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Biochips and Medical Imaging. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 432 Pages
  • August 2022
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5840167

Advanced, recent developments in biochips and medical imaging

Biochips and Medical Imaging is designed as a professional resource, covering recent biochip and medical imaging developments. Within the text, the authors encourage uniting aspects of engineering, biology, and medicine to facilitate advancements in the field of molecular diagnostics and imaging.

Biochips are microchips for efficiently screening biological analytes. This book aims at presenting information on the state-of-the-art and emerging biosensors, biochips, and imaging devices of the body's systems, including the endocrine, circulatory, and immune systems.

Medical diagnostics includes biochips (in-vitro diagnostics) and medical and molecular imaging (in-vivo imaging). Biochips and Medical Imaging explores the role of in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostics. It enables an instructor to share in-depth examples of the use of biochips in diagnosing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. 

  • Provides real-life knowledge on biochips and medical imaging, written by leading researchers
  • Serves as a resource for professionals working in the biochip or imaging fields
  • Features an accessible approach for anyone interested in biochips and their applications

Readers of Biochips and Medical Imaging can expand their knowledge of medical technology, even if they have no biological knowledge and a limited math background. With its focus on important developments, this book is sure to also capture the interest of bioengineering and biomaterials scientists, structural biologists, electrical engineers, and nanotechnologists.

Table of Contents

Foreword xvii

Preface xix

Acknowledgments xxi

1 Cell Biology 1

1.1 Cell Biology Introduction 1

1.2 Cell Structure 1

1.3 Cell Membrane 2

1.4 Proteins 2

1.5 Cytoplasm and Organelles 3

1.6 Nucleus 6

1.7 Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) 8

1.8 Central Dogma and Recent Revisions 10

1.9 Mutations 14

1.10 Cell Cycle 14

1.11 Additional Information 17

2 Biological Lab Techniques 27

2.1 Overview 27

2.2 Beer Lambert's Law 27

2.3 DNA Lab Techniques 28

2.4 Additional Information 38

3 Human Physiology 47

3.1 Overview 47

3.2 Nervous System 47

3.3 Circulatory System 68

3.4 Endocrine System 74

3.5 Lymphatic System 83

3.6 Immune System 85

4 Cancer 103

4.1 Epidemiology (Statistics) 103

4.2 What Causes Cancer 104

4.3 Oncogenesis (Cancer Development) 106

4.4 The Six Hallmarks of Cancer 109

4.5 Conclusion 118

5 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) 123

5.1 Epidemiology and Introduction 123

5.2 Types of CVD 125

5.3 Diagnosis of CVDs 130

5.4 Treatment of CVDs 135

5.5 Conclusion 138

6 DNA Chips and Sequencing 143

6.1 Introduction to DNA Chips and PCR 143

6.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 143

6.3 DNA and RNA Chip Technology 147

6.4 DNA Sequencing 155

6.5 Conclusion 156

6.6 Additional Information 156

7 Next-Generation Sequencing and FET-Based Biochips 161

7.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Sequencing 161

7.2 Optical-Based Methods 162

7.3 Electronic-Based Methods 165

7.4 Conclusion 172

8 Protein Assays and Chips 179

8.1 Introduction 179

8.2 ELISA 179

8.3 Protein Arrays 183

8.4 Conclusion 190

8.5 Additional Information 190

9 Label-Free Affinity-Based Biosensors 197

9.1 Introduction 197

9.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor 197

9.3 Nanowire Field-Effect (FET) Sensors 203

9.4 Cantilever Sensors 204

9.5 Electrochemical Sensors 205

9.6 Multiplex Detection of Polymicrobial UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) 207

9.7 Conclusion 211

10 Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 215

10.1 Magnetism Overview 215

10.2 GMR Magneto-Nanosensor Biochips 216

10.3 Point-of-Care Testing 223

10.4 Non-GMR Magnetic Nanobiosensors 228

10.5 Conclusion 231

11 Microfluidic Chips for Capturing Circulating Tumor Cells 235

11.1 Circulating Tumor Cells 235

11.2 Identifying CTC and WBC by 3-Color Staining 235

11.3 Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) 236

11.4 Magnetically Activated Cell Sorting (MACS) 237

11.5 Magnetic Separation Devices 238

11.6 CTC Enrichment By Size Filtering 243

11.7 CTC-CHIP (HARVARD UNIVERSITY) 243

11.8 Clinical Utility From CTCs 245

11.9 Conclusion 247

12 Molecular Diagnostics 251

12.1 Molecular Diagnostics (Dx) 251

12.2 Molecular Diagnostics for Cancer 251

12.3 Important Concepts in Diagnostics 254

12.4 Conclusion 261

12.5 Additional Information 261

13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 271

13.1 Medical Imaging -- Categorization 271

13.2 Overview For Imaging Section 271

13.3 MRI: Past, Present, and Future 273

13.4 Physics of MRI Overview 274

13.5 Physics of MRI 274

13.6 Image Acquisition in MRI 279

13.7 MRI Contrast Agents 282

13.8 Conclusion 287

14 Radionuclide Imaging 295

14.1 Radioactivity 295

14.2 Basics of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 299

14.3 Single-Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) 303

14.4 Contrast and Imaging Agents 306

14.5 Conclusion 312

15 Fluorescence and Raman Imaging 317

15.1 Introduction to Optical Imaging 317

15.2 Photon/Tissue Interaction 317

15.3 Fluorescence Imaging 320

15.4 Raman Imaging 328

15.5 Fluorescence Imaging vs. Raman Imaging 331

15.6 Conclusion 332

16 Optical Coherence Tomography 337

16.1 Introduction 337

16.2 Applications of OCT 346

16.3 Contrast Enhancement 351

16.4 Conclusion 359

17 Photoacoustic Imaging 363

17.1 Photoacoustic Effect 363

17.2 The Thermal and Stress Confinements 364

17.3 Photoacoustic Imaging 365

17.4 Contrast Agents 367

17.5 Conclusion 373

18 Imaging Controls and Concepts 377

18.1 Controls 377

18.2 Imaging Concepts 382

18.3 Clinical Translation 386

18.4 Conclusion 390

Problems 390

References 394

Further

Reading 394

Index 395

Authors

Adam de la Zerda Stanford University. Shan Xiang Wang Stanford University.