indoor Thermal Comfort 109
6.1 Indoor Environment Quality 109
6.2 Indoor Thermal Comfort 109
6.2.1 Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanisms 109
6.2.2 Energy Conservation Equation 111
6.2.3 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) due to Thermal Comfort 114
6.3 Comfort Zone 118
6.4 Approaches to Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort 125
6.5 Other Thermal Comfort Factors 127
6.5.1 Draft 127
6.5.2 Asymmetry of Radiation 127
6.5.3 Thermal Stratification 128
6.5.4 Thermal Variations with Time 129
6.5.5 Floor Surface Temperature 129
Homework Problems 130
References 131
7 Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Infiltration 133
7.1 Indoor Air Quality 133
7.1.1 Causes of Sickness 133
7.1.2 Control of Indoor Contaminants 136
7.2 Ventilation 137
7.2.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP) 137
7.2.2 Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP) 141
7.3 Air Purification 143
7.4 Infiltration 149
7.5 Blower Door Test 153
Homework Problems 157
References 158
8 Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 159
8.1 Latent Heat Transfer 159
8.2 Sensible Heat Transfer 160
8.2.1 Heat/Thermal Storage 160
8.2.2 Conduction: Conductive Heat Transfer 163
8.2.3 Convection: Convective Heat Transfer 173
8.2.4 Radiation: Radiative Heat Transfer 181
8.3 Practical Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 189
8.4 Ground Heat Transfer 196
8.4.1 Slab-on-Grade 196
8.4.2 Below-Grade Heat Transfer: Basement Wall and Floor 198
Homework Problems 203
9 Sun and Solar Radiation 207
9.1 Sun and Solar 207
9.2 Solar Angles 209
9.3 Sky Dome and Sun-Path Diagrams 212
9.4 Solar Shading 215
9.5 Solar Radiation on External Walls 218
9.6 Solar Radiation on Windows 221
Homework Problems 229
10 Passive Building Systems 233
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Overview of Passive Cooling 234
10.3 Overview of Passive Heating 235
10.4 Prescreening Feasibility of Passive Cooling and Heating Techniques 236
10.5 Natural Ventilation 239
10.5.1 Principle 239
10.5.2 Performance 239
10.5.3 Design Considerations 240
10.6 Night Cooling with Thermal Mass 243
10.6.1 Principle 243
10.6.2 Performance 244
10.6.3 Design Considerations 244
10.7 Direct/Indirect Evaporative Cooling 246
10.7.1 Principle 246
10.7.2 Performance 247
10.7.3 Design Considerations 249
10.8 Trombe Wall 250
10.8.1 Principle 250
10.8.2 Performance 251
10.8.3 Design Considerations 251
10.9 Sunspace 252
10.9.1 Principle 252
10.9.2 Performance 252
10.9.3 Design Considerations 253
10.10 Double Skin Façade 254
10.10.1 Principle 254
10.10.2 Performance 254
10.10.3 Design Considerations 255
10.11 Phase Change Material 258
10.11.1 Principle 258
10.11.2 Performance 258
10.11.3 Design Considerations 260
Homework Problems 262
References 263
11 Building Load Calculation 265
11.1 Residential and Light Commercial Buildings 265
11.1.1 Heating Load Calculation 266
11.1.1.1 Through Envelope Structures and Windows 267
11.1.1.2 Through Infiltration 267
11.1.2 Cooling Load Calculation 267
11.1.2.1 Through Envelope Structures 267
11.1.2.2 Through Envelope Glasses 268
11.1.2.3 Through Infiltration 270
11.1.2.4 Due to Occupants and Appliances 270
11.2 Commercial Buildings 271
Homework Problems 276
12 Heating, Cooling, and Ventilation Systems 279
12.1 Basics of Heating and Cooling Systems 279
12.1.1 Heating Systems 279
12.1.1.1 Fire Pit and Fireplace 279
12.1.1.2 Hot Water Heating Systems 279
12.1.1.3 Hot Air Heating Systems 281
12.1.1.4 Electrical Heating Systems 286
12.1.2 Cooling Systems 286
12.1.2.1 Principles of Compressive Refrigeration 286
12.1.2.2 Various Air-Conditioning Systems 289
12.2 Basics of Heating and Cooling Distribution Systems 289
12.2.1 All Air System 290
12.2.2 All Water System 292
12.2.3 Air Water System 292
12.3 Heating and Cooling on Psychrometric Chart 293
12.3.1 Change of Sensible Heat 293
12.3.2 Humidification and Dehumidification 297
12.3.3 Cooling and Dehumidification 298
12.3.4 Heating and Humidification 299
12.3.5 Adiabatic Mixing of Air 301
12.4 Central HVAC Systems on Psychrometric Chart 302
12.5 Coil Sizing and Selection 305
Homework Problems 311
Reference 314
13 Building Energy Consumption 315
13.1 Manual Calculation 315
13.1.1 The Degree-Day Method 315
13.1.2 The Bin Method 318
13.2 Computer Simulation 318
13.2.1 Introduction 318
13.2.2 Fundamentals of EnergyPlus (E+) 321
13.2.2.1 General Descriptions of EnergyPlus 321
13.2.2.2 Heat Balance Method of EnergyPlus 322
13.2.3 A Case Study of EnergyPlus (E+) 326
13.2.3.1 EnergyPlus Model Input Uncertainty 329
13.2.3.2 EnergyPlus Model Calibration 329
13.2.3.3 EnergyPlus Model Results 330
13.2.3.4 Summary 335
Homework Problems 336
References 337
14 Building Energy Analysis and Optimization 339
14.1 Overview 339
14.2 Simulation Tools 341
14.3 Benchmark Model Development 341
14.3.1 Developing the Benchmark Model 341
14.3.2 Chinese Office Benchmark Description for the Cold Climate Region 341
14.3.3 Chinese Office Benchmark Performance 343
14.4 Parametric Analysis 344
14.5 Energy Efficiency Measures 344
14.5.1 Selecting Energy Efficiency Measures for the Initial Optimization 344
14.5.2 Energy Efficiency Measures for the Initial Optimization 345
14.6 Initial Optimization 345
14.6.1 Optimization Fundamentals 345
14.6.2 Chinese Office Benchmark Initial Optimization 346
14.7 Sensitivity Analysis 347
14.8 Second Optimization and Recommendations 348
14.9 Conclusions 349
Homework Problems 350
References 352
Index 353
