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Microwave Engineering, International Adaptation. Edition No. 4

  • Book

  • 656 Pages
  • February 2021
  • Region: Global
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5838643
The 4th edition of this classic text provides a thorough coverage of RF and microwave engineering concepts, starting from fundamental principles of electrical engineering, with applications to microwave circuits and devices of practical importance.  Coverage includes microwave network analysis, impedance matching, directional couplers and hybrids, microwave filters, ferrite devices, noise, nonlinear effects, and the design of microwave oscillators, amplifiers, and mixers. Material on microwave and RF systems includes wireless communications, radar, radiometry, and radiation hazards. A large number of examples and end-of-chapter problems test the reader's understanding of the material. The 4th edition includes new and updated material on systems, noise, active devices and circuits, power waves, transients, RF CMOS circuits, and more.

Table of Contents

1 Review of Electromagnetic Theory 1

1.1 Introduction to Microwave Engineering 1

Applications of Microwave Engineering 2

A Short History of Microwave Engineering 6

Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Interference 6

1.2 Maxwell’s Equations 7

1.3 Fields in Media and Boundary Conditions 11

Fields at a General Material Interface 13

Fields at a Dielectric Interface 14

Fields at the Interface with a Perfect Conductor (Electric Wall) 14

The Magnetic Wall Boundary Condition 15

The Radiation Condition 15

1.4 The Wave Equation and Basic Plane Wave Solutions 15

The Helmholtz Equation 15

Plane Waves in a Lossless Medium 16

Plane Waves in a General Lossy Medium 17

Plane Waves in a Good Conductor 18

1.5 General Plane Wave Solutions 20

Circularly Polarized Plane Waves 23

1.6 Energy and Power 24

Power Absorbed by a Good Conductor 25

1.7 Plane Wave Reflection from a Media Interface 27

General Medium 27

Lossless Medium 28

Good Conductor 30

Perfect Conductor 31

The Surface Impedance Concept 31

1.8 Oblique Incidence at a Dielectric Interface 33

Parallel Polarization 34

Perpendicular Polarization 35

Total Reflection and Surface Waves 37

1.9 Some Useful Theorems 38

The Reciprocity Theorem 38

Image Theory 39

2 Transmission Line Theory 47

2.1 The Lumped-Element Circuit Model for a Transmission Line 47

Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line 48

The Lossless Line 49

2.2 Field Analysis of Transmission Lines 50

Transmission Line Parameters 50

The Telegrapher Equations Derived from Field Analysis of a Coaxial Line 52

Propagation Constant, Impedance, and Power Flow for the Lossless Coaxial Line 53

2.3 The Terminated Lossless Transmission Line 54

Special Cases of Lossless Terminated Lines 57

2.4 The Smith Chart 60

The Combined Impedance-Admittance Smith Chart 63

The Slotted Line 65

Online Smith Chart 68

2.5 Generator and Load Mismatches 68

Load Matched to Line 70

Generator Matched to Loaded Line 70

Conjugate Matching 70

2.6 Lossy Transmission Lines 72

The Low-Loss Line 72

The Distortionless Line 73

The Terminated Lossy Line 74

The Perturbation Method for Calculating Attenuation 74

The Wheeler Incremental Inductance Rule 76

2.7 Transients on Transmission Lines 78

Reflection of Pulses from a Terminated Transmission Line 78

Bounce Diagrams for Transient Propagation 80

3 Transmission Lines and Waveguides 87

3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves 88

TEM Waves 89

Impossibility of TEM Mode 91

TE Waves 91

TM Waves 92

Attenuation Due to Dielectric Loss 92

3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide 93

TEM Modes 93

TM Modes 95

TE Modes 98

3.3 Rectangular Waveguide 101

TE Modes 101

TM Modes 105

TEm0 Modes of a Partially Loaded Waveguide 109

3.4 Circular Waveguide 112

TE Modes 113

TM Modes 116

3.5 Coaxial Line 121

TEM Modes 121

Higher Order Modes 122

3.6 Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Sheet 125

TM Modes 125

TE Modes 127

3.7 Stripline 130

Formulas for Propagation Constant, Characteristic Impedance, and Attenuation 132

An Approximate Electrostatic Solution 134

3.8 Microstrip Line 136

Formulas for Effective Dielectric Constant, Characteristic Impedance, and Attenuation 137

Frequency-Dependent Effects and Higher Order Modes 139

3.9 The Transverse Resonance Technique 141

TE0n Modes of a Partially Loaded Rectangular Waveguide 142

3.10 Wave Velocities and Dispersion 143

Group Velocity 143

3.11 Summary of Transmission Lines and Waveguides 145

Other Types of Lines and Guides 146

4 Microwave Network Analysis 153

4.1 Impedance and Equivalent Voltages and Currents 154

Equivalent Voltages and Currents 154

The Concept of Impedance 157

Even and Odd Properties of Z(𝜔) and Γ(𝜔) 159

4.2 Impedance and Admittance Matrices 160

Reciprocal Networks 162

Lossless Networks 163

4.3 The Scattering Matrix 164

Reciprocal Networks and Lossless Networks 167

A Shift in Reference Planes 169

Power Waves and Generalized Scattering Parameters 171

4.4 The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix 174

Relation to Impedance Matrix 175

Equivalent Circuits for Two-Port Networks 177

4.5 Signal Flow Graphs 177

Decomposition of Signal Flow Graphs 180

Application to Thru-Reflect-Line Network Analyzer Calibration 183

4.6 Discontinuities and Modal Analysis 187

Modal Analysis of an H-Plane Step in Rectangular Waveguide 187

4.7 Excitation of Waveguides - Electric and Magnetic Currents 193

Current Sheets That Excite Only One Waveguide Mode 193

Mode Excitation from an Arbitrary Electric or Magnetic Current Source 195

5 Impedance Matching and Tuning 204

5.1 Matching with Lumped Elements (L Networks) 205

Analytical Solutions 205

Smith Chart Solutions 206

5.2 Single-Stub Tuning 209

Shunt Stubs 210

Series Stubs 213

5.3 Double-Stub Tuning 216

Smith Chart Solution 216

Analytical Solution 219

5.4 The Quarter-Wave Transformer 220

The Impedance Viewpoint 220

The Multiple-Reflection Viewpoint 222

Impedance Matching of the

Quarter-Wave Transformer 223

5.5 The Theory of Small Reflections 226

Single-Section Transformer 226

Multisection Transformer 228

5.6 Binomial Multisection Matching Transformers 228

5.7 Chebyshev Multisection Matching Transformers 232

Chebyshev Polynomials 232

Design of Chebyshev Transformers 233

5.8 Tapered Lines 236

Exponential Taper 237

Triangular Taper 238

Klopfenstein Taper 238

6 Microwave Resonators 244

6.1 Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 244

Series Resonant Circuit 244

Parallel Resonant Circuit 247

Loaded and Unloaded Q 249

6.2 Transmission Line Resonators 249

Short-Circuited 𝜆∕2 Line 250

Short-Circuited 𝜆∕4 Line 252

Open-Circuited 𝜆∕2 Line 252

6.3 Rectangular Waveguide Cavity Resonators 254

Resonant Frequencies 254

Unloaded Q of the TE10𝓁 Mode 256

6.4 Circular Waveguide Cavity Resonators 258

Resonant Frequencies 258

Unloaded Q of the TEnm𝓁 Mode 260

6.5 Dielectric Resonators 263

Resonant Frequencies of TE01𝛿 Mode 263

6.6 Excitation of Resonators 266

The Coupling Coefficient and Critical Coupling 266

A Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator 268

7 Power Dividers and Directional Couplers 275

7.1 Basic Properties of Dividers and Couplers 275

Three-Port Networks (T-Junctions) 275

Four-Port Networks (Directional Couplers) 278

7.2 The T-Junction Power Divider 282

Lossless Divider 282

Resistive Divider 284

7.3 The Wilkinson Power Divider 285

Even-Odd Mode Analysis 285

Unequal Power Division and N-Way Wilkinson Dividers 288

7.4 Waveguide Directional Couplers 290

Bethe Hole Coupler 290

Design of Multihole Couplers 294

7.5 The Quadrature (90) Hybrid 298

Even-Odd Mode Analysis 299

7.6 Coupled Line Directional Couplers 302

Coupled Line Theory 302

Design of Coupled Line Couplers 306

Design of Multisection Coupled Line Couplers 310

7.7 The Lange Coupler 313

7.8 The 180Hybrid 316

Even-Odd Mode Analysis of the Ring Hybrid 318

Even-Odd Mode Analysis of the Tapered Coupled Line Hybrid 321

Waveguide Magic-T 324

7.9 Other Couplers 325

8 Microwave Filters 333

8.1 Periodic Structures 334

Analysis of Infinite Periodic Structures 334

Terminated Periodic Structures 336

k-𝛽 Diagrams and Wave Velocities 337

8.2 Filter Design by the Image Parameter Method 340

Image Impedances and Transfer Functions for Two-Port Networks 340

Constant-k Filter Sections 342

m-Derived Filter Sections 344

Composite Filters 347

8.3 Filter Design by the Insertion Loss Method 349

Characterization by Power Loss Ratio 350

Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter Prototype 352

Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter Prototype 355

Linear Phase Low-Pass Filter Prototypes 355

8.4 Filter Transformations 355

Impedance and Frequency Scaling 356

Bandpass and Bandstop Transformations 361

8.5 Filter Implementation 364

Richards’ Transformation 364

Kuroda’s Identities 364

Impedance and Admittance Inverters 369

8.6 Stepped-Impedance Low-Pass Filters 370

Approximate Equivalent Circuits for Short Transmission Line Sections 370

Comparison of Richards’ Transformation and Stepped-Impedance Method 373

8.7 Coupled Line Filters 373

Filter Properties of a Coupled Line Section 374

Design of Coupled Line Bandpass Filters 377

9 Theory and Design of Ferrimagnetic Components 387

9.1 Basic Properties of Ferrimagnetic Materials 388

The Permeability Tensor 388

Circularly Polarized Fields 392

Effect of Loss 394

Demagnetization Factors 396

9.2 Plane Wave Propagation in a Ferrite Medium 399

Propagation in Direction of Bias (Faraday Rotation) 399

Propagation Transverse to Bias (Birefringence) 402

9.3 Propagation in a Ferrite-Loaded Rectangular Waveguide 404

TEm0 Modes of Waveguide with a Single Ferrite Slab 404

TEm0 Modes of Waveguide with Two Symmetric Ferrite Slabs 407

9.4 Ferrite Isolators 408

Resonance Isolators 409

The Field Displacement Isolator 411

9.5 Ferrite Phase Shifters 413

Nonreciprocal Latching Phase Shifter 414

Other Types of Ferrite Phase Shifters 416

The Gyrator 417

9.6 Ferrite Circulators 418

Properties of a Mismatched Circulator 418

Junction Circulator 419

10 Noise and Nonlinear Distortion 427

10.1 Noise in Microwave Circuits 427

Dynamic Range and Sources of Noise 427

Noise Power and Equivalent Noise Temperature 429

Measurement of Noise Temperature 431

10.2 Noise Figure 432

Definition of Noise Figure 432

Noise Figure of a Cascaded System 434

Noise Figure of a Passive Two-Port Network 436

Noise Figure of a Mismatched Lossy Line 437

Noise Figure of a Mismatched Amplifier 439

10.3 Nonlinear Distortion 440

Gain Compression 441

Harmonic and Intermodulation Distortion 442

Third-Order Intercept Point 443

Intercept Point of a Cascaded System 444

Passive Intermodulation 446

10.4 Dynamic Range 447

Linear and Spurious Free Dynamic Range 447

11 Active RF and Microwave Devices 453

11.1 Diodes and Diode Circuits 453

Schottky Diodes and Detectors 454

PIN Diodes and Control Circuits 458

Varactor Diodes 464

Ridley-Watkins-Hilsum (RWH) Theory 465

Two-Valley Model Theory 465

Other Diodes 467

Power Combining 468

11.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors 469

Bipolar Junction Transistor 469

Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor 470

11.3 Field Effect Transistors 471

Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 472

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 473

High Electron Mobility Transistor 474

11.4 Microwave Integrated Circuits 475

Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuits 475

Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits 476

11.5 Microwave Tubes 479

Klystron 480

Traveling Wave Tube 482

Backward Wave Oscillator 482

Extended Interaction Oscillator 483

Magnetrons 483

Cross-Field Amplifier 483

Gyratron 483

12 Microwave Amplifier Design 487

12.1 Two-Port Power Gains 487

Definitions of Two-Port Power Gains 487

Further Discussion of Two-Port Power Gains 491

12.2 Stability 492

Stability Circles 493

Tests for Unconditional Stability 495

12.3 Single-Stage Transistor Amplifier Design 498

Design for Maximum Gain (Conjugate Matching) 498

Constant-Gain Circles and Design for Specified Gain 503

Low-Noise Amplifier Design 506

Low-Noise MOSFET Amplifier 510

12.4 Broadband Transistor Amplifier Design 511

Balanced Amplifiers 512

Distributed Amplifiers 514

Differential Amplifiers 518

12.5 Power Amplifiers 521

Characteristics of Power Amplifiers and Amplifier Classes 521

Large-Signal Characterization of Transistors 522

Design of Class A Power Amplifiers 523

13 Oscillators and Mixers 529

13.1 RF Oscillators 530

General Analysis 530

Oscillators Using a Common Emitter BJT 531

Oscillators Using a Common Gate FET 533

Practical Considerations 534

Crystal Oscillators 535

13.2 Microwave Oscillators 536

Transistor Oscillators 538

Dielectric Resonator Oscillators 541

13.3 Oscillator Phase Noise 544

Representation of Phase Noise 544

Leeson’s Model for Oscillator Phase Noise 545

13.4 Frequency Multipliers 549

Reactive Diode Multipliers (Manley-Rowe Relations) 549

Resistive Diode Multipliers 552

Transistor Multipliers 553

13.5 Mixers 557

Mixer Characteristics 557

Single-Ended Diode Mixer 561

Single-Ended FET Mixer 562

Balanced Mixer 564

Image Reject Mixer 567

Differential FET Mixer and Gilbert Cell Mixer 568

Other Mixers 570

14 Introduction To Microwave Systems 576

14.1 System Aspects of Antennas 576

Fields and Power Radiated by an Antenna 579

Antenna Pattern Characteristics 580

Antenna Gain and Efficiency 582

Aperture Efficiency and Effective Area 583

Background and Brightness Temperature 583

Antenna Noise Temperature and G/T 586

14.2 Wireless Communication 588

The Friis Formula 589

Link Budget and Link Margin 590

Radio Receiver Architectures 592

Noise Characterization of a Receiver 594

Digital Modulation and Bit Error Rate 597

Wireless Communication Systems 599

14.3 Radar Systems 603

The Radar Equation 604

Pulse Radar 606

Doppler Radar 607

Radar Cross Section 608

14.4 Radiometer Systems 609

Theory and Applications of Radiometry 609

Total Power Radiometer 611

The Dicke Radiometer 612

14.5 Microwave Propagation 613

Atmospheric Effects 614

Ground Effects 615

Plasma Effects 616

14.6 Other Applications and Topics 616

Microwave Heating 616

Power Transfer 617

Biological Effects and Safety 618

Appendices 624

A Prefixes 625

B Vector Analysis 625

C Bessel Functions 627

D Useful Results 629

E Other Mathematical Results 631

F Physical Constants 631

G Conductivities for Some Materials 632

H Dielectric Constants and Loss Tangents for Some Materials 632

I Properties of Some Microwave Ferrite Materials 633

J Standard Rectangular Waveguide Data 633

K Standard Coaxial Cable Data 634

Answers to selected Problems 635

Index 637

Authors

David M. Pozar University of Massachusetts at Amherst.