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Cloud Computing Solutions. Architecture, Data Storage, Implementation, and Security. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 400 Pages
  • August 2022
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5838218
CLOUD COMPUTING SOLUTIONS

The main purpose of this book is to include all the cloud-related technologies in a single platform, so that researchers, academicians, postgraduate students, and those in the industry can easily understand the cloud-based ecosystems.

This book discusses the evolution of cloud computing through grid computing and cluster computing. It will help researchers and practitioners to understand grid and distributed computing cloud infrastructure, virtual machines, virtualization, live migration, scheduling techniques, auditing concept, security and privacy, business models, and case studies through the state-of-the-art cloud computing countermeasures.

This book covers the spectrum of cloud computing-related technologies and the wide-ranging contents will differentiate this book from others. The topics treated in the book include: - The evolution of cloud computing from grid computing, cluster computing, and distributed systems; - Covers cloud computing and virtualization environments; - Discusses live migration, database, auditing, and applications as part of the materials related to cloud computing; - Provides concepts of cloud storage, cloud strategy planning, and management, cloud security, and privacy issues; - Explains complex concepts clearly and covers information for advanced users and beginners.

Audience

The primary audience for the book includes IT, computer science specialists, researchers, graduate students, designers, experts, and engineers who are occupied with research.

Table of Contents

List of Figures xvii

List of Tables xix

Foreword xxi

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

Acronyms xxvii

Part I: Cloud Computing Architecture 1

1 Basics of Cloud Computing 3
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

1.1 Evolution of Cloud Computing 4

1.2 Cluster Computing 7

1.2.1 The Architecture of Cluster Computing Environment 7

1.2.2 Components of Computer Cluster 8

1.3 Grid Computing 9

1.3.1 Grid-Related Technologies 10

1.3.2 Levels of Deployment 11

1.3.3 Architecture of Grid Computing Environment 13

1.4 Mobile Computing 16

1.4.1 Characteristics of Mobile Computing 17

1.4.2 Characteristics of Mobile Networks 17

1.5 Summary 18

Exercises 18

References 19

2 Introduction to Cloud Computing 21
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

2.1 Definition of Cloud Computing 22

2.2 Characteristics of Cloud 22

2.2.1 Elasticity and Scalability 23

2.2.2 Metered and Billing of Service 23

2.2.3 Self-Service Allocation of Resources 23

2.2.4 Application Programming Interface (APIs) 24

2.2.5 Efficiency Measurement Service 24

2.2.6 Device and Location Interdependency 24

2.2.7 Customization 24

2.2.8 Security 25

2.3 Cloud Computing Environment 25

2.3.1 Access to Supporting Business Agility 25

2.3.2 Minimizing Investment Expenditures 25

2.3.3 Public Cloud Computing Environment 25

2.3.4 Private Cloud Computing Environment 26

2.3.5 Hybrid Cloud Computing Environment 27

2.3.6 Community Cloud Computing Environment 27

2.4 Cloud Services 28

2.4.1 Resources as a Service (RaaS) 28

2.4.2 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 28

2.4.3 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 29

2.4.4 Software as a Service (SaaS) 30

2.4.5 Network as a Service (NaaS) 31

2.4.6 Desktop as a Service (DaaS/VDI) 32

2.4.7 Recovery as a Service (DRaaS) 32

2.5 Security Paradigms and Issues of Cloud Computing 32

2.6 Major Cloud Service Providers 33

2.6.1 IaaS CSPs 33

2.6.2 PaaS CSPs 35

2.6.3 SaaS CSPs 35

2.7 Summary 35

Exercises 36

References 37

3 Architectural Framework for Cloud Computing 39
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

3.1 Challenges of Cloud Computing Environment 40

3.2 Architectural Framework for Cloud Computing 41

3.2.1 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) 41

3.2.2 SOA Characterization 42

3.2.3 Life Cycle of Services in SOA 43

3.2.4 Integrating SOA and the Cloud 45

3.2.5 Cloud Architecture 46

3.3 Architectural Workflow and Co-ordination of Multiple Activities 49

3.3.1 Characteristics of Workflow 50

3.3.2 Need for Workflow 50

3.4 Examples of Workflow Tools 52

3.5 Summary 53

Exercises 53

References 54

4 Virtualization Environment in Cloud Computing 57
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

4.1 Introduction 58

4.1.1 Need of Virtualization in Cloud Computing Environment 58

4.1.2 Virtualization versus Traditional Approach 58

4.2 Virtualization and Virtual Machine 59

4.2.1 Advantages of Virtualization Technique in Cloud Computing Environment 60

4.2.2 Category of Virtual Machine 61

4.3 Virtualization Model for Cloud Computing 64

4.3.1 Distributed Resources of Physical Hosts 65

4.3.2 Hypervisor Monitoring Environment (HME) 65

4.3.3 Platform Service 66

4.3.4 Software Service 66

4.3.5 Broker Service 67

4.3.6 Business Service 67

4.4 Categorization of Guest OS Virtualization Techniques 68

4.4.1 Full Virtualization 68

4.4.2 Paravirtualization 69

4.4.3 Hardware-Assisted Virtualization 70

4.5 Mapping Technique of Virtual Machine to Physical Machine in a Private Cloud 71

4.6 Drawbacks of Virtualization 72

4.7 Summary 73

Exercises 74

References 75

5 Classification of Virtualization Environment 77
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

5.1 Introduction 78

5.2 Classification 78

5.2.1 Scheduling-Based Environment 79

5.2.2 Load Distribution-Based Environment 80

5.2.3 Energy-Aware-Based Environment 81

5.2.4 Operational-Based Environment 82

5.2.5 Distribution Pattern-Based Environment 85

5.2.6 Transaction-Based Environment 86

5.3 Summary 87

Exercises 87

References 88

Part II: Cloud Computing Data Storage 91

6 An Approach to Live Migration of Virtual Machines in Cloud Computing Environment 93
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

6.1 Introduction 94

6.2 Need of Live Migration of Virtual Machine 94

6.3 Advantages of Live Migration 94

6.4 A Design Approach to Live Migration 95

6.4.1 Live Migration Process 97

6.5 Security Issues 99

6.5.1 Possible Attacks 99

6.5.2 Solutions 100

6.6 Summary 100

Exercises 100

References 101

7 Reliability Issues in Cloud Computing Environment 103
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

7.1 Introduction 104

7.1.1 Research Problem Statement 105

7.1.2 Research Aim 105

7.1.3 Research Question 105

7.2 Literature Review 106

7.2.1 Cloud Service Models 107

7.2.2 Elements of Reliable Cloud Computing 108

7.2.3 Cloud Computing Gaps and Concerns 109

7.2.4 Trends in Cloud Computing 110

7.3 Reliability Issues in Cloud Computing Research 111

7.3.1 Research Methodology 111

7.3.2 Research Strategy 111

7.3.3 Data Collection 112

7.3.4 Sampling 112

7.3.5 Data Analysis and Findings 112

7.4 Findings 114

7.4.1 Lack of Effort to Address Reliability and Availability Issues 114

7.4.2 Performance Issues 115

7.4.3 Privacy Issues 115

7.5 Summary 115

Exercises 116

References 116

8 Cloud Database 123
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

8.1 Introduction 124

8.2 Non-Relational Data Models 124

8.2.1 Transactions in Cloud Databases 125

8.2.2 Advantages of Cloud Database 125

8.3 Heterogeneous Databases in DaaS 126

8.3.1 Relational and Non-Relational Database 126

8.3.2 Centralized and Distributed Database 126

8.3.3 Structured and Unstructured Database 127

8.3.4 Infrastructure-Based and Infrastructureless Databases 127

8.3.5 SQL-Based and NoSQL-Based Databases 128

8.4 Study of a Document-Oriented Cloud Database - MongoDB 129

8.4.1 Data Model 129

8.4.2 Replication 129

8.4.3 Sharding 130

8.4.4 Architecture 131

8.4.5 Consistency 132

8.4.6 Failure Handling 132

8.5 CAP Theorem for Cloud Database Transaction 132

8.6 Issues in Live Migration of Databases in Cloud 133

8.7 Cloud Database Classification Based on Transaction Processing 134

8.7.1 ACID-Based Cloud Database 134

8.7.2 NoACID-Based Cloud Database 135

8.8 Commercially Available Cloud Database Platform 136

8.8.1 Amazon Web Services 137

8.8.2 Microsoft Windows Azure 138

8.8.3 Google App Engine 138

8.9 Summary 138

Exercises 138

References 140

9 Cloud-Based Data Storage 143
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

9.1 Relevant Hadoop Tools 144

9.2 Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) 145

9.2.1 HDFS Architecture 145

9.2.2 Data Read Process in HDFS 146

9.2.3 Data Write Process in HDFS 147

9.2.4 Authority Management of HDFS 148

9.2.5 Limitations of HDFS 148

9.3 Data Mining Challenges with Big Data 149

9.4 MapReduce 151

9.4.1 MapReduce Architecture 151

9.4.2 MapReduce Procedure 152

9.4.3 Limitations of MapReduce 153

9.5 Next Generation of MapReduce: YARN 154

9.5.1 YARN Compared to MapReduce 1.0 (MRv1) 155

9.5.2 YARN and MapReduce 2.0 (MRv2) 156

9.5.3 YARN Architecture 156

9.5.4 Advantages of YARN 159

9.6 Classification of Data Mining Systems 160

9.6.1 Classification According to Kind of Databases Mined 160

9.6.2 Classification According to Kind of Knowledge Mined 160

9.6.3 Classification According to Kind of Techniques Utilized 161

9.6.4 Classification According to the Applications Adapted 161

9.7 Summary 162

Exercises 162

References 163

10 Auditing Concept in Cloud Computing 165
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

10.1 Introduction 166

10.2 Data Security in Cloud Computing Environment 166

10.2.1 Characteristics of a Secure Cloud Computing Environment 166

10.2.2 Need for Auditing in Cloud Computing Environment 167

10.2.3 Auditing Background Within Third-Party Service Provider 167

10.3 Cloud Auditing Outsourcing Life Cycle Phases 167

10.4 Auditing Classification 168

10.5 Auditing Service 169

10.5.1 How Third-Party Service Provider is Enabling Auditing Service 171

10.5.2 Auditing Process Analysis 171

10.5.3 Privacy and Integrity 174

10.5.4 Cloud-Auditing Architecture Analysis 176

10.6 Summary 177

Exercises 178

References 178

Part III: Cloud Computing Implementation, Security and Applications 181

11 Security Paradigms in Cloud Computing 183
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal

11.1 Security Paradigms and Issues 184

11.2 Cloud Security Challenges 185

11.3 Cloud Economics 187

11.4 Security of Big Data in Cloud 187

11.4.1 The Biggest Risk: Data Breach 188

11.4.2 Data Loss 188

11.4.3 Account or Service Traffic Hijacking 189

11.4.4 Insecure Interfaces and APIs 189

11.4.5 Denial of Service 190

11.4.6 Malicious Insiders 190

11.4.7 Abuse of Cloud Users 190

11.4.8 Inadequate Due Diligence 191

11.4.9 Vulnerabilities in Shared Technology 191

11.5 Security as a Service in Cloud 191

11.6 Summary 194

Exercises 194

References 195

12 Privacy Preservation Issues in Cloud Computing 197
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal

12.1 Privacy Issues in Cloud Storage 198

12.1.1 Encryption Methods 198

12.1.2 Access Control Mechanisms 199

12.1.3 Query Integrity/Keyword Searches 200

12.1.4 Auditability Schemes 200

12.2 Privacy and Security 201

12.2.1 Performance Unpredictability, Latency and Reliability 202

12.2.2 Portability and Interoperability 203

12.2.3 Data Breach Through Fiber-Optic Networks 204

12.2.4 Data Storage over IP Networks 204

12.2.5 Data Storage and Security in Cloud 205

12.3 Threats to Security in Cloud Computing 208

12.3.1 Basic Security 208

12.3.2 Network-Level Security 209

12.3.3 Application-Level Security 211

12.4 Security Issues in Cloud Deployment Models 215

12.4.1 Security Issues in a Public Cloud 215

12.4.2 Security Issues in a Private Cloud 216

12.5 Ensuring Security Against Various Types of Attacks 217

12.6 Survey of Privacy Preservation Using Fuzzy Set and Genetic Algorithm 219

12.6.1 Fuzzy-Based Approach for Privacy-Preserving Publication of Data 219

12.6.2 Privacy-Preserving Fuzzy Association Rules Hiding in Quantitative Data 220

12.6.3 A Rough Computing-Based Performance Evaluation Approach for Educational Institutions 222

12.6.4 A New Method for Preserving Privacy in Quantitative Association Rules Using Genetic Algorithm 223

12.6.5 Privacy Preserving in Association Rules Using a Genetic Algorithm 224

12.7 Summary 225

Exercises 225

References 226

13 Applications of Wireless Sensor Network in Cloud 233
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal

13.1 Introduction 234

13.2 Architectural Issues of Combining Cloud Computing and Wireless Sensor Networks 234

13.3 Sensor Network Overview 235

13.3.1 Terminology 235

13.3.2 Routing Protocols in WSNs 236

13.4 Application Scenarios 237

13.4.1 Military Use 237

13.4.2 Weather Forecasting 237

13.4.3 Healthcare 238

13.4.4 Transport Monitoring 238

13.5 Summary 238

Exercises 239

References 239

14 Applications of Mobile Cloud Computing 243
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal

14.1 What is Mobile Cloud Computing? 244

14.2 The Architecture of Mobile Cloud Computing 245

14.3 Characteristics of Mobile Cloud Computing 245

14.4 Advantages of Mobile Cloud Computing 246

14.5 Mobile Cloud Applications 248

14.5.1 Mobile Commerce 248

14.5.2 Mobile Learning 249

14.5.3 Mobile Healthcare 249

14.5.4 Mobile Gaming 250

14.5.5 Mobile Social Network 251

14.5.6 Multimedia Sharing 252

14.6 Summary 252

Exercises 252

References 253

15 Big Data in Cloud Computing 257
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal

15.1 Introduction to Big Data 258

15.2 Big Data vs. Cloud Computing 259

15.3 Big Data and the Cloud 261

15.4 Cloud Computing to Support Big Data 262

15.4.1 Cloud Storage for Big Data Storage 262

15.4.2 Cloud Computing for Big Data Processing 262

15.4.3 Cloud Computing for Big Data Analytics 263

15.4.4 Cloud Computing for Big Data Sharing and Remote Collaboration 263

15.5 Opportunities and Challenges 263

15.5.1 Pros of Putting Big Data in the Cloud 263

15.5.2 Potential Challenges of Big Data in the Cloud 264

15.6 Summary 265

Exercises 265

References 266

Part IV: Cloud Computing Simulator Tools 269

16 CloudSim: A Simulator for Cloud Computing Environment 271
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

16.1 Introduction 272

16.2 Main Features 272

16.3 CloudSim Architecture 273

16.3.1 Modeling the Cloud 274

16.3.2 Modeling the VM Allocation 275

16.3.3 Modeling the Cloud Market 276

16.3.4 Modeling the Network Behavior 276

16.3.5 Modeling a Federation of Clouds 276

16.3.6 Modeling Dynamic Workloads 277

16.3.7 Modeling Data Center Power Consumption 278

16.3.8 Modeling Dynamic Entities Creation 278

16.4 Design and Implementation of CloudSim 279

16.5 Setting up Development Environments 282

16.6 How to Use CloudSim with Eclipse 282

References 285

17 OpenFaaS 287
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal

17.1 Introduction 288

17.2 OpenFaaS Architecture 288

17.3 OpenFaaS Installation 289

17.3.1 Development Environment with Docker Swarm 290

17.3.2 Multi-Node Cluster with Docker Swarm 291

17.3.3 Production Environment with Kubernetes 293

17.3.4 Installing OpenFaaS Using Helm 297

17.3.5 Install OpenShift 298

17.4 Considerations 300

17.5 Operation of OpenFaaS 300

17.5.1 Setup and Configuration of the Open FaaS Command Line Tool 300

17.5.2 OpenFaaS Store 301

17.5.3 Management and Usage of Functions 301

17.5.4 Development of Functions 302

17.5.5 Working with Docker Registries 302

17.5.6 Web UI 303

References 303

18 OpenNebula 305
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal

18.1 Project Goal and Environment 306

18.2 Set Up Masternode with Frontend 306

18.2.1 Install Components 306

18.2.2 Starting the Frontend 306

18.3 Set Up Worker Node with KVM 307

18.3.1 Install Components 307

18.3.2 Establish an SSH Communication Pipeline between Master and Worker 308

18.3.3 Network Configuration 308

18.4 Register Worker Node 308

18.5 Deploy VM 309

References 311

19 OpenStack 313
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

19.1 OpenStack 314

19.2 Terminologies in OpenStack 314

19.3 OpenStack Architecture 315

19.3.1 Compute (Nova) 316

19.3.2 Networking (Neuron) 316

19.3.3 Image 316

19.3.4 Object Storage (Swift) 316

19.3.5 Block Storage (Cinder) 316

19.4 Logical Architecture 317

19.5 OpenStack Installation Guide 318

19.5.1 Hardware Requirements 318

19.5.2 Networking Requirements 319

19.6 OpenStack Work 321

References 322

20 Eucalyptus 325
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik

20.1 Introduction to Eucalyptus 326

20.1.1 Eucalyptus Overview 326

20.1.2 Eucalyptus Architecture 326

20.1.3 Eucalyptus Components 327

20.2 Eucalyptus Installation 328

20.2.1 System Requirements 329

20.2.2 Services Placement 330

20.2.3 Eucalyptus Features 331

20.2.4 Networking Modes 332

20.2.5 Install Repositories 332

20.3 Configure Eucalyptus 335

20.4 Amazon Web Services Compatibility 337

References 337

Glossary 339

Authors 365

Authors

Souvik Pal Dac-Nhuong Le Prasant Kumar Pattnaik