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Mobile Communications Systems Development. A Practical Introduction to System Understanding, Implementation and Deployment. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 544 Pages
  • May 2021
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5838149

Provides a thorough introduction to the development, operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of mobile communications systems

Mobile Communications Systems Development: A Practical Introduction for System Understanding, Implementation, and Deployment is a comprehensive “how to” manual for mobile communications system design, deployment, and support. Providing a detailed overview of end-to-end system development, the book encompasses operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of currently available mobile communication technologies and systems. Readers are introduced to different network architectures, standardization, protocols, and functions including 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G networks, and the 3GPP standard.

In-depth chapters cover the entire protocol stack from the Physical (PHY) to the Application layer, discuss theoretical and practical considerations, and describe software implementation based on the 3GPP standardized technical specifications. The book includes figures, tables, and sample computer code to help readers thoroughly comprehend the functions and underlying concepts of a mobile communications network. Each chapter includes an introduction to the topic and a chapter summary. A full list of references, and a set of exercises are also provided at the end of the book to test comprehension and strengthen understanding of the material. Written by a respected professional with more than 20 years’ experience in the field, this highly practical guide:

  • Provides detailed introductory information on GSM, GPRS, UMTS, and LTE mobile communications systems and networks
  • Describes the various aspects and areas of the LTE system air interface and its protocol layers
  • Covers troubleshooting and resolution of mobile communications systems and networks issues
  • Discusses the software and hardware platforms used for the development of mobile communications systems network elements
  • Includes 5G use cases, enablers, and architectures that cover the 5G NR (New Radio) and 5G Core Network

Mobile Communications Systems Development is perfect for graduate and postdoctoral students studying mobile communications and telecom design, electronic engineering undergraduate students in their final year, research and development engineers, and network operation and maintenance personnel.

Table of Contents

About the Author xiv

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xviii

List of Abbreviations xix

1 Introduction 1

Part I Network Architectures, Standardization, Protocols, and Functions 3

2 Network Architectures, Standardizations Process 5

2.1 Network Elements and Basic Networks Architectures 5

2.1.1 GSM (2G) Network Architecture 6

2.1.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS-2.5G) Network Architecture 7

2.1.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (3G) Network Architecture 7

2.1.4 LTE (4G) Network Architecture 8

2.1.5 GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G Network Elements: A Comparison 9

2.1.6 Circuit Switched (CS) vs Packet Switched (PS) 9

2.2 Mobile Communication Network Domains 10

2.2.1 AN Domain 10

2.2.2 Core Network (CN) Domain 11

2.2.3 Network Domains and Its Elements 11

2.2.4 Example: End-to-End Mobile Network Information Flow 12

2.2.5 Example: GSM MO Call 13

2.3 Mobile Communications Systems Evolutions 14

2.3.1 Evolutions of Air Interface 14

2.3.2 Evolutions of 3GPP Networks Architectures 16

2.4 Mobile Communications Network System Engineering 19

2.4.1 Mobility Management 19

2.4.2 Air Interface Management 20

2.4.3 Subscribers and Services Management 20

2.4.4 Security Management 20

2.4.5 Network Maintenance 20

2.5 Standardizations of Mobile Communications Networks 21

2.5.1 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 21

2.5.2 3GPP Working Groups 21

2.5.3 3GPP Technical Specification and Technical Report 22

2.5.4 Stages of a 3GPP Technical Specification 22

2.5.5 Release Number of 3GPP Technical Specification 22

2.5.6 3GPP Technical Specification Numbering Nomenclature 23

2.5.7 Vocabulary of 3GPP Specifications 24

2.5.8 Examples in a 3GPP Technical Specification 24

2.5.9 Standardization of Technical Specifications by 3GPP 24

2.5.10 Scope of 3GPP Technical Specification (TS) 24

2.5.11 3GPP TS for General Description of a Protocol Layer 25

2.5.12 3GPP TS Drafting Rules: Deriving Requirements 25

2.5.13 Download 3GPP Technical Specifications 25

2.5.14 3GPP Change Requests 26

2.5.15 Learnings from 3GPP Meetings TDocs 26

2.6 3GPP Releases and Its Features 26

Chapter Summary 27

3 Protocols, Interfaces, and Architectures 29

3.1 Protocol Interface and Its Stack 29

3.1.1 Physical Interface 30

3.1.2 Logical Interface 30

3.1.3 Logical Interfaces’ Names and Their Protocol Stack 33

3.1.4 Examples of Logical Interface and Its Protocol Layers 35

3.2 Classifications of Protocol Layers 36

3.2.1 Control Plane or Signaling Protocols 36

3.2.2 User Plane Protocols 38

3.3 Grouping of UMTS, LTE, and 5G Air Interface Protocol Layers 39

3.3.1 Access Stratum (AS): UMTS UE - UTRAN; LTE UE - E-UTRAN;5G UE - NG-RAN 39

3.3.2 Non-Access Stratum: UMTS UE - CN, LTE UE - EPC; 5G UE-Core 41

3.4 Initialization of a Logical Interface 42

3.5 Protocol Layer Termination 43

3.6 Protocol Sublayers 43

3.7 Protocol Conversion 44

3.8 Working Model of a 3GPP Protocol Layer: Services and Functions 45

3.9 General Protocol Model Between RAN and CN (UMTS, LTE, 5G) 46

3.10 Multiple Transport Networks, Protocols, and Physical Layer Interfaces 47

3.11 How to Identify and Understand Protocol Architectures 49

3.11.1 Identifying a Logical Interface, Protocol Stack, and Its Layers 49

3.11.2 Identification of Technical Requirements Using Interface Name 51

3.12 Protocol Layer Procedures over CN Interfaces 51

3.12.1 Similar Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces 52

3.12.2 Specific Functions and Procedures over the CN Interfaces 53

Chapter Summary 54

4 Encoding and Decoding of Messages 55

4.1 Description and Encoding/Decoding of Air Interface Messages 55

4.1.1 Encoding/Decoding: Air Interface Layer 3 Messages 56

4.1.2 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: RLC Protocol 60

4.1.3 Encoding/Decoding: LTE and 5G NR Layer 2: MAC Protocol 60

4.1.4 CSN.1 Encoding/Decoding: GPRS Layer 2 Protocol (RLC/MAC) 60

4.1.5 ASN.1 Encoding/Decoding: UMTS, LTE, and 5G NR Layer 3 Protocol 61

4.1.6 Direct/Indirect Encoding Method 62

4.1.7 Segmented Messages over the Air Interface 63

4.1.8 Piggybacking a Signaling Message 63

4.2 Encoding/Decoding of Signaling Messages: RAN and CN 64

Chapter Summary 65

5 Network Elements: Identities and Its Addressing 67

5.1 Network Elements and Their Identities 67

5.2 Permanent Identities 68

5.3 Temporary Identities Assigned by CN 69

5.3.1 GSM System Temporary Identities 69

5.3.2 GPRS System Temporary Identities 69

5.3.3 LTE/EPS System Temporary Identities 70

5.4 Temporary Identities Assigned by RAN: RNTI 72

5.5 Usages of Network Identities 73

5.6 Native and Mapped Network Identities 73

5.7 LTE UE Application Protocol Identity 75

Chapter Summary 76

6 Interworking and Interoperations of Mobile Communications Networks 77

6.1 Requirements and Types of Interworking 77

6.2 Interworking Through Enhanced Network Elements 78

6.2.1 Interworking for Voice Call Through IMS: VoLTE 79

6.2.1.1 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 80

6.2.1.2 UE Registration and Authentication 81

6.2.2 Interworking for VoLTE Call Through LTE/EPS: SRVCC 83

6.2.3 Interworking for Voice Call Through LTE/EPS: CSFB 85

6.3 Interworking Through Legacy Network Elements 88

6.4 Interworking Between LTE/EPS and 5G Systems 89

6.5 Interoperations of Networks: LTE/EPS Roaming 90

6.5.1 Roaming Through Interoperations of Enhanced Networks Elements 90

6.5.2 Roaming Through Interoperations of Legacy Networks Elements 92

6.6 UE Mode of Operation 92

6.7 Function of E-UTRAN in a VoLTE Call 95

Chapter Summary 95

7 Load Balancing and Network Sharing 97

7.1 Core Network Elements Load Balancing 97

7.1.1 Identification of NAS Node: NRI and Its Source 99

7.1.2 NAS Node Selection Function 99

7.2 Network Sharing 102

7.2.1 GSM/GPRS/LTE RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature 103

7.2.2 5G NG‐RAN Sharing Through MOCN Feature (Release 16) 109

Chapter Summary 110

8 Packets Encapsulations and Their Routing 111

8.1 User Data Packets Encapsulations 111

8.1.1 Packets Encapsulations at the CN and RAN 112

8.1.1.1 GPRS Tunneling Protocol ( GTP) 112

8.1.1.2 GTP Functions 112

8.1.1.3 GTP User Plane PDU: G-PDU 113

8.1.1.4 GTP Control Plane PDU 114

8.1.1.5 Example: GTP and Packet Encapsulations at LTE EPC 115

8.1.2 Packet Encapsulations over Air Interface 115

8.2 IP Packet Routing in Mobile Communications Networks 116

8.3 IP Header Compression and Decompression 117

Chapter Summary 119

9 Security Features in Mobile Communications Networks 121

9.1 A Brief on the Security Architecture: Features and Mechanisms 121

9.2 Security Features and Its Mechanisms 123

9.3 GSM Security Procedures 126

9.4 UMTS, LTE, and 5G: AS and NAS Layer Security Procedures 127

9.5 Security Contexts 130

9.6 Security Interworking 130

Chapter Summary 132

Part II Operations and Maintenances 133

10 Alarms and Faults Managements 135

10.1 Network Elements Alarm and Its Classifications 135

10.2 Sources of Abnormal Events and Alarms 136

10.3 Identifying Sources of Alarms from 3GPP TSs 136

10.3.1 Abnormal Conditions 136

10.3.2 Protocol Layer Error Handling 137

10.3.3 Abnormal Conditions Due to Local Errors 138

10.4 Design and Implementation of an Alarm Management System 138

10.4.1 Design and Components of an Alarm 139

10.4.2 Alarm Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 139

10.4.3 Alarm Database 139

10.5 Alarm Due to Protocol Error 140

10.5.1 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Description 142

10.6 Alarm Due to Abnormal Conditions 142

10.6.1 Normal Scenario 143

10.6.2 Abnormal Scenario 143

10.6.3 Sample Alarm Description 144

10.6.4 Sample Alarm Generation 145

10.6.5 Sample Protocol Error Alarm Generation 145

10.7 How to Troubleshoot Protocol Error Using the Alarm Data 146

Chapter Summary 146

11 Performance Measurements and Optimizations of Mobile Communications Networks 147

11.1 Counters for Performance Measurements and Optimizations 147

11.2 Performance and Optimizations Management System 149

11.3 Key Performance Indicator (KPI) 150

11.3.1 What Is a KPI? 150

11.3.2 KPI Domains 150

11.3.3 KPI for Signaling or Control Plane 152

11.3.4 KPI for User or Data Plane 153

11.3.5 KPI Categories 154

11.3.6 KPI Evaluation Steps 155

11.3.7 Troubleshooting and Improving KPI 156

11.3.8 Components of a KPI Definition 157

Chapter Summary 157

12 Troubleshooting of Mobile Communications Networks Issues 159

12.1 Air Interface-Related Issues 159

12.1.1 Drive Test, Data Collection, and Its Analysis 160

12.2 Debugging Issues with IP-Based Logical Interface 160

12.2.1 IP Protocol Analyzer 161

12.2.2 Network/Application Throughput Issue 161

12.2.3 Switch Port Mirroring 161

12.3 Conformance Testing Issues 162

12.3.1 Example: Mobile Device (MS)/User Equipment (UE) Conformance Test 163

12.3.2 Example: Location Area Update Request 163

12.4 Interoperability Testing (IOT) Issues 164

12.5 Interworking Issues 165

12.6 Importance of Log/Traces and Its Collections 166

12.7 Steps for Troubleshooting 167

Chapter Summary 170

Part III Mobile Communications Systems Development 171

13 Core Software Development Fundamentals 173

13.1 A Brief on Software Development Fundamentals 173

13.1.1 Requirements Phase 174

13.1.2 Design 174

13.1.3 Implementation 175

13.1.4 Integration and Testing 175

13.1.5 Operation and Maintenance 175

13.2 Hardware Platforms: Embedded System, Linux Versus PC 176

13.2.1 System Development Using Embedded System Board 176

13.2.2 System Development Using Multicore Hardware Platform 177

13.2.2.1 What Is a Core? 178

13.2.2.2 Network Element Development Using Multicore Platform 178

13.2.2.3 Runtime Choices of Multicore Processor 178

13.2.2.4 Software Programming Model for Multicore Processor 179

13.3 Selecting Software Platforms and Features 179

13.3.1 Selecting Available Data/Logical Structures 180

13.3.1.1 Advanced Data Structures 180

13.3.1.2 How Data Structure Affects the Application’s Performance 180

13.3.2 Selecting an Operating System Services/Facilities 181

13.3.2.1 Advance Features of Operating System: IPC 181

13.4 Software Simulators for a Mobile Communications Network 184

13.5 Software Root Causes and Their Debugging 185

13.5.1 Incorrect Usages of Software Library System Calls/APIs 185

13.5.2 Incorrect Usages of System Resources 185

13.5.3 Bad Software Programming Practices 185

13.6 Static Code Analysis of Software 186

13.7 Software Architecture and Software Organization 186

13.8 System and Software Requirements Analysis 188

13.9 Software Quality: Reliability, Scalability, and Availability 188

13.9.1 Reliability 188

13.9.2 Scalability 188

13.9.3 Availability 188

Chapter Summary 189

14 Protocols, Protocol Stack Developments, and Testing 191

14.1 Components of a 3GPP Protocol TS 191

14.2 3GPP Protocol Layer Structured Procedure Description 193

14.3 Protocol Layer Communications 194

14.3.1 Layer-to-Layer Communication Using Service Primitives 195

14.3.2 Layer-to-Layer Communication: SAP 196

14.3.3 Peer-to-Peer Layer Communication: PDU and Service Data Unit (SDU) 197

14.3.4 Types of PDU 198

14.3.5 Formats of PDU 198

14.4 Air Interface Message Format: Signaling Layer 3 198

14.4.1 A Brief on the Air Interface Layer 3 Protocol Stack 198

14.4.2 Classification of Layer 3 Messages 199

14.4.3 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Signaling Message Format 200

14.4.4 Layer 3 Protocol Header: Protocol Discriminator 202

14.4.5 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Skip Indicator 202

14.4.6 Layer 3 Protocol Header: GSM, GPRS Transaction Identifier 204

14.4.7 Layer 3 Protocol Header: LTE/EPS Bearer Identity 204

14.4.8 Layer 3 Protocol Header: 5GSM PDU Session Identity 204

14.4.9 Constructing a Layer 3 Message 204

14.4.10 Security Protected LTE/EPS and 5G NAS Layer MM Messages 205

14.4.11 Layer 3 Protocol Layer’s Message Dump 207

14.5 Air Interface Message Format: Layer 2 207

14.6 RAN - CN Signaling Messages 208

14.6.1 Protocol Layer Elementary Procedure 208

14.6.2 Types and Classes of EPs 210

14.6.3 EPs Code 210

14.6.4 Criticality of IE 211

14.6.5 Types of Protocol Errors and Its Handling 211

14.6.6 Choices of Triggering Message 212

14.6.7 Message Type 212

14.6.8 Message Description 212

14.6.9 Example: LTE/EPS S1 Interface: S1 Setup Procedure 213

14.7 Modes Operation of a Protocol Layer 213

14.8 Example of a Protocol Primitive and PDU Definition 215

14.9 Example of a Protocol Layer Frame Header Definition 216

14.10 Examples of System Parameters 216

14.11 Examples of Protocol Information Elements and Its Identifier 217

14.12 3GPP Release Specific Changes Implementation 218

14.13 Examples of Protocol Messages Types 219

14.14 Protocol Layer Timer Handling 219

14.15 Protocol Layer Development Using State Machine 222

14.16 Protocol Layer Development Using Message Passing 224

14.17 Protocol Layer Data and its Types 225

14.18 Protocol Layer Control and Configuration 226

14.19 Protocol Context Information 227

14.20 Protocol Layer Message Padding 228

14.21 Device Driver Development 229

14.22 Guidelines for Protocol Stack/Layer Development 230

14.23 Software Profiling, Tools and Performance Improvement 231

14.24 Protocol Stack Testing and Validation 231

Chapter Summary 233

15 Deriving Requirements Specifications from a TS 235

15.1 3GPP Protocol Layer Procedures 235

15.1.1 LTE UE Mode of Operation Requirements 236

15.1.2 LTE UE ATTACH Procedure Requirements 236

15.1.3 LTE UE DETACH Procedure Requirements 237

15.1.4 LTE UE Tracking Area Update Procedure Requirements 237

15.2 3GPP System Feature Development Requirements 238

15.2.1 Identification of System/Network Elements Interfaces Changes 238

15.2.2 Identifications of Impacts on Performance 238

15.2.3 Identifications of Impacts on Feature Management 239

15.2.4 Identification of Interworking Requirements with Existing Features 239

15.2.5 Charging and Accounting Aspects 239

15.3 Example Feature: Radio Access Network Sharing 239

15.3.1 Effects on Network Elements 239

15.3.2 Effects on Logical Interfaces 240

15.3.3 Selection of Core Network Operator: PLMN Id 241

15.4 Example: Interworking/Interoperations 242

15.4.1 Circuit-Switched Fall Back (CSFB) 242

15.4.2 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) 243

15.5 3GPP System Feature and High-Level Design 244

Chapter Summary 245

Part IV 5G System and Network 247

16 5G Network: Use Cases and Architecture 249

16.1 5G System (5GS) Use Cases 249

16.1.1 Enablers and Key Principles of 5GS Use Cases 250

16.1.2 Other Enablers in 5G System 253

16.2 Support of Legacy Services by 5G System 253

16.3 5G System Network Architecture 254

16.3.1 3GPP Access Architecture 254

16.3.2 Non-3GPP Access Architecture 256

16.4 5G System NG-RAN/gNB Logical Architecture 256

16.5 5GC System Architecture Elements 259

16.6 5G System Deployment Solutions 260

16.6.1 E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC) for NSA Deployment 261

16.7 5G System and LTE/EPS Interworking 265

16.7.1 RAN-Level Interworking 265

16.7.2 Core Network (CN) Level Interworking: N26 Interface 265

16.7.2.1 Single Registration Mode with N26 Interface 266

16.7.2.2 Dual Registration Mode: Without N26 Interface 266

16.8 5G System Native and Mapped Network Identities 268

16.8.1 Mobility Area Identifiers 268

16.8.2 UE/Subscriber Permanent Identifiers 269

16.8.3 Core Network Identifiers 269

16.8.4 RAN Identifiers 269

16.8.5 Core Network Temporary Identities 270

16.9 5G System Network Slicing 270

16.9.1 Identities for a Network Slice 271

16.9.2 Impacts of Network Slicing Feature 273

16.10 Management and Orchestration (MANO) of 5G Network 278

16.11 5G System Security 280

16.11.1 UE Authentication Frameworks and Methods 280

16.11.2 Primary Authentication and Secondary Authentication 282

16.11.3 Key Hierarchy and Authentication Vector 282

16.11.4 New Security Requirements in 5G System 283

16.11.5 Subscriber Identities/Privacy Protection 286

Chapter Summary 287

17 Introduction to GSM, UMTS, and LTE Systems Air Interface 289

17.1 Air Interfaces Protocol Architectures 289

17.2 Protocol Sublayers 290

17.3 Control Plane and User Plane Protocols 291

17.4 Protocols Domains Classifications 291

17.5 Access Stratum and Non-access Stratum 291

17.6 Message Formats 292

17.7 Security Over the Air Interface 293

17.8 Piggybacking for Reduction of Signaling Overhead 293

17.8.1 Examples Piggybacking of Signaling Messages 293

Chapter Summary 294

18 5G NR Air Interface: Control Plane Protocols 295

18.1 NR Control Plane Protocol Layers 295

18.2 Session Management (5G SM) Layer 296

18.2.1 Procedures of 5G SM Layer 297

18.2.2 PDU Session Types 298

18.2.3 PDU Session Service Continuity (SSC) 299

18.2.4 PDU Sessions for Network Slices 300

18.2.5 Session Management (SM) Layer States 301

18.3 Quality of Service (5G QoS) 301

18.3.1 LTE/EPS QoS Model: EPS Bearer 301

18.3.2 5GS QoS Model: QoS Flow 301

18.3.3 GTP-U Plane Tunnel for PDU Session 302

18.3.4 Service Data Flow and PCC Rule 302

18.3.5 Binding of Service Data Flow 303

18.3.6 QoS Profile and QFI 303

18.3.7 QoS Rule and QRI 305

18.3.8 Mapping QoS Flow to Data Radio Bearer 305

18.3.9 Downlink Data Flow Through GTP-U Plane Tunnels 307

18.4 Mobility Management (5G MM) Layer 308

18.4.1 Mobility Area Concepts and Identifiers 308

18.4.2 Requirements of Mobility Management Functions 313

18.4.3 Functions and Procedures of 5G MM Layer 314

18.4.4 Mobility Management Layer States 315

18.4.5 Connection Management (CM) and Service Request 316

18.4.6 Mobility Pattern of UE 317

18.5 RRC Layer 317

18.5.1 Functions and Procedures of RRC Layer 317

18.5.2 System Information (SI) Broadcast 318

18.5.3 RRC Layer States 319

18.5.4 RRC INACTIVE State 320

18.5.5 Mobility of UE 326

18.5.5.1 UE Mobility in RRC IDLE State 326

18.5.5.2 UE Mobility in RRC INACTIVE State 326

18.5.5.3 UE Mobility in RRC CONNECTED State 327

18.5.6 Admission Control 332

Chapter Summary 334

19 5G NR Air Interface 335

19.1 NR User Plane Protocol Layers 335

19.2 SDAP Layer 336

19.3 PDCP Layer 336

19.4 RLC Layer 340

19.5 MAC Layer 342

19.5.1 Functions and Procedures 342

19.5.2 Scheduling Procedure 344

19.5.3 Random Access Procedure 346

19.5.4 Error Correction Through HARQ Procedure 351

19.5.5 Buffer Status Reporting (BSR) Procedure 352

19.5.6 Scheduling Request (SR) Procedure 353

19.5.7 Low Latency in the NR Due to Configured Scheduling 353

19.5.8 MAC Layer PDU and Header Structures 354

19.5.9 How MAC Layer Ensures Low‐Latency Requirements 356

19.5.10 Channel Structures in NR 357

19.6 Physical Layer 359

19.6.1 Principles of Transmissions and Its Directions 360

19.6.2 Physical Layer Functions, Procedures, and Services 360

19.6.3 OFDM Symbol 363

19.6.4 NR Frame and Slot Format 364

19.6.4.1 Subcarrier Spacing (SCS)/Numerologies (μ) 364

19.6.4.2 Slots per NR Frame and Subframe 364

19.6.4.3 Slot Formats in TDD Mode 366

19.6.4.4 Dynamic TDD 367

19.6.5 Resource Grid and Resource Block 368

19.6.5.1 Control Resource Set (CORESET) 369

19.6.5.2 Common Resource Blocks (CRB) 370

19.6.5.3 Physical Resource Block (PRB) 370

19.6.5.4 Virtual Resource Block (VRB) 370

19.6.5.5 Interleaved and Non‐interleaved PRB Allocation 370

19.6.5.6 PRB Bundling and VRB to PRB Mapping 371

19.6.5.7 Reference Point “A” 371

19.6.6 Channel and Transmission Bandwidths 371

19.6.7 Bandwidth Part (BWP) 373

19.6.7.1 Types of BWP 374

19.6.7.2 BWP Configuration 375

19.6.7.3 BWP Switching and Associated Delay 376

19.6.8 NR Resource Allocations 377

19.6.8.1 Frequency Domain Resource Allocation for FDD Transmission 377

19.6.8.2 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for FDD Transmission 380

19.6.8.3 Time‐Domain Resources Allocation for TDD 383

19.6.9 Transport Channels and Their Processing Chain 384

19.6.9.1 CRC Calculation and its Attachment to a Transport Block 385

19.6.9.2 Code Block Segmentation 385

19.6.9.3 Channel Encoding with LDPC 386

19.6.9.4 Rate Matching and Concatenation 387

19.6.9.5 Multiplexing of UL‐SCH Data and Uplink Control Information 388

19.6.9.6 LDPC Encoding Examples 388

19.6.10 Physical Channels and Their Processing Chain 390

19.6.10.1 Physical Channels 390

19.6.10.2 Channel Mappings 391

19.6.10.3 Multiple Physical Antenna Transmissions 392

19.6.10.4 Physical Channel Processing Chain 395

19.6.10.5 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 397

19.6.10.6 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and Information (UCI) 404

19.6.11 Code Block Group‐Based Transmission and Reception 405

19.6.12 Physical Signals 409

19.6.12.1 Reference Signals Transmitted as Part of Physical Channels 410

19.6.12.2 Sounding Reference Signals 412

19.6.13 Downlink Synchronization 414

19.6.14 Millimeter Wave Transmission, Beamforming, and Its Management 419

19.6.15 Cell‐Level Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) 424

19.6.16 RRM Measurements for UE Mobility 426

19.6.16.1 RRM Measurement Signals and Their Quantities 426

19.6.16.2 RRM Measurements Framework 427

19.6.16.3 Overall RRM Process 429

19.6.17 Channel State Information (CSI) 430

19.6.18 Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs) 433

19.6.19 Link Adaptation Procedure 434

19.6.20 Random Access (RACH) Procedure 435

19.6.21 NR Radio Resources Management (RRM) Procedure 439

19.6.22 UE Transmit Power Control 444

19.6.22.1 Types of Power Control Procedure in NR 444

19.6.22.2 UE Transmit Power Determination Procedure in NR 445

19.6.23 Effect of Physical Layer on Data Throughputs 445

Chapter Summary 446

20 5G Core Network Architecture 447

20.1 Control Plane and User Plane Separation - CUPS 447

20.1.1 Impacts of CUPS Feature 448

20.1.2 CUPS in the LTE/EPC Network 449

20.1.3 CUPS Feature in 5G Core Network 450

20.2 Service-Based Architecture (SBA) 452

20.2.1 Network Functions and Its Instances 453

20.2.2 Network Functions (NFs) and Their Services Interfaces 454

20.2.3 5G System Architecture with NF 456

20.2.4 Network Functions and Their Services and Operations 457

20.2.5 Network Functions Services Framework 458

20.2.6 Services API for Network Functions 462

20.2.7 Network Function Selection 468

20.3 Network Function Virtualization (NFV) 469

Chapter Summary 472

21 5G System: Low-level Design 473

21.1 Design of 5GC Service Interface and Its Operations 473

21.2 Design of 5GC NF Service Interface Using UML and C++ Class Diagram 474

21.3 Usages of C++ Standard Template Library (STL) 475

21.4 Software Architecture for 5G System 476

21.4.1 NG-RAN Logical Nodes Software Architecture 476

21.4.2 5GC Software Architecture 479

21.5 Data Types Used in 5GC SBI Communications 479

Chapter Summary 491

22 3GPP Release 16 and Beyond 493

22.1 5GS Enhancements as Part of Release 16 493

22.2 5GS New Features as Part of Release 16 494

22.3 3GPP Release 17 496

Chapter Summary 496

Appendix 497

References 503

Index 507

Authors

Rajib Taid