Outlines the latest developments in 2D heterojunction nanomaterials with energy conversion applications
In 2D Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications, Dr. Ganesh S. Kamble presents an authoritative overview of the most recent progress in the rational design and synthesis of 2D nanomaterials and their applications in semiconducting catalysts, biosensors, electrolysis, batteries, and solar cells. This interdisciplinary volume is a valuable resource for materials scientists, electrical engineers, nanoscientists, and solid-state physicists looking for up-to-date information on 2D heterojunction nanomaterials.
The text summarizes the scientific contributions of international experts in the fabrication and application of 2D nanomaterials while discussing the importance and impact of 2D nanomaterials on future economic growth, novel manufacturing processes, and innovative products. - Provides thorough coverage of graphene chemical derivatives synthesis and applications, including state-of-the-art developments and perspectives - Describes 2D/2D graphene oxide-layered double hydroxide nanocomposites for immobilization of different radionuclides - Covers 2D nanomaterials for biomedical applications and novel 2D nanomaterials for next-generation photodetectors - Discusses applications of 2D nanomaterials for cancer therapy and recent trends ingraphene-latex nanocomposites
Perfect for materials scientists, inorganic chemists, and electronics engineers, 2D Functional Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications is also an essential resource for solid-state physicists seeking accurate information on recent progress in two-dimensional heterojunction materials with energy conversion applications.
Table of Contents
Foreword xvii
Preface xxi
1 Graphene Chemical Derivatives Synthesis and Applications: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives 1
Maxim K. Rabchinskii, Maksim V. Gudkov, and Dina Yu. Stolyarova
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Graphene Oxide: Synthesis Methods and Chemistry Alteration 3
1.3 Graphene Oxide Reduction and Functionalization 6
1.4 Applications of CMGs 13
1.5 Concluding Remarks 15
Acknowledgments 15
References 16
2 2D/2D Graphene Oxide-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposite for the Immobilization of Different Radionuclides 21
Paulmanickam Koilraj and Keiko Sasaki
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Synthesis of GO/LDH Composite 22
2.2.1 Co-precipitation 22
2.2.2 Hydrothermal Preparation 23
2.2.3 Self-Assembly of LDH Nanosheets with GO Nanosheets 24
2.3 Removal of Radionuclides 24
2.3.1 U(VI) Removal 24
2.3.2 Sorption of Eu(III) with the Presence of GO on LDH 25
2.3.3 Co-remediation Anionic SeO42- and Cationic Sr2+ 26
2.4 Conclusion 29
References 29
3 2D Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 31
Poliraju Kalluru and Raviraj Vankayala
3.1 Introduction 31
3.1.1 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy 31
3.1.2 Bioimaging and Drug/Gene Delivery 34
3.1.3 Biosensors 37
3.1.4 Antibacterial Activity 39
3.1.5 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 41
3.2 Conclusions 43
References 43
4 Novel Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Next-Generation Photodetectors 47
Khurelbaatar Zagarzusem and Zumuukhorol Munkhsaikhan
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 2D Materials for PDs 49
4.2.1 Graphene 49
4.2.2 TMDs (Transition Metal Dichalcogenides) 49
4.2.3 MXenes (2D Transition Metal Carbides/Nitrides) 50
4.2.4 Xenes (Monoelemental 2D Materials) 50
4.3 The Physical Mechanism Enabling Photodetection 50
4.4 Characterization Parameters for Photodetectors 51
4.4.1 Responsivity 51
4.4.2 Detectivity 52
4.4.3 External Quantum Efficiency 52
4.4.4 Gain 52
4.4.5 Response Time 52
4.4.6 Noise Equivalent Power 52
4.5 Synthesis Methods for 2D Materials 53
4.5.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 53
4.5.2 Liquid Exfoliation 53
4.5.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 53
4.6 Photodetectors Based on 2D Materials 55
4.6.1 Photodetectors Based on Graphene 55
4.6.2 Photodetectors Based on MoS2 55
4.6.3 Photodetectors Based on BP 55
4.7 Photodetectors Based on 2D Heterostructures 56
4.8 Conclusions and Outlook 58
References 58
5 2D Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy 63
Naresh Kuthala
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 2D Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy 64
5.2.1 2D Nanomaterials for Combination PTT with PDT 64
5.2.2 2D-Nanomaterials for Combination PTT Therapy with Radiotherapy (RT) 68
5.2.3 2D Nanomaterials for Combination PTT Therapy with Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT) 70
5.2.4 2D Nanomaterials for Combination PTT Therapy with Immune Therapy (ImT) 73
5.3 Summary and Future Perspectives 76
References 76
6 Graphene and Its Derivatives - Synthesis and Applications 81
Amer Al-Nafiey
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 Graphite 81
6.2.1 Define 81
6.2.2 Synthetic Graphite 82
6.2.3 Characterized and Properties of Graphite 82
6.2.3.1 Structure 82
6.2.4 Applications 84
6.3 Graphene Oxide 84
6.3.1 Define 84
6.3.2 Synthetic of Graphene Oxide 84
6.3.3 Characterized and Properties of Graphene Oxide 84
6.3.3.1 Structure 84
6.3.3.2 Properties of Graphene Oxide 87
6.3.3.3 Applications of Graphene Oxide 88
6.3.3.4 Few Examples 88
6.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide 89
6.4.1 Define 89
6.4.2 Synthetic of Reduced Graphene Oxide or Reduction of Graphene Oxide 89
6.4.2.1 Thermal Reduction of GO 90
6.4.2.2 Photocatalytic Method 94
6.4.2.3 Electrochemical Method 95
6.4.2.4 Other Methods 95
6.4.3 Characterized, Structure, and Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide 95
6.4.3.1 Structure 96
6.4.3.2 Properties and Applications of Reduced Graphene Oxide 97
6.5 Graphene 98
6.5.1 Define 98
6.5.2 Synthesis of Graphene 98
6.5.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 101
6.5.2.2 Epitaxial Growth 102
6.5.2.3 Mechanical Exfoliation 104
6.5.2.4 Chemical Reduction of Graphene Oxide (GO) 105
6.5.3 Characterized, Structure, and Properties of Graphene 105
6.5.3.1 Surface Properties 105
6.5.3.2 Electronic Properties 105
6.5.3.3 Optical Properties 106
6.5.3.4 Mechanical Properties 107
6.5.3.5 Thermal Properties 107
6.5.3.6 Photocatalytic Properties 108
6.5.3.7 Magnetic Properties 109
6.5.3.8 Characterizations of Graphene 109
6.5.3.9 Morphology (SEM, TEM, and AFM) 109
6.5.3.10 Raman Spectroscopy 111
6.5.3.11 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 111
6.5.3.12 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 112
6.5.3.13 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 114
6.5.3.14 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 114
6.5.3.15 FTIR Spectroscopy 115
6.5.4 Application of Graphene 116
References 116
7 Recent Trends in Graphene - Latex Nanocomposites 125
Anand Krishnamoorthy
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 Polymer Lattices - An Overview 125
7.3 Graphene - Background 127
7.4 Preparation and Functionalization of Graphene 128
7.5 Graphene - Latex Nanocomposites: Preparation Properties and Applications 129
7.6 Conclusions 137
References 138
8 Advanced Characterization and Techniques 141
Raja Murugesan
8.1 Introduction 141
8.2 Characterization Techniques 141
8.2.1 Optical Techniques - Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 141
8.2.2 Optical Spectroscopy 144
8.2.3 NMR-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 145
8.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) and Raman Spectroscopy 145
8.2.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 146
8.2.6 Characterization Based on Interactions with Electrons or Electron Microscopy (EM) 147
8.2.6.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 147
8.2.6.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 149
8.2.6.3 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) 150
8.2.6.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 151
8.2.7 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 151
8.2.8 Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) 152
8.2.9 X-Ray-Based Techniques 152
References 154
9 2D Nanomaterials: Sustainable Materials for Cancer Therapy Applications 157
Mamta Chahar and Sarita Khaturia
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Types of 2D Nanomaterials 158
9.3 Methods for the Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials 160
9.4 Mechanism of Cancer Theranostics 162
9.5 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials 163
9.6 Conclusion 163
References 169
10 Recent Advances in Functional 2D Materials for Field Effect Transistors and Nonvolatile Resistive Memories 175
Adnan Younis, Jawad Alsaei, Basma Al-Najar, Hacene Manaa, Pranay Rajan, El Hadi S. Sadki, Aicha Loucif, and Shama Sehar
10.1 Introduction to 2D Materials 175
10.2 Electronic Band Structure in 2D Materials 176
10.3 Electronic Transport Properties of 2D Materials 178
10.4 Two-Dimensional Materials in Field Effect Transistors 180
10.4.1 Field Effect Transistors 180
10.4.2 The Rise of 2D Materials Research in FETs 180
10.4.3 Graphene-Based Field Effect Transistors 181
10.4.4 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) in Transistors 183
10.5 Two-Dimensional Materials as Nonvolatile Resistive Memories 184
10.5.1 Nonvolatile Resistive Memories Based on Graphene and Its Derivatives 185
10.5.2 Resistive Switching Memories in 2D Materials “Beyond” Graphene 187
10.5.2.1 Solution-Processed MoS2-Based Resistive Memories 187
10.5.2.2 Solution-Processed Black Phosphorous Nonvolatile Resistive Memories 188
10.5.2.3 Emerging NVM Based on Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) 188
10.6 Conclusions and Outlook 189
References 190
11 2D Advanced Functional Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy 199
Raj Kumar, Naveen Bunekar, Sunil Dutt, Pulikanti G. Reddy, Abhishek K. Gupta, Keshaw R. Aadil, Vivek K. Mishra, Shivendra Singh, and Chandrani Sarkar
11.1 Introduction 199
11.2 2D Nanomaterials Classification 202
11.2.1 Graphene Family Nanomaterials 202
11.2.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) 203
11.2.3 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) 205
11.2.4 Carbonitrides (MXenes) 206
11.2.5 Black Phosphorus (BP) 206
11.3 Cancer Therapy 208
11.3.1 Mechanism of Action in Cancer Therapy 212
11.3.1.1 Mode of Action of 2D Nanomaterials 212
11.3.2 Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer Cell Treatment 215
11.3.2.1 Mechanism of Photodynamic Therapy 215
11.3.2.2 2D Nanomaterials as Photosensitizer for PDT 217
11.3.2.3 Application of 2D Nanomaterials in Photodynamic Therapy 217
11.3.3 2D Nanomaterials-Cancer Detection/Diagnosis/Theragnostic 218
11.4 Tissue Engineering 219
11.5 Conclusion 220
Acknowledgment 221
References 221
12 Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials Via Green and Sol-Gel Methods: A Review 235
Ankit S. Bartwal, Rahul Thakur, Sumit Ringwal, and Satish C. Sati
12.1 Introduction 235
12.2 Methods Used in Nanostructured Synthesis 236
12.2.1 Green Method of Nanoparticles Synthesis 236
12.2.2 Sol-Gel Method of Nanoparticles Synthesis 236
12.2.3 Green Method of Nanocomposites Synthesis 241
12.2.4 Sol-Gel Method of Nanocomposites 241
12.3 Discussion 241
12.4 Conclusion 244
References 244
13 Study of Antimicrobial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Leaves Extract of Ficus auriculata Based on Green Chemistry Principles 249
Gurpreet Kour, Ankit S. Bartwal, and Satish C. Sati
13.1 Introduction 249
13.2 Materials and Methods 250
13.2.1 Chemicals 250
13.2.2 Methodology 250
13.2.3 Antimicrobial Activity 251
13.3 Results and Discussion 251
13.3.1 Characterization of Synthesized Zinc-Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) 251
13.3.1.1 XRD Analysis 251
13.3.1.2 FT-IR Analysis 252
13.3.1.3 SEM Analysis 254
13.3.1.4 TEM Analysis 254
13.3.2 Antibacterial Activity 254
13.4 Conclusion 255
Acknowledgments 255
References 255
14 Piezoelectric Properties of Na1-xKxNbO3 near x = 0.475, Morphotropic Phase Region 257 Surendra Singh and Narayan S. Panwar
14.1 Introduction 257
14.2 Experimental Procedure 259
14.3 Results and Discussion 260
References 262
15 Synthesis and Characterization of SDC Nano-Powder for IT-SOFC Applications 265
Bharati B. Patil
15.1 Introduction 265
15.1.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 265
15.1.2 Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs) 266
15.1.3 Why Samarium-Doped Ceria (SDC) Material? 266
15.1.4 Various Synthesis Methods for SDC 267
15.1.5 Why SDC Synthesis by Combustion Process? 268
15.1.6 Why SDC Synthesis by Glycine Nitrate Combustion Process (GNP)? 268
15.1.7 Applications of SDC Material Related to Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 269
15.1.7.1 Applications of SDC as SOFC Electrolyte 269
15.1.7.2 Applications of SDC to Make Composite Anode 269
15.1.7.3 Applications of SDC to Make Composite Cathode 270
15.1.7.4 Applications of SDC as an Interlayer 270
15.1.7.5 Applications of SDC as an Additional Anode Layer 270
15.2 Experimental 270
15.2.1 Powder Synthesis 270
15.2.2 Powder Characterization 271
15.3 Results and Discussion 272
15.3.1 TG-DTG Study 272
15.3.2 XRD Analysis 272
15.3.3 Powder Microstructure 276
15.3.3.1 SEM Analysis 276
15.3.3.2 TEM Analysis 277
15.3.3.3 EDAX Analysis 277
15.3.3.4 BET Analysis 278
15.3.4 Electrical Properties 278
15.4 Conclusions 281
Acknowledgments 281
References 282
16 Introduction of 2D Nanomaterials and Their Photocatalytic Applications 285
Kallappa Ramchandra Sanadi
16.1 Introduction 285
16.2 Definitions of Nanomaterials 286
16.3 History of Nanotechnology 286
16.3.1 Top-down Approach 286
16.3.2 Bottom-up Approach 286
16.4 Classification of Nanomaterials 286
16.4.1 Zero-Dimensional (0-D) 287
16.4.2 One-Dimensional (1-D) 287
16.4.3 Three-Dimensional (3-D) 287
16.4.4 Two-Dimensional (2-D) 287
16.4.4.1 Synthetic Methods 288
16.5 Characterization Techniques for 2D Nanomaterials 290
16.6 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials 291
16.7 Photocatalytic Application 291
16.7.1 Why Photocatalyst? 291
16.7.2 Brief History of Photocatalysis 292
16.7.3 Principles of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 292
16.7.4 Photocatalytic Study of 2D Nanomaterials 293
16.7.5 Challenges Behind 2D Nanomaterials as a Photocatalyst 294
References 294
17 Graphene and Its Analogous 2D-Layered Materials for Flexible Persistent Energy Storage Devices in Consumer Electronics 297
Himadri Tanaya Das, K. Hariprasad, and T. E. Balaji
17.1 Introduction 297
17.2 Brief Sketch of the Types of SC and Its Working Mechanism 298
17.3 Evolution of Electrode Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors 300
17.4 Developing Graphene Electrodes with Different Nanocomposites 304
17.4.1 Other Carbon-Based Nanomaterials with Graphene 304
17.4.2 Using Organic Composites with Graphene 306
17.4.3 Conductive Polymer with Graphene 306
17.4.4 Combining Graphene with Other Metal Oxides/Hydroxides 308
17.4.5 Combining Graphene with Other 2D-Layered Materials 308
17.5 Novel Technologies to Develop Flexible Graphene-Based Supercapacitors 310
17.6 Conclusion 311
17.7 Future Aspects 313
References 313
18 2D Dichalcogenides 317
Ram S. Singh, Varun Rai, and Arun K. Singh
18.1 Introduction 317
18.1.1 What Are 2D Dichalcogenides? 317
18.1.2 Properties 318
18.2 Methods of Synthesis 321
18.2.1 Top-Down Method 321
18.2.1.1 Micromechanical Exfoliation 321
18.2.1.2 Liquid Exfoliation 322
18.2.1.3 Chemical Intercalation and Exfoliation 322
18.2.1.4 Electrochemical Exfoliation 322
18.2.1.5 Thinning by Thermal Annealing, Laser, and Chemical Etching 323
18.2.2 Bottom-Up Method 323
18.2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition 323
18.2.2.2 Solvo-Thermal 324
18.2.2.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 325
18.3 Modification of Properties 325
18.4 Applications 327
18.4.1 Optoelectronics 327
18.4.2 Sensors 329
18.4.3 Spintronics 329
18.4.4 Photocatalysis 329
18.4.5 Biomedical Applications 330
18.5 Conclusion 330
Acknowledgment 330
References 331
19 Recent Trends on Graphene-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites Toward Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Application 335
Kashinath Lellala and Mouni Roy
19.1 Introduction 335
19.1.1 Basic of Photo-Anode/Cathode 335
19.1.2 Properties of PEC 336
19.1.3 Importance of Catalyst/Electrode 336
19.1.4 Fundamental Concept of Photo-Electrochemical Water Splitting 337
19.1.4.1 Light-Catalyst Interaction 337
19.1.4.2 Electron-Hole Pair 337
19.1.4.3 Carrier Transportation-Separation 338
19.1.4.4 Water Splitting Reaction 339
19.1.4.5 Nature of Electrolyte 339
19.1.4.6 Catalysis 339
19.1.4.7 Crystallinity and Size 340
19.1.4.8 Temperature and Pressure 340
19.1.4.9 Heterogeneous Electron Transfer 340
19.1.4.10 pH Dependency 340
19.2 Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 340
19.2.1 Graphene 340
19.2.2 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 341
19.3 Synthesis of Graphene-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 342
19.4 Application of Graphene-Metal Oxide Composites Toward Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting 345
19.5 Summary and Future Perspective 349
References 349
20 2D MOFs Nanosheets 357
Arezou Mohammadinezhad
20.1 Introduction 357
20.2 Synthetic Strategies 357
20.2.1 Top-Down Method 358
20.2.1.1 Sonication Exfoliation 358
20.2.1.2 Mechanical Exfoliation Method 359
20.2.1.3 Chemical Exfoliation 359
20.2.1.4 Langmuir-Blodgett Method 359
20.2.1.5 Solvent-Induced Exfoliation 359
20.2.2 Bottom-Up Method 359
20.2.2.1 Interfacial Synthesis Method 360
20.2.2.2 Surfactant-Assisted Method 360
20.2.2.3 Template Method 360
20.2.2.4 Sonication Synthesis Method 360
20.2.3 Other Synthesis Methods 361
20.3 Applications of 2D MOFs Nanosheets 361
20.3.1 Gas Separation 361
20.3.2 Energy Conversion and Storage 361
20.3.3 Catalysis 362
20.3.4 Sensing Platforms 362
20.3.5 Biomedicine 362
20.4 Composites of 2D MOF Nanosheets 362
20.5 Conclusion 363
References 363
21 Introduction and Applications of 2D Nanomaterials 369
Atta U. Rehman, Fatima Afzal, Muhammad T. Ansar, Amna Sajjad, and Muhammad A. Munir
21.1 Introduction 369
21.2 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials 371
21.2.1 Photodetectors 371
21.2.2 Phototransistors 371
21.2.3 p-n Junction Photodetectors 372
21.2.4 Field-Effect Transistors 373
21.2.5 Gas Sensors 373
21.2.6 Lithium-Ion Batteries 374
21.2.7 Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes 374
21.2.8 Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes 375
21.2.9 Graphene as Current Collector 376
21.2.10 Graphene in Super capacitors 376
21.2.11 Graphene Nanocomposites with Distinct Materials 377
21.2.12 Doping and Surface Modifications 378
21.2.13 Graphene for Gas Sensors 379
21.3 Conclusion 379
References 380
22 2D Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis 383
Gubbala V. Ramesh, N. Mahendar Reddy, Muvva D. Prasad, D. Saritha, and Kola Ramesh
22.1 Introduction 383
22.2 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 385
22.3 Photoelectrocatalytic CO2 Reduction 388
22.4 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production 391
22.5 Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Production 395
22.6 Photocatalytic Dye Degradation 397
22.7 Conclusion 401
References 402
Index 413
