The main goal of this book is to review the principles, development, and performances of hybridized technologies that have been used for the treatment of mine effluents.
Recent developments consist of the integration/hybridization of technologies to achieve the effective removal of pollutants from acid mine drainage (AMD) effluents in a stepwise manner such as to ensure that the cost of the process is minimized, and the resulting water is fit for purpose.
This book presents eight specialized chapters that provide a state-of-the-art review of the different hybridized technologies that have been developed over the years for the treatment of mine effluent, including AMD. The successful implementation and challenges of these technologies are highlighted to give the reader a perspective on the management of such waste in the mining industry.
In this innovative book, readers will be introduced to - The limitations of passive and active treatment processes as stand-alone technologies while appraising the functioning and performances of these technologies when combined to address their challenges; - The numerous approaches that have been considered over the years for effective combination of these technologies are explored taking into account their successful implementation at large scale as well as the long-term sustainability.
Audience
This book will be of interest to academic researchers from the fields of environment, chemistry, engineering, mineral processing, hydrometallurgy, geochemistry, and professionals including mining plant operators, environmental managers in the industries, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies officers and environmentalists.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 Passive Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Phytoremediation: Role of Substrate, Plants, and External Factors in Inorganic Contaminants Removal 1
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Materials and Methods 4
1.2.1 Samples Collection and Characterization 4
1.2.2 Acquisition of the Plants and Reagents 5
1.2.3 Characterization of Samples 5
1.2.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 5
1.2.5 Wetlands Design and Optimization Experiments 6
1.2.5.1 Wetland Design 6
1.2.5.2 Wetland Experimental Procedure and Assays 6
1.2.5.3 The Performance of the System 8
1.2.5.4 Determination of the Translocation and Distribution of Metals 9
1.2.5.5 Geochemical Modeling 10
1.3 Results and Discussion 10
1.3.1 Remediation Studies 10
1.3.1.1 Effect of FWS-CW on pH 10
1.3.1.2 Effect of FWS-CW on Electrical Conductivity 11
1.3.1.3 Effect of FWS-CW on Sulphate Concentration 12
1.3.1.4 Effect of FWS-CW on Metal Concentration 13
1.3.1.5 Role of Substrate in Metals Accumulation 15
1.3.1.6 Removal Efficiency of Metals and Sulphate in the Experimental System 17
1.3.2 Tolerance Index, Bioaccumulation, and Translocation Effects 18
1.3.2.1 Tolerance Index 19
1.3.2.2 Bioconcentration Factor 19
1.3.2.3 Translocation Factor 21
1.3.2.4 Metal Translocation and Distribution 22
1.3.3 Metals Concentration in Substrate and Vetiveria zizanioides Before and After Contact With AMD 23
1.3.4 Partitioning of Metals Between Substrate, Plants, and External Factors 24
1.3.5 Characterization of Solid Samples 26
1.3.5.1 Elemental Composition of the Substrate 26
1.3.5.2 Mineralogical Composition of the Substrate 27
1.3.5.3 Analysis of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots for Functional Group 28
1.3.5.4 Scanning Electron Microscope-Electron Dispersion Spectrometry of Vetiveria zizanioides Roots 29
1.4 Chemical Species for Untreated and AMD-Treated Wetland With FWS-CW 31
1.5 Limitation of the Study 33
1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 33
References 34
2 Recovery of Strategically Important Heavy Metals from Mining Influenced Water: An Experimental Approach Based on Ion-Exchange 41
Janith Abeywickrama, Marlies Grimmer and Nils Hoth
Abbreviations 42
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Ion Exchange in Mine Water Treatment 44
2.2.1 Ion Exchange Terminology 44
2.2.2 Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Process 46
2.2.3 Selectivity of Ion-Exchange Materials 48
2.2.4 Chelating Cation Exchangers 49
2.3 Laboratory-Scale Ion Exchange Column Experiments 51
2.3.1 General Introduction to the Setup 51
2.3.2 Column Loading Process 53
2.3.3 Mass Transfer Zone 56
2.3.4 Regeneration Process (Deloading) 57
2.3.5 Metal Separation by Ion Exchange 58
2.3.6 Mass Balance Calculations 59
2.4 Case Study: Selective Recovery of Copper and Cobalt From a Chilean Mine Water 60
2.4.1 Problem Description and Objectives 60
2.4.2 Recovery of Copper from Mining Influenced Water 63
2.4.3 Cobalt Enrichment Using the Runoff Water from Previous Column Experiments 65
2.4.3.1 Column Experiment with TP 220 Resin Without pH Adjustment 66
2.4.3.2 Comparison of Breakthrough Curves in Cobalt Enrichment Experiments 67
2.4.4 Copper-Cobalt Separation During the Deloading Process 69
2.5 Case Study: Recovery of Zinc from Abandoned Mine Water Galleries in Saxony, Germany 71
2.6 Perspectives and Challenges 73
Acknowledgments 74
References 74
3 Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using Natural Materials: A Systematic Review 79
Matome L. Mothetha, Vhahangwele Masindi, Titus A.M. Msagati and Kebede K. Kefeni
3.1 Introduction 80
3.2 Acid Mine Drainage 80
3.3 Formation of the Acid Mine Drainage 82
3.4 Potential Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 83
3.4.1 The Impacts of AMD on the Environment and Ecology 84
3.5 Acid Mine Drainage Abatement/Prevention 85
3.6 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal From AMD 85
3.6.1 Active Treatment 86
3.6.2 Chemical Precipitation 86
3.6.3 Adsorption 86
3.6.4 Passive Treatment 87
3.6.5 Other Treatment Methods 87
3.6.5.1 Ion Exchange 87
3.6.5.2 Membrane Filtration 88
3.6.5.3 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Using Native Materials 89
3.7 Conclusion 90
References 90
4 Recent Development of Active Technologies for AMD Treatment 95
Zvinowanda, Caliphs
Abbreviations 96
4.1 Introduction 96
4.1.1 Difference Between Active and Nonactive AMD Treatment Methods 97
4.1.2 Conventional Active Techniques for AMD Treatment 97
4.1.2.1 Alkali/Alkaline Neutralization Processes 97
4.1.2.2 In Situ Active AMD Treatment Processes 100
4.1.2.3 Microbiological Active AMD Treatment Systems 101
4.2 Recent Developments of Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.1 Resource Recovery From Active AMD Treatment Technologies 102
4.2.1.1 Continuous Counter-Current-Based Technologies 102
4.2.1.2 Continuous Ion Filtration for Acid Mine Drainage Treatment 103
4.2.2 The Alkali-Barium-Calcium Process 104
4.2.3 Magnesium-Barium Oxide (MBO) Process 106
4.2.4 HybridICE Freeze Desalination Technology 107
4.2.5 Evaporation-Based Technologies 108
4.2.5.1 Multieffect Membrane Distillation (MEND) for AMD Treatment 108
4.2.5.2 Desalination of AMD Using Dewvaporation Process 109
4.2.5.3 Membrane-Based Technologies 109
4.3 Recent Disruptive Developments of AMD Treatment Technologies 110
4.3.1 Tailing Technology 110
4.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes 111
4.3.2.1 Ferrate Oxidation-Neutralization Process 111
4.3.2.2 Treatment of AMD by Ozone Oxidation 113
4.3.2.3 Ion-Exchange Technology for Active AMD Treatment 114
References 115
5 Buffering Capacity of Soils in Mining Areas and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage Formation 119
Rudzani Lusunzi, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Frans Waanders
Abbreviations 120
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Control of Acid Mine Drainage 121
5.2.1 Water Covers 122
5.2.2 Mine Land Reclamation 122
5.2.3 Biocidal AMD Control 124
5.2.4 Alternative Dump Construction 124
5.3 Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage 124
5.3.1 Active Treatment 125
5.3.1.1 Limestone 125
5.3.1.2 Hydrated Lime 126
5.3.1.3 Quicklime 126
5.3.1.4 Soda Ash 126
5.3.1.5 Caustic Soda 127
5.3.1.6 Ammonia 127
5.3.2 Passive Treatment 128
5.3.2.1 Biological Passive Treatment Systems 129
5.3.2.2 Geochemical Passive Treatment Systems 133
5.3.3 Emerging Passive Treatment Systems 135
5.3.3.1 Phytoremediation 135
References 138
6 Novel Approaches to Passive and Semi-Passive Treatment of Zinc‐Bearing Circumneutral Mine Waters in England and Wales 147
Kennedy, J., Okeme, I.C. and Sapsford D.J.
6.1 Introduction 148
6.1.1 Active Treatment Options for Zn 151
6.1.2 Passive Treatment Options for Zn 153
6.2 Hybrid Semi-Passive Treatment: Na2 Co3 Dosing and Other Water Treatment Reagents 155
6.2.1 Abbey Consols Mine Water 156
6.2.2 Laboratory Scale Na2 Co3 Dosing 158
6.2.3 Practical Implementation of Na2 Co3 Dosing 159
6.3 Polishing of Trace Metals With Vertical Flow Reactors 162
6.4 Concluding Remarks 165
References 167
7 Recovery of Drinking Water and Valuable Metals From Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water Through a Combined Biological, Chemical, and Physical Treatment Process 177
Tumelo Monty Mogashane, Johannes Philippus Maree, Kwena Desmond Modibane, Munyaradzi Mujuru and Mamasegare Mabel Mphahlele-Makgwane
7.1 Introduction 178
7.1.1 General Problem with Mine Water 178
7.1.2 Legislation 179
7.1.3 Ideal Solution 180
7.2 Objectives 180
7.3 Literature 181
7.3.1 Mine Water Treatment Processes 181
7.3.1.1 Limestone 181
7.3.1.2 Gypsum Crystallization and Inhibition 182
7.3.1.3 Roc 183
7.3.1.4 Biological Iron (II) Oxidation 183
7.3.1.5 Selective Metal Removal 184
7.3.2 Solubilities 184
7.3.3 Pigment 185
7.4 Materials and Methods 185
7.4.1 Fe 2+ Oxidation 185
7.4.1.1 Feedstock 185
7.4.1.2 Equipment 187
7.4.1.3 Procedure 187
7.4.1.4 Experimental 188
7.4.2 Neutralization (CaCO 3 , Na2 Co3 and MgO) 188
7.4.2.1 Feedstock 188
7.4.2.2 Equipment 188
7.4.2.3 Procedure 189
7.4.2.4 Experimental 189
7.4.3 pH 7.5 Sludge From Na2 Co3 as Alkali for Fe 3+ Removal 189
7.4.3.1 Feedstock 189
7.4.3.2 Equipment 189
7.4.3.3 Procedure 189
7.4.3.4 Experimental 190
7.4.4 Inhibition 190
7.4.4.1 Feedstock 190
7.4.4.2 Equipment 190
7.4.4.3 Procedure 190
7.4.4.4 Experimental 190
7.4.5 MgO/SiO 2 Separation 190
7.4.5.1 Feedstock 190
7.4.5.2 Equipment 191
7.4.5.3 Procedure 191
7.4.5.4 Experimental 191
7.4.6 SiO 2 Removal 192
7.4.7 Pigment Formation 192
7.4.7.1 Feedstock 192
7.4.7.2 Equipment 192
7.4.7.3 Procedure 192
7.4.7.4 Experimental 192
7.4.8 Analytical 192
7.4.9 Characterization of the Sludge 193
7.4.10 Oli 193
7.5 Results and Discussion 194
7.5.1 Chemical Composition 194
7.5.2 Biological Fe 2+ -Oxidation 194
7.5.3 CaCO 3 as Alkali for Removal of Fe 3+ and Remaining Metals 199
7.5.3.1 Limestone Neutralization 199
7.5.3.2 pH 7.5 Sludge from Na2 Co3 as Alkali for Fe +3 Removal 200
7.5.4 MgO and Na2 Co3 as Alkalis for Selective Removal of Fe 3+ and Al 3+ 204
7.5.4.1 Fe 3+ Removal with MgO 204
7.5.4.2 Al 3+ Removal with Na2 Co3 208
7.5.4.3 Metal Behavior as Predicted by OLI Simulations 208
7.5.5 Gypsum Crystallization 216
7.5.5.1 Kinetics Gypsum Seed Crystal Concentration and Reaction Order 219
7.5.5.2 Inhibition of Gypsum Crystallization in the Absence of Fe(OH) 3 at Neutral pH 219
7.5.6 Separation of MgO and SiO 2 230
7.5.7 Si 4+ Removal from Solution 232
7.5.8 Fe(OH) 3 Purity and Pigment Formation 232
7.5.9 Economic Feasibility 236
7.6 Conclusions 238
Acknowledgment 239
References 239
8 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Technologies: Challenges and Future Perspectives 245
Nguegang Beauclair, Vhahangwele, Masindi, Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati and Tekere Memory
8.1 Introduction 246
8.2 Acid Mine Drainage 247
8.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Formation 248
8.2.2 Roles of Different Factors Influencing AMD Formation 250
8.2.2.1 Role of Bacteria in Acid Mine Drainage Generation 250
8.2.2.2 Role of Oxygen in Acid Mine Drainage Generation 251
8.2.2.3 Role of Water in Acid Mine Drainage Generation 252
8.2.2.4 Other Factors Influencing the Generation of AMD 252
8.3 Types of Mine Drainage 252
8.3.1 Neutral/Alkaline Mine Drainage 253
8.4 Physicochemical Properties of AMD 253
8.4.1 Physical Properties 253
8.4.2 Chemical Properties 254
8.5 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage 254
8.6 AMD Abatement 256
8.6.1 Alkaline Amendment Tailing 256
8.6.2 Oxygen Barriers 257
8.6.3 Reclamation of Contaminated Land 257
8.6.4 Bacteria Control 257
8.6.5 Water Cover 257
8.7 Treatment Technologies of AMD 258
8.7.1 Active Treatment of AMD 258
8.7.2 Passive Treatment 260
8.7.2.1 Wetlands 261
8.7.2.2 Emerging Passive Treatment Technologies: Phytoremediation 263
8.7.3 Other Commonly Used Passive Treatment Technologies 264
8.7.3.1 Anaerobic Sulphate-Reducing Bioreactors (Biological Treatment) 264
8.7.3.2 Anoxic Limestone Drains 265
8.7.3.3 Vertical Flow Wetlands 265
8.7.3.4 Limestone Leach Beds 266
8.7.4 Hybrid Approach in AMD Treatment 266
8.7.5 Integrated Approach 267
8.8 Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal in AMD Treatment 269
8.8.1 Adsorption 269
8.8.2 Precipitation 270
8.8.3 Ion Exchange 270
8.8.4 Bioadsorption 271
8.8.5 Filtration 271
8.8.6 Electrodialysis 272
8.8.7 Crystallization 272
8.9 Recovery of Natural Resources From AMD 273
8.10 Future Perspectives and Challenges of AMD Treatment 274
8.11 Conclusion 275
References 275
Index 287
