+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Contemporary Accounts in Drug Discovery and Development. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 480 Pages
  • April 2022
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5839079
CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT

A useful guide for medicinal chemists and pharmaceutical scientists

Drug discovery is a lengthy and complex process that typically involves identifying an unmet medical need, determining a biological target, chemical library screening to identify a lead, chemical optimization, preclinical studies and clinical trials. This process often takes many years to complete, and relies on practitioners’ knowledge of chemistry and biology, but also - and perhaps more importantly - on experience. Improving the success rate in discovery and development through a thorough knowledge of drug discovery principles and advances in technology is critical for advancement in the field.

Contemporary Accounts in Drug Discovery and Development provides drug discovery scientists with the knowledge they need to quickly gain mastery of the drug discovery process. A thorough accounting is given for each drug covered within the book, as the authors provide pharmacology, drug metabolism, biology, drug development, and clinical studies for every case, with modern drug discovery principles and technologies incorporated throughout.

Contemporary Accounts in Drug Discovery and Development readers will also find - Case histories used as an engaging way of learning about the drug discovery/development process - Detailed biological rational and background information, drug design principles, SAR development, ADMET considerations, and clinical studies - The full history of individual marketed small molecule drugs - Coverage of drug candidates that have passed Phase I clinical trials with different modalities, such as antibody drug conjugates (ADC), proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), and peptide drugs - The application of new technologies in drug discovery such as DNA-encoded libraries (DEL), positron emission tomography (PET), and physics-based computational modeling employing free energy perturbation (FEP)

Contemporary Accounts in Drug Discovery and Development is a helpful tool for medicinal chemists, organic chemists, pharmacologists, and other scientists in drug research and process development. It may be considered essential reading for graduate courses in drug discovery, medicinal chemistry, drug synthesis, pharmaceutical science, and pharmacology. It is also a useful resource for pharmaceutical industry labs, as well as for libraries.

Table of Contents

PREFACE

CONTRIBUTORS

CHAPTER 1 CURRENT DRUG DISCOVERY: GREAT CHALLENGES AND GREAT OPPORTUNITY (AN INTRODUCTION TO CONTEMPORARY ACCOUNTS IN DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT)
Jeffrey J. Hale

CHAPTER 2 ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL MODELING ACCELERATING SMALL-MOLECULE DRUG DISCOVERY: A GROWING TRACK RECORD OF SUCCESS
Robert Abel

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Essential Techniques

2.2.1 Target Validation and Feasibility Assessment

2.2.2 Hit Discovery

2.2.3 Hit-to-lead and Lead Optimization

2.3 Illustrative Applications

2.3.1 Modeling Support of Target Validation, Feasibility Assessment, and Hit Discovery for Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

2.3.2 Optimizing Selectivity in Lead Optimization for Tyrosine Kinase 2

2.3.3 Discovery of Novel Allosteric Covalent Inhibitors of KRASG12C

2.3.4 Supporting Hit to Lead Exploration for a Series of Phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) Inhibitors

2.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook

References

CHAPTER 3 DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLUBLE GUANYLATE CYCLASE (sGC) STIMULATOR VERICIGUAT FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE
Markus Follmann, Corina Becker, Lothar Roessig, Peter Sandner, and Johannes-Peter Stasch

3.1 Introduction

3.2 sGC Stimulators as Treatment Option for Heart Failure

3.2.1 Persistent High Medical Need in High-risk Patients with Chronic HF

3.3 Medicinal Chemistry Program

3.4 Synthesis Routes towards Vericiguat

3.4.1 Medicinal Chemistry Route to Vericiguat

3.4.2 Development Chemistry Route to Vericiguat

3.5 Preclinical Studies

3.5.1 In Vitro Effects on Recombinant sGC and sGC Overexpressing Cells

3.5.2 Ex Vivo Effects on Isolated Blood Vessels and Hearts

3.5.3 In Vivo Effects in a Disease Model with Cardiovascular Disease and Heart- and Kidney Failure

3.6 Clinical Studies

3.6.1 Safety, PD, PK and PK/PD in Healthy Volunteers

3.6.2 Clinical Pharmacokinetics

3.6.3 Pharmacodynamic Interactions

3.7 Summary

References

CHAPTER 4 FINDING CURES FOR ALZHEMIER’S DISEASE: FROM GAMMA SECRETASE INHIBITORS TO GAMMA SECRETASE MODULATORS AND BETA SECRETASE INHIBITORS
Xianhai Huang, Robert Aslanian

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Alzheimer’s Disease

4.1.2 Alzheimer’s Disease and Amyloid Beta Theory

4.2 Gamma Secretase Inhibitors Drug Discovery and Development

4.2.1 Gamma Secretase Inhibitors Rationale

4.2.2 The Discovery of Gamma Secretase Inhibitors SCH 900229

4.2.2.1 The Discovery of 2,6-Disubstituted Piperidine Sulfonamide Gamma Secretase Inhibitors

4.2.2.2 The Discovery of Tricyclic Sulfones GSIs and a Preclinical Candidate SCH 900229

4.2.3 Gamma Secretase Inhibitors Summary

4.3 Gamma Secretase Modulator Drug Discovery and Development

4.3.1 Gamma Secretase Modulator Rationale

4.3.2 The Discovery of Oxadiazoline and Oxadiazine Gamma Secretase Modulators

4.3.2.1 The Pyrazolopyridine Series of Gamma Secretase Modulators

4.3.2.2 The Discovery of Oxadiazoline, Oxadiazine, and Oxadiazepine Gamma Secretase Modulators

4.3.2.3 Profiles of Gamma Secretase Modulator Preclinical Candidates (PCC)

4.3.3 On-going Gamma Secretase Modulators Discovery

4.4 Beta Secretase Inhibitors Overview

4.4.1 Beta Secretase Inhibitors Rationale

4.4.2 Brief Summary of Verubecestat (MK-8931) Discovery and Clinical Development

4.4.3 BACE1 Inhibitors Summary

4.5 Summary

Acknowledgement

References

CHAPTER 5 DISCOVERY OF NOVEL ANTIVIRAL AGENTS ENABLED BY STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY, COMPACT MODULES AND PHENOTYPIC SCREENING
Wei Zhu, Song Yang, Hongying Yun, and Hong C. Shen

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Discovery and Early Development of Novel Core Protein Assembly Modulators for the Treatment of chronic HBV infection

5.2.1 Introduction

5.2.2 Lead Generation and Optimization

5.2.3 Profile of Compound 3

5.2.4 Approaches to Address CYP Induction Liability

5.2.5 Conclusion

5.3 RG7834: The First-in-class Selective and Orally Bioavailable Small Molecule HBV Expression Inhibitor with a Novel Mode of Action

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 The Discovery of RG7834

5.3.2.1 Lead Generation

5.3.2.2 Lead Optimization

5.3.2.3 Profile of RG7834

5.3.2.4 Target Identification

5.3.3 Conclusion

5.4 Ziresovir: the Discovery of a Highly Potent, Selective and Orally Bioavailable RSV Fusion Protein Inhibitor

5.4.1 Introduction

5.4.2 The Discovery of Ziresovir (RO-0529 OR ARK0529)

5.4.2.1 Lead Generation

5.4.2.2 Lead Optimization

5.4.2.3 Profile of Ziresovir

5.4.2.4 Mode of Action of Ziresovir

5.4.3 Clinical Studies of Ziresovir

5.5 Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 6 DISCOVERY OF SUBTYPE SELECTIVE AGONISTS OF THE GROUP II METABOTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS
Junliang Hao

6.1 Background

6.1.1 The Dopamine and Glutamate Hypotheses of Schizophrenia

6.1.2 The Ionotropic and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors

6.1.3 Orthosteric Agonists of the Group II mGlu Receptors

6.1.4 Prodrug Approach to Improve Oral Bioavailability

6.1.5 Clinical Studies of 6 in Schizophrenia (via its Prodrug 7)

6.1.6 Rationale for Subtype Selective Agonists of the Group II mGlu Receptors

6.2 Discovery of Subtype Selective Agonist LY2812223 of the mGlu2 Receptor

6.2.1 Barriers to Achieve High Subtype Selectivity at the Orthosteric Site

6.2.2 Discovery of Subtype Selective Agonists for the mGlu2 Receptor

6.2.3 Additional In Vitro Characterization of 11

6.2.4 Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Profile of 11

6.2.5 Preclinical Animal Model of Psychosis

6.3 Discovery of Subtype Selective Agonist LY2794193 of the mGlu3 Receptor

6.3.1 Discovery of Subtype Selective Agonists for the mGlu3 Receptor

6.3.2 Additional In Vitro Characterization of 19

6.3.3 Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Profile of 19

6.3.4 Preclinical Animal Model

6.4 Structural Basis for Subtype Selectivity

6.4.1 Crystal Structures of hmGlu2 and hmGlu3 ATDs in Complex with 3 and L-Glu

6.4.2 Crystal Structures of hmGlu2 and hmGlu3 ATDs in Complex with 11 and 19

6.4.3 Structural Basis for the mGlu2 Subtype Selectivity of 11 and the mGlu3 Subtype Selectivity of 19

6.5 Divergent Synthesis of 11 and 19

6.6 Clinical Experience with mGlu2 Selective Agonist 11 (via Its Prodrug 12)

6.6.1 Human Plasma and CSF PK Profiles of 11

6.6.2 Biomarker

6.6.3 Safety

6.7 Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 7 DISCOVERY OF TASELISIB (GDC-0032): AN INHIBITOR OF PI3K WITH SELECTIVITY OVER PI3K
Timothy P. Heffron, Laurent Salphati, and Steven T. Staben

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Hit to Lead Efforts

7.3 Final Lead Optimization Leading to Discovery of Taselisib: ADME Optimization and Achieving Selective Inhibition of PI3K over PI3K

7.4 Preclinical in vivo Pharmacology of Taselisib

7.5 Prediction and Clinical Assessment of Taselisib Human Pharmacokinetics

7.6 Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 8 DRUG DISCOVERY WITH DNA-ENCODED LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY: INHIBITOR OF SOLUBLE EPOXIDE HYDROLASE TO CLINICAL CANDIDATE
Yun Ding, Sarah K. Scott

8.1 Background of DNA-encode Library Technology

8.1.1 Development of Encoding Strategies

8.1.2 The Encoding Strategy at GSK

8.1.3 Development of DNA-Compatible Chemistry

8.1.4 Methods for in vitro Selection of DNA-encoded Libraries

8.1.5 Decoding, Data Analysis and Off-DNA Hit Follow up

8.2 Application of DNA-encoded Library Technology in Small Molecule Drug Discovery

8.3 Discovery of sEH Inhibitors via DNA-encoded Library Technology

8.3.1 DEL Libraries for sEH Screening

8.3.2 sEH ELT Selection

8.3.3 ELT Hit Confirmation, SAR and Hit-to-lead Optimization

8.3.4 Lead Optimization, Preclinical and Clinical Development: GSK2256294 as a Clinical Asset

8.3.5 Clinical trials with GSK2256294

8.4 Summary

References

CHAPTER 9 DISCOVERY OF HTL26119: FAMILY B GPCR STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DESIGN IS NOW A REALITY
Andrea Bortolato, Jonathan S. Mason

9.1 Introduction

9.2 G Protein-Coupled Receptor Structure Based Drug Discovery

9.3 The Beginning of the Family B GPCR Structural Biology Revolution

9.4 Lessons Learned from the Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 1 Crystal Structure

9.5 Structural Understanding of Glucagon and GLP1 Receptor Activation

9.6 Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia

9.7 GLP1 Receptor Negative Allosteric Modulator Lead Identification

9.8 GLP1 Receptor Negative Allosteric Modulator Lead Optimization

9.9 Conclusion

References

CHAPTER 10 DISCOVERY AND POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF [11C]MK-6884: A POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) IMAGING AGENT FOR THE STUDY OF M4 MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR POSITIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATORS (PAMs) IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Ling Tong, Wenping Li

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Positron Emission Tomography

10.1.2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor 4 (M4) Positive Allosteric Modulator

10.2 Discovery of a Selective PET Tracer for M4 PAM

10.2.1 Criteria for a PET Tracer

10.2.2 PET Feasibility Study

10.2.3 PET Specific Signal is Driven by an Increase in Binding Affinity

10.2.4 The Implication of Lipophilicity and Free Fraction on in vivo BPND

10.2.5 Fluorine-18 Labeling Opportunity

10.3. A PET Tracer That Images M4 in Rat

10.4. Characterization of [11C]10 as a PET Tracer Preclinical Candidate (PCC) for Human Use

10.5 Development of [11C]MK-6884

Acknowledgement

References

CHAPTER 11 TARGETED PROTEIN DEGRADATION BY PROTEOLYSIS TARGETING CHIMERAS (PROTACs): A REVOLUTION IN SMALL MOLECULE DRUG DISCOVERY
Wu Du

11.1 The Concept of Targeted Protein Degradation

11.1.1 Introduction

11.1.2 The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System

11.1.3 Targeted Protein Degradation by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs)

11.2 The Advances of with PROTACs

11.2.1 Proof of Concept and Early Peptide Based PROTACs

11.2.2 Small Molecule Based PROTACs: the Discovery of VHL and CRBN E3 Ligands

11.2.3 Ligands for E3 Ligase

11.2.4 Mechanistic Considerations: the Ternary Complex and the Kinetics

11.2.5 Androgen Receptor (AR) PROTACs: a Case Study

11.2.6 Novel PROTACs: Self-assembled Click-formed PROTACs (CLIPTACs), Photo-chemically Controlled PROTACs (PHOTACs), Antibody-PROTAC Conjugates

11.2.7 Examples of Small Molecule Based PROTACs

11.3 Pharmacokinetics and Oral Absorption Challenge

11.4 PROTACs in Clinical Development

11.4.1 Androgen Receptor Targeting PROTAC ARV-110

11.4.2 Estrogen Receptor Targeting PROTAC ARV-471

11.5 Challenges and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

CHAPTER 12 ENTREPRENEURIAL DRUG HUNTER: MACROCYCLIC PEPTIDE MODALITIES
Tomi Sawyer

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Macrocyclic Peptide Modalities in Retrospect

12.3 Receptor and Extracellularly Targeted Macrocyclic Peptides

12.4 Intracellular Protein-protein Interaction Targeted Macrocyclic Peptides

12.5 Macrocyclic Peptide Advancement to Clinical Development and FDA Approval

12.6 Macrocyclic Peptide Drug Discovery Paradigm and Future Directions

Acknowledgement

References

CHAPTER 13 APPLICATION OF PYRROLOBENZODIAZEPINE (PBD) IN ANTIBODY DRUG CONJUGATES
Ning Zou, Amy Han

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Antibody drug conjugating with PBD payloads

13.2.1 SG-3199 (payload), SG-3249 (linker-payload), and SG-3199 Based ADCs

13.2.1.1 ADCT-301

13.2.1.2 ADCT-401

13.2.1.3 ADCT-402

13.2.1.4 ADCT-502

13.2.1.5 ADCT-602

13.2.1.6 Rovalpituzumab Tesirine (Rova-T)

13.2.1.7 ADCT-601

13.2.1.8 MEDI2228

13.2.1.9 TR1801-ADC (MT-8633)

13.2.2 SGD-1882 (payload), SGD-1910 (linker-payload), and SGD-1882 Based ADCs

13.2.2.1 SGN-CD33A (Vadastuximab Talirine)

13.2.2.2 SGN-CD70A

13.2.2.3 SGN-CD19B

13.2.2.4 SGN-CD123A

13.2.2.5 SGN-CD352A

13.2.2.6 ABBV-176

13.2.2.7 ABBV-321

13.2.3 IGN Payloads-based ADCs

13.2.3.1 IMGN779

13.2.3.2 IMGN632

13.2.3.3 TAK-164

13.2.4. Other PBD-based Payload ADCS

13.2.4.1 PBD-MA

13.2.4.2 Pyrridinobenzodiazepines (PDDs)

13.2.4.3 Isoquinolidinobenzodiazepine Dimers (IQBs)

13.2.4.4 PBD-Duocarmycin Dimers

13.2.4.5 PBD Dimer with Thio-oxophosphane Moiety

13.3 Small Molecule Drug Conjugates with pro-PBD Payloads

13.3.1 N-Substituted 1,3-Oxazolidine pro-PBD

13.3.2 Oxime Ether pro-PBD

13.4 Discussion

13.5 Conclusion

References  

CHAPTER 14 COMBINATION THERAPY CASE STUDIES IN ANTICANCER AND ANTI-INFECTIOUS DISEASE DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT
Xianhai Huang, David Yu-Kai Chen

14.1. Introduction

14.1.1. Combination Therapy in Anticancer Drug Discovery and Development

14.1.2. Combination Therapy in Antibacterial Drug Discovery and Development

14.2. Case Study of Olaparib (Lynparza®) and Bevacizumab (Avastin®) Combination in the Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Cancer

14.2.1. Discovery and Development History of Olaparib and Bevacizumab in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer

14.2.1.1 Discovery and Development History of Olaparib in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer

14.2.1.2 Discovery and Development History of Bevacizumab in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer

14.2.2. Rational Design of Olaparib and Bevacizumab Combination

14.2.3. Olaparib and Bevacizumab Combination in Clinical Studies

14.2.3.1. Phase I Clinical Studies of the Olaparib and Bevacizumab Combination

14.2.3.2. Phase II Clinical Studies of Olaparib and Bevacizumab Combination

14.2.3.3. Phase III Clinical Studies of Olaparib and Bevacizumab Combination

14.2.4. Summary of the Olaparib and Bevacuzimab Combination

14.3. Case Study of Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination (Avycaz®) in the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (cUTIs) and Intra-Abdominal Infections (cIAIs)

14.3.1. Brief History of the Discovery of Ceftazidime and Avibactam and the Rational for the Combination of Ceftazidime and Avibactam in the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (cUTIs) and Intra-Abdominal Infections (cIAIs)

14.3.2. PK, Safety and Tolerability of Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination in Phase I Human Clinical Trials

14.3.3. Clinical Efficacy of the Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination

14.3.3.1. Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination Phase II Clinical Trials

14.3.3.2. Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination Phase III Clinical Trials

14.3.3.2.1 Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination Phase III Clinical Trials in the Treatment of cUTI

14.3.3.2.2 Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination Phase III Clinical Trials in the Treatment of cIAI

14.3.3.2.3 Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination Phase III Clinical Trials in the Treatment of Nosocomial Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

14.3.3.2.4 Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination Phase III Clinical Trials in the Treatment of Pediatric Patients with cUTI and cIAI

14.3.4. Summary of Ceftazidime and Avibactam Combination

14.4. Combination Therapy Future Perspectives

References

CHAPTER 15 ACCELERATING DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT: TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE IN COMBATING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Xianhai Huang, David Yu-Kai Chen, and Haifeng “Wayne” Tang

15.1. Introduction to Translational Medicine

15.2. From Bench to Bedside: Translating Basic Research into Desirable Clinical Outcomes for COVID-19 Treatments

15.2.1. The Importance of Diagnostic Biomarkers in Speeding up Testing to Contain the Spread of the COVID-19 Virus

15.2.1.1. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test

15.2.1.2. The Antigen Test

15.2.1.3. The Antibody (Serological) Test

15.2.2. The Discovery and Clinical Development of Remdesivir in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic

15.2.3. COVID-19 Virus Targeting Antibody Discovery and Development

15.2.4. Accelerated Vaccine Development for COVID-19 Prevention

15.3. From Bedside to Bench: Accelerating Drug Discovery and Development in Treating COVID-19

15.3.1. The Need for an Inhaled Formulation of Remdesivir

15.3.2. Overcoming Cytokine Storm in COVID-19 Treatment

15.4. Translational Medicine Summary

References

APPENDIX I MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM

APPENDIX II GLOSSARY

APPENDIX III ABBREVIATIONS

INDEX

Authors

Xianhai Huang Robert G. Aslanian Wayne H. Tang