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Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid. Technology and Applications. Edition No. 1. IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems

  • Book

  • 752 Pages
  • September 2019
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5838609

The comprehensive and authoritative guide to power electronics in renewable energy systems

Power electronics plays a significant role in modern industrial automation and high- efficiency energy systems. With contributions from an international group of noted experts, Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid: Technology and Applications offers a comprehensive review of the technology and applications of power electronics in renewable energy systems and smart grids. The authors cover information on a variety of energy systems including wind, solar, ocean, and geothermal energy systems as well as fuel cell systems and bulk energy storage systems. They also examine smart grid elements, modeling, simulation, control, and AI applications.

The book's twelve chapters offer an application-oriented and tutorial viewpoint and also contain technology status review. In addition, the book contains illustrative examples of applications and discussions of future perspectives. This important resource:

  • Includes descriptions of power semiconductor devices, two level and multilevel converters, HVDC systems, FACTS, and more
  • Offers discussions on various energy systems such as wind, solar, ocean, and geothermal energy systems, and also fuel cell systems and bulk energy storage systems
  • Explores smart grid elements, modeling, simulation, control, and AI applications
  • Contains state-of-the-art technologies and future perspectives
  • Provides the expertise of international authorities in the field

Written for graduate students, professors in power electronics, and industry engineers, Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid: Technology and Applications offers an up-to-date guide to technology and applications of a wide-range of power electronics in energy systems and smart grids.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii

About the editor xix

About the contributors xxi

List of abbreviations xxxiii

Chapter 1 Energy, Environment, Power Electronics, Renewable Energy Systems, and Smart Grid 1
Bimal K. Bose and Fei (Fred) Wang

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Energy 1

1.3 Environment 4

1.3.1 Environmental Pollution by Fossil Fuels 4

1.3.2 Climate Change or Global Warming Problems 7

1.3.3 Several Beneficial Effects of Climate Change 11

1.3.4 The Kyoto Protocol and Carbon Emission Control 12

1.3.5 How Can We Solve or Mitigate Climate Change Problems? 13

1.4 Power Electronics 14

1.4.1 The Role of Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Grids 14

1.4.2 Fundamentals of Power Electronics 16

1.4.3 Power Electronics Applications 35

1.5 Renewable Energy Systems 48

1.5.1 Wind Energy Systems 50

1.5.2 PV Systems 52

1.5.3 Grid Energy Storage 53

1.6 Smart Grid 54

1.6.1 FACTS Technologies 54

1.6.2 HVDC Technologies 60

1.6.3 DC Grid and Supergrid 66

1.6.4 Power Electronics for Distribution Grids 73

1.7 Summary and Future Trends 76

Acknowledgments 78

References 78

Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices for Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Systems 85
Alex Q. Huang

2.1 Introduction 85

2.2 Power Semiconductor Device Operation in Power Converters 87

2.2.1 Commercially Available Power Semiconductor Devices 87

2.2.2 Modern Power Semiconductor Device Characteristics 90

2.3 State‐of‐the‐Art Power Semiconductors: A Comparison 101

2.3.1 Voltage Rating 102

2.3.2 Current Rating 103

2.3.3 Switching Frequency 108

2.3.4 Maximum Junction Temperature 114

2.4 Recent Innovations in SI Power Devices 117

2.4.1 Silicon Superjunction (SJ) MOSFET 117

2.4.2 Thin Wafer Field Stop IGBT (FS‐IGBT) 119

2.4.3 Reverse Conducting IGBT (RC‐IGBT) 123

2.4.4 Reverse Blocking IGBT 124

2.4.5 Integrated‐Gate‐Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) 124

2.5 Recent Innovations in WBG Power Devices 127

2.5.1 SiC and GaN Diodes 128

2.5.2 SiC MOSFET 131

2.5.3 Ultra High‐Voltage SiC Power Devices 135

2.5.4 GaN Heterojunction Field Effect Transistor 137

2.6 Smart Grid and Renewable Energy System Applications 138

2.7 Conclusions 144

References 144

Chapter 3 Multilevel Converters - Configuration of Circuits and Systems 153
Hirofumi Akagi

3.1 Introduction 153

3.1.1 Historical Review of Multilevel Converters 153

3.1.2 Overview of Chapter 3 155

3.2 Multilevel NPC and NPP Inverters 155

3.2.1 Circuits of Three‐Level NPC and NPP Inverters 155

3.2.2 Principles of the Three‐Level NPC and NPP Inverters 156

3.2.3 Comparisons Between the Three‐Level NPC and NPP Inverters 158

3.2.4 Five‐Level NPC Inverters 160

3.3 Multilevel FLC Inverters and Hybrid FLC Inverters 161

3.3.1 Circuits of the Three‐Level and Four‐Level FLC Inverters 161

3.3.2 Principles of the Three‐Level FLC Inverter 162

3.3.3 Hybrid Four‐Level and Five‐Level FLC Inverters 162

3.4 Modular Multilevel Cascade Converters 164

3.4.1 Terminological Issue and Solution 164

3.4.2 Circuits and Individualities of Six Family Members 167

3.4.3 Topological Discussion on the DSBC and DSCC Converters 168

3.4.4 Comparisons among the Six MMCC Family Members 169

3.4.5 Circulating Current 170

3.5 Practical Applications of SSBC Inverters to Medium‐Voltage Motor Drives 171

3.6 Hierarchical Control of an SSBC‐Based STATCOM 173

3.6.1 Background and Motivation 173

3.6.2 Hierarchical Control 174

3.7 A Downscaled SSBC‐Based STATCOM With Phase‐Shifted‐Carrier PWM 176

3.7.1 System Configuration 177

3.7.2 Control Technique 179

3.7.3 Experimental Waveforms 181

3.8 Circulating Currents in DSCC Converters 183

3.8.1 Circulating Current in a Cycloconverter 184

3.8.2 Circulating Current in a Single‐Leg DSCC Inverter 185

3.8.3 Similarity and Difference in Circulating Current 186

3.9 A Downscaled DSCC‐Based BTB System 187

3.9.1 Circuit Configuration 187

3.9.2 Operating Performance under Transient States 189

3.10 Practical Applications of DSCC Converters to Grid Connections 192

3.11 Applications of DSCC and TSBC Converters to Motor Drives 193

3.11.1 DSCC‐based Motor Drive Systems 193

3.11.2 Experimental Motor Drives Using a DSCC Inverter and a TSBC Converter 195

3.11.3 Comparisons in Start‐up Performance when the 50 Hz Induction Motor was Driven 198

3.11.4 Operation of the DSCC‐Driven 50 Hz Motor and the TSBC‐Driven 38 Hz Motor at the Rated Frequency and Torque 202

3.11.5 Four‐Quadrant Operation of the TSBC‐driven 38 Hz Motor at No Load Torque 204

3.11.6 Discussion of the Two Motor Drives 204

3.12 Distributed Dynamic Braking of a DSCC‐FED Induction Motor Drive 204

3.12.1 Background and Motivation 206

3.12.2 Circuit and System Configurations 206

3.12.3 Experimental Verification 210

3.13 Practical Applications of DSCC Inverters to Medium‐Voltage Motor Drives 212

3.14 Future Scenarios and Conclusion 213

References 214

Chapter 4 Multilevel Converters - Control and Operation in Industrial Systems 219
Jose I. Leon, Sergio Vazquez and Leopoldo G. Franquelo

4.1 Introduction 219

4.2 Summary of Multilevel Converter Topologies 221

4.3 Control Structure of Multilevel Power Converters 223

4.3.1 The Outer Control Loop (Stage 1) 225

4.3.2 The Inner Control Loop (Stage 2) 225

4.3.3 The Zero‐Sequence Injection (Stage 3) 226

4.3.4 The In‐phase Balancing Strategy (Stage 3) 227

4.4 Modulation Methods for Multilevel Power Converters (Stage 4) 227

4.4.1 Carrier‐Based Modulation Techniques 228

4.4.2 Space‐vector Based Modulation Methods 242

4.4.3 Pseudo‐Modulation Techniques and Control Methods with Implicit Modulator 243

4.5 Applications of Multilevel Power Converters 245

4.5.1 Grid‐connected Multilevel Converters for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 245

4.5.2 Power Quality Applications 248

4.5.3 Motor Drive Applications 250

4.5.4 HVDC Transmission Systems 251

4.6 Additional Practical Challenges of Multilevel Converters 257

4.7 Future Perspective of Multilevel Converters and Conclusions 258

References 259

Chapter 5 Flexible Transmission and Resilient Distribution Systems Enabled by Power Electronics 271
Fang Z. Peng and Jin Wang

5.1 Introduction 271

5.2 FACTS Configurations in the Smart Grid 279

5.2.1 Shunt Compensation 281

5.2.2 Series Compensation 284

5.2.3 Shunt‐Series Configuration 285

5.2.4 Back‐to‐Back Configuration 286

5.3 RACDS Configurations in the Smart Grid 287

5.3.1 RACDS: Microgrids 287

5.3.2 RACDS: Controllable Distribution Network 289

5.3.3 RACDS: Meshed Distribution Systems 290

5.4 Evolution of FACTS and RACDS 291

5.4.1 Traditional FACTS and RACDS 291

5.4.2 Modern FACTS and RACDS 293

5.5 FACTS and RACDS Installations 298

5.5.1 Traditional FACTS Installations 298

5.5.2 Modern FACTS Installations 299

5.5.3 RACDS Installations 301

5.6 Future Perspectives 301

5.6.1 Transformerless Unified Power Flow Controller 301

5.6.2 Compact Dynamic Phase‐Angle Regulator 303

5.6.3 Distributed FACTS 303

5.6.4 Power Regulator for Parallel Feeders 305

5.6.5 High Power Density CMIs 307

5.7 Conclusion 309

Acknowledgments 310

References 310

Chapter 6 Renewable Energy Systems with Wind Power 315
Frede Blaabjerg and Ke Ma

6.1 Overview of Wind Power Generation and Power Electronics 315

6.2 Technology Challenges and Driving Forces in this Field 318

6.2.1 Low Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) 318

6.2.2 Complex Mission Profiles 320

6.2.3 Strict Grid Codes 322

6.2.4 Increasing Reliability Requirements 325

6.3 Wind Turbine Concepts and Power Electronics Converters 326

6.3.1 Wind Turbine Concepts 326

6.3.2 Power Electronics Converters in Wind Power Applications 328

6.4 Control of Wind Turbine Systems 333

6.5 Power Electronics for Multiple Wind Turbines and Wind Farms 336

6.6 Conclusion 340

References 341

Chapter 7 Photovoltaic Energy Systems 347
Mariusz Malinowski, Jose I. Leon and Haitham Abu‐Rub

7.1 Introduction 347

7.2 Thermal and PV Solar Energy Systems 351

7.3 The Solar Cell 354

7.4 Solar PV System Costs 357

7.4.1 Incentives for More Investments in PV Systems 361

7.5 General Scheme for a Solar PV System 362

7.6 Grid‐Connected PV Systems 363

7.6.1 Utility‐scale PV Power Plants 364

7.6.2 Residential and Industrial PV Applications 366

7.6.3 Low‐power PV Systems 371

7.7 Control of Grid‐Connected PV Systems 372

7.8 Stand‐Alone PV Systems 374

7.9 Energy Storage Systems for PV Applications 379

7.10 Operational Issues for PV Systems 381

7.11 Conclusions 385

References 386

Chapter 8 Ocean and Geothermal Renewable Energy Systems 391
Annette von Jouanne and Ted K.A. Brekken

8.1 Introduction 391

8.2 Wave Energy 392

8.2.1 Resource Characteristics 392

8.2.2 Wave Energy Conversion Technologies and Resource Characterization 394

8.2.3 Power Electronics and Control 397

8.2.4 Autonomous Applications 401

8.2.5 Cost 403

8.2.6 Rotating Machines in Marine Energy Converters 405

8.2.7 Unique Testing Opportunity for Wave Energy Converters 406

8.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 411

8.3.1 Resource Characteristics 412

8.3.2 OTEC Technologies 413

8.3.3 Open‐cycle OTEC 414

8.3.4 Closed‐cycle OTEC 415

8.3.5 OTEC Generator Grid Interface 415

8.3.6 Cost 416

8.4 Tidal and Ocean Currents 417

8.4.1 Resource Characteristics 418

8.4.2 Tidal Barrage, Tidal Current, and Ocean Current Technologies 420

8.4.3 Power Electronics and Grid Interface 422

8.4.4 Cost 425

8.5 Geothermal Energy Systems 426

8.5.1 Resource Characteristics 428

8.5.2 Geothermal Power Plant Technologies 429

8.5.3 Dry Steam 431

8.5.4 Flash Steam 431

8.5.5 Binary Cycle 432

8.5.6 Geothermal Generator Grid Interface 432

8.5.7 Cost 433

8.6 Conclusion 434

Acknowledgment 435

References 435

Chapter 9 Fuel Cells and Their Applications in Energy Systems 443
Jih‐Sheng (Jason) Lai and Michael W. Ellis

9.1 Introduction 443

9.2 Different Fuel Cell Technologies 446

9.2.1 Low‐temperature Fuel Cells 447

9.2.2 High‐temperature Fuel Cells 453

9.3 Fuel Cell Applications 457

9.3.1 Transportation Applications 457

9.3.2 Stationary Power Generation Applications 460

9.4 Electrical Characteristics 462

9.4.1 Steady‐state Operation 462

9.4.2 Dynamic Operation 465

9.4.3 Dynamic Operation with a Paralleled Ultracapacitor 468

9.5 Fuel Cell Power System Architecture 468

9.5.1 Balance‐of‐Plant 468

9.5.2 Fuel Cell DC Power Systems 469

9.5.3 Grounding Requirement for Fuel Cell AC Power Systems 471

9.6 Power Electronics for Fuel Cell Applications 472

9.6.1 DC‐DC Converters 472

9.6.2 DC‐AC Inverter 479

9.6.3 Double‐Line Frequency Issues 484

9.7 Summary 485

References 486

Chapter 10 Grid Energy Storage Systems 495
Marcelo G. Molina

10.1 Introduction 495

10.2 Smart Grid Applications of Energy Storage 500

10.3 Energy Storage Technologies 506

10.3.1 Mechanical Energy Storage 507

10.3.2 Electrical Energy Storage 518

10.3.3 Electrochemical Energy Storage 529

10.3.4 Chemical Energy Storage 547

10.3.5 Thermal Energy Storage 552

10.4 Assessment of Energy Storage Technologies 555

10.5 Power Conditioning System for Interfacing Energy Storage Technologies with the Smart Grid 565

10.6 Conclusion 572

References 574

Chapter 11 Smart Grid Simulations and Control 585
Aranya Chakrabortty and Anjan Bose

11.1 Introduction 585

11.2 Simulation Models 586

11.2.1 Synchronous Generators 588

11.2.2 Models of Renewable Energy Sources 589

11.2.3 Transmission Line Models 591

11.2.4 Load Models 591

11.3 Current Approach for Smart Grid Simulation 592

11.3.1 Power Flow Analysis 592

11.3.2 Dynamic Simulations 593

11.3.3 Economic Dispatch and OPF 593

11.3.4 Fault Analysis 594

11.3.5 Load Frequency Control 594

11.3.6 Operator Training Simulator 594

11.3.7 Reliability Modeling and Simulation 594

11.3.8 Simulation of Power Markets 595

11.4 Challenges for Grid Simulation 595

11.4.1 Structural Properties 596

11.4.2 Scalability 596

11.4.3 Model Validation 596

11.4.4 Model Aggregation 597

11.4.5 Role of Power Electronics 597

11.4.6 Co‐simulation of T&D Models 598

11.4.7 Co‐Simulation of Infrastructures 599

11.4.8 Cyber‐Physical Modeling and Simulations 601

11.5 Next‐Generation Grid Control Systems 605

11.5.1 Wide‐area Control 605

11.5.2 Cyber‐Physical Challenges for Wide‐area Control 608

11.5.3 Scheduling Protocols 612

11.5.4 Co‐designing Wide‐area Control in Tandem with Communication Protocols 613

11.5.5 Plug‐and‐play Control of DERs 615

11.5.6 Distributed Load Frequency Control 616

11.5.7 Inner‐loop + Outer‐loop Hierarchical Control 617

11.6 Experimental Testbeds for Simulations and Control 618

11.7 Conclusions 619

References 620

Chapter 12 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid - Some Novel Applications 625
Bimal K. Bose

12.1 Introduction 625

12.2 Expert Systems 627

12.2.1 Expert System Principles 627

12.2.2 Expert System‐Based Control of Smart Grid 631

12.3 Fuzzy Logic 636

12.3.1 Fuzzy Inference System Principles 637

12.3.2 Fuzzy Logic Control of a Modern Wind Generation System 644

12.4 Neural Networks 650

12.4.1 Neural Network Principles 650

12.4.2 Neural Network Applications 662

12.5 Conclusion 672

Acknowledgment 673

References 673

Index 677

Authors

Bimal K. Bose