A fulsome exploration of the history, design, and application of bioimaging probes and sensors
In Sensors and Probes for Bioimaging, distinguished researcher Professor Young-Tae Chang and Professor Nam-Young Kang deliver a comprehensive discussion of bioimaging achieved with sensors and probes. In the book, readers will find a complete discussion of the history of colorful sensors and probes, probe design and the mechanisms of staining, as well as cell and tissue application and whole-body imaging.
You’ll learn how probes can be used, how to choose and use a variety of probes, and new directions in research and application in the area of sensors and probes for bioimaging.
Readers will also find: - A thorough introduction to bioimaging, as well as discussions of chemical sensors and probes used in bioimaging - Comprehensive explorations of organelle and cell selective probes, as well as discussions of a model for organelle selectivity - Practical discussions of tissue selective probes and whole-body imaging - Fulsome treatments of imaging for biological function and for the diagnosis of disease, including cancer and Alzheimer’s imaging
Perfect for chemical biologists, analytical chemists, biochemists, and materials scientists, Sensors and Probes for Bioimaging will also earn a place in the libraries of clinical chemists and advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and professionals working in the bioimaging and sensor industry.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Bioimaging 1
1.1 Color 1
1.2 Colorful Material 4
1.3 Light Source of Bioimaging 6
1.4 Subcellular Imaging 12
1.5 Cell-Selective Imaging 14
1.6 Tissue and Organ Imaging 14
1.7 Whole-Body Imaging 15
1.8 Probes in Bioimaging 15
References 16
2 Chemical Sensors and Probes for Bioimaging 17
2.1 History of Dyes in Biological Stains 17
2.2 Blood Cell Staining 22
2.3 Bacteria Staining Using Gram Method 24
2.4 Fluorescent Sensors and Probes 25
2.5 Representative Fluorescent Compounds for Bioimaging 29
References 33
3 Organelle-Selective Probes 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Cell Plasma Membrane 40
3.3 Endosome and Lysosome 47
3.4 Nucleus and DNA 50
3.5 Nucleolus and RNA 56
3.6 ER and Golgi Body 58
3.7 Mitochondria 62
3.8 Lipid Droplet 66
3.9 Peroxisome 67
3.10 Cytosol 68
3.11 Extracellular Vesicle 69
3.12 Non-membrane-Bound Condensate 72
3.13 Organelle Probes in Live Cells and Fixed Cells 74
3.14 Modeling for the Organelle-Selective Probes 75
References 80
4 Live-Cell-Selective Probes 85
4.1 Protein-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (POLD) 88
4.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cell Probe: CDy 1 93
4.1.2 Neural Stem Cell Probes 99
4.1.2.1 CDr 3 99
4.1.2.2 CDy5 for Neural Stem Cell Division Monitoring 103
4.1.3 Tumor-Initiating Cell Probes 105
4.1.3.1 TiY 105
4.1.3.2 TiNIR 108
4.1.4 Muscle Cell Probes 110
4.1.5 Pancreatic Cell Probes 113
4.1.5.1 Pancreatic α-Cell Probes 114
4.1.5.2 Pancreatic β-Cell Probes 114
4.1.6 Amyloid Probe: CDy 11 116
4.2 Carbohydrate-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (COLD) 118
4.2.1 Lectins 121
4.2.2 Embryonic Stem Cell Probes: CDg4 and CDb 8 122
4.2.3 Gram-Positive Bacteria Probe 122
4.2.4 Biofilm Probe: CDy14 and CDr 15 124
4.3 Lipid-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (LOLD) 128
4.3.1 Filipin as a Cholesterol Probe 129
4.3.2 Lipid Droplet Probes 129
4.3.3 Neuron Probes 130
4.3.3.1 Nissl Stains as Neuron Body Probe 131
4.3.3.2 Plasma Membrane Dyes as Neuronal Network Probe 131
4.3.3.3 NeuO as a Universal Neuron Probe 132
4.3.4 B Lymphocyte Probe: CDgB 134
4.3.5 Activated CD8 + Lymphocyte Probe: Probe 41 138
4.3.6 Apoptotic Cell Probe: Apo- 15 139
4.4 Gating-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (GOLD) 139
4.4.1 Cell Imaging Probes through Phagocytosis 140
4.4.2 Probes Through SLC Transporters 143
4.4.3 Probes Through Glucose Transporters 144
4.4.4 Naïve Embryonic Stem Cell Probe: CDy 9 146
4.4.5 Neurotransmitter Mimetic Probes 147
4.4.6 Astrocyte Probe: SR 101 149
4.4.7 Subtype-Specific Macrophage Probes: CDg16, CDr17, CDg 18 150
4.4.7.1 CDg16 for Activated Macrophage 150
4.4.7.2 CDr17 for M1 Macrophage 152
4.4.7.3 CDg18 for M2 Macrophage 153
4.4.8 B-Cell-Selective Probe Through GOLD Mechanism 153
4.4.9 Bacteria Probes Through Transporters 154
4.4.10 Probes Through ABC Transporters 155
4.4.11 Background-Free Tame Dye 157
4.5 Metabolism-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (MOLD) 160
4.5.1 Substrate for Proteases in Extracellular Matrix 160
4.5.1.1 MMP12 Substrate for Activated Macrophage Probe 162
4.5.1.2 Cathepsin S Substrate for Tumor-Associated Macrophage Probe 162
4.5.1.3 Elastase Substrate for Neutrophil Probe 163
4.5.1.4 Granzyme Substrate for Natural Killer and Cytotoxic T Cell Probe 163
4.5.2 Microglia Probe: CDr10 and CDr20 165
4.5.2.1 CDr10a and b for Microglia Imaging among Brain Cells 165
4.5.2.2 Microglia Probe CDr20 through Ugt1a7c 169
4.5.3 Neutrophil Probe: NeutropG 170
References 172
5 Ex Vivo Tissue Imaging Probes 179
5.1 Immunohistochemistry 181
5.2 Tissue Imaging with Nucleic Acid Probes 186
5.3 Tissue Imaging with Small-Molecule Probes 186
5.3.1 Pancreatic Islet Imaging 188
5.3.2 Neuronal Tissue Imaging 191
5.4 Organoid as Model of Tissue and Organ 194
5.4.1 Blood Vessel 3D Model 195
5.4.2 Tumor Organoid for Drug Screening 196
References 196
6 In Vivo Whole-Body Imaging Probes 199
6.1 ElaNIR for Elastin Imaging in Mouse 200
6.2 Probes for Exposed Neuron in Zebrafish Embryo 201
6.3 NeuO for Whole-Body Neuron Imaging in Zebrafish 202
6.4 LipidGreen for Fatty Tissue Imaging in Zebrafish 203
6.5 Blood Vessel Imaging in Zebrafish 204
6.6 Probes for Bone Imaging 205
6.7 Probes for Pancreatic Islet Imaging 206
6.8 Probes for Eye Imaging 208
6.8.1 Optical Coherence Tomography for Retina 209
6.8.2 Fundus Photography for Blood Vessel Imaging in Retina 210
6.8.3 Neuron Imaging on Retina 210
6.8.4 Bacterial Infection on Cornea 211
6.9 Macrophage Imaging in Ischemia and Inflammation 213
References 214
7 Imaging for Biological Environment and Function 217
7.1 pH 218
7.2 Metal Ions 221
7.2.1 Na + and K + 222
7.2.2 Ca 2+ 225
7.2.3 Mg 2+ 227
7.2.4 Metal Ion Selectivity of Fluorescent Sensors 228
7.2.5 Iron Ion 230
7.2.6 Zn 2+ 230
7.2.7 Copper Ion 231
7.3 Metabolites 232
7.3.1 Atp 232
7.3.2 Nadh 233
7.3.3 Histamine 234
7.4 Viscosity 234
7.5 Temperature 238
7.5.1 ER Thermometer 238
7.5.2 Mitochondrial Thermometer 240
7.5.3 Organelle-Specific Fluorescent Thermometers 241
7.6 Reactive Oxygen Species and Reactive Nitrogen Species 241
7.6.1 Superoxide 243
7.6.2 H 2 O 2 245
7.6.3 Onoo - 247
7.6.4 HOCl and Hypochlorite 249
7.6.5 Hydroxyl Radical 251
References 252
8 Imaging for Disease 259
8.1 Introduction 259
8.2 Cancer Imaging 260
8.2.1 Imaging by Cancer-Specific Biomarker Binding 261
8.2.2 Imaging by Cancer-Specific Metabolism 263
8.2.3 Imaging by Cancer-Specific Transporter 267
8.2.4 Imaging by the Changed Environment of Cancer 268
8.2.5 Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) 269
8.2.6 Cancer Cell Line for Imaging 269
8.2.7 Animal Models of Tumor Imaging 271
8.2.8 Ex Vivo 3D Tumor Culture Model 275
8.2.9 Clinical Imaging of Tumor for Diagnosis and Prognosis 277
8.2.10 Intraoperative Imaging of Tumor 278
8.3 Neurodegenerative Disease Imaging 278
8.3.1 AD Imaging Through Aβ Amyloid Aggregates 278
8.3.2 AD Imaging Through Tau 281
8.3.3 Animal Model for AD 283
8.4 Inflammation Imaging 284
8.4.1 Inflammation Imaging by Environmental Changes 284
8.4.2 Inflammation Imaging Through Immune Cells 285
8.4.3 Inflammation Animal Model 286
8.5 Diabetes Imaging 286
8.6 Liver Disease Imaging 288
8.7 Aging 289
8.8 Theranostics 289
References 290
9 Non-optical Imaging Probes 297
9.1 Ultrasound Imaging Probes 297
9.2 X-Ray Contrast Agents 298
9.3 MRI Contrast Agents 301
9.4 SPECT Probes 303
9.5 PET Probes 306
9.5.1 PET Probes for Tumor 307
9.5.2 PET Probes for Brain Function 309
9.6 Multimodality 310
References 311
10 Fluorescence Imaging Techniques and Analysis Methods 313
10.1 Multicolor Imaging 313
10.2 Ratiometric Measurement 315
10.3 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 316
10.4 Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 316
10.5 Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging and Harmonic Generation 317
10.6 Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy 318
10.7 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy 319
10.8 Super-Resolution Imaging 320
10.9 Single-Molecule Imaging 322
10.10 Photoactivation of Caged Molecule 323
10.11 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching 324
10.12 Flow Cytometry Technique 325
References 327
11 Perspectives for Future Probe Development 329
11.1 Design of Selective Probes 329
11.2 Discovery of Selective Probes by Screening 331
11.3 Future Probe Development 336
References 337
Appendix 339
Index 341
