+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses. Edition No. 7

  • Book

  • 1248 Pages
  • July 2020
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5840263

Provides a fully updated Seventh Edition of the classic gold-standard reference on equine lameness

This new edition of the go-to resource for equine lameness features updates throughout and more in-depth information on objective lameness assessment, sports medicine, rehabilitation, treatment options, and advanced imaging. With contributions from the world’s leading authorities on the subject, the book covers functional anatomy, examination, imaging, lameness of the distal limb, proximal limb, and axial skeleton, principles of musculoskeletal disease, therapies, occupation-related conditions, lameness in young horses, and farriery. More than 1,700 images support the text, making it an exhaustive reference for all aspects of lameness in horses.

Now in its seventh edition, Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses continues to be the definitive resource on equine lameness for veterinary specialists, practitioners, interns, residents, and students alike. The book is supplemented with a companion website offering a plethora of “how-to” videos demonstrating a variety of different physical examination techniques, including palpation, hoof testing, flexion tests, and perineural and intrasynovial injection techniques.

  • Offers a fully revised new edition of the classic text on equine lameness
  • Includes more extensive information on objective lameness assessment, sports medicine, rehabilitation, treatment options and advanced imaging
  • Features over 1,700 images to illustrate the concepts described
  • Written by internationally renowned experts in the field
  • Includes access to a companion website with "how-to" videos

Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses is a must-have reference for any practicing large animal and equine veterinarian, equine veterinary specialist, or veterinary student dealing with lameness in the horse.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors xv

Preface to the Seventh Edition xix

Preface to the Sixth Edition xxi

Preface to the Fifth Edition xxiii

Preface to the Fourth Edition xxv

Acknowledgments xxvii

Common Terminologies and Abbreviations xxix

About the Companion Website xxxi

1 Functional Anatomy of the Equine Musculoskeletal System 1
Anna Dee Fails

Anatomic Nomenclature and Usage 1

Thoracic Limb 1

Hindlimb 34

Axial Components 60

Acknowledgment 64

2 Examination for Lameness 67

History, Visual Exam, and Conformation 67
Gary M. Baxter and Ted S. Stashak

Introduction 67

Adaptive Strategies of Lame Horses 67

Classification of Lameness 68

Signalment and Use 71

History (Anamnesis) 71

Visual Examination at Rest 71

Conformation 72

Conformation Components and Traits 74

Acknowledgment 91

Palpation and Manipulation 93
Gary M. Baxter and Ted S. Stashak

Foot 93

Pastern 96

Fetlock 97

Metacarpus/Metatarsus (MC/MT) 97

Suspensory Ligament 99

Flexor Tendons 100

Carpus 100

Forearm (Antebrachium) and Elbow 101

Shoulder and Scapula 102

Tarsus (Hock) 105

Tibia 107

Stifle 109

Femur 112

Hip 112

Pelvis 113

Back 113

Neck 115

Flexion Tests/Manipulation 115

Distal Limb/Phalangeal/Fetlock Flexion 115

Carpal Flexion 117

Elbow Flexion 117

Shoulder/Upper Forelimb Flexion 117

Tarsal/Hock Flexion 117

Stifle Flexion 119

Full‐Limb Forelimb and Hindlimb Flexion 119

Navicular Wedge Test 119

Direct or Local Pressure plus Movement 120

Subjective Assessment of Lameness 123
Kevin G. Keegan

Evaluation of the Horse for Lameness at the Walk 124

Evaluation of the Horse at the Trot 126

Evaluation of Vertical Movement of the Head for Forelimb Lameness 126

Withers Movement 129

Evaluation of Vertical Movement of the Pelvis for Hindlimb Lameness (the Vertical Pelvic Movement [VPM] Method) 129

Evaluation of Pelvic Rotation for Hindlimb Lameness (The Pelvic Rotation Method [PRM]) 131

Bilateral Lameness 132

Observing Movement of the Limbs 134

Joint Angle Measurements Associated with Lameness 134

Stride Timing and Length Variables Associated with Lameness 134

Hoof Trajectory Associated with Lameness 135

Lameness Evaluation During Ipsilateral Gaits 135

Evaluation of Lameness at the Lunge 136

Evaluation of Lameness Under Saddle 136

Subjective Scoring Methods 137

Objective Assessment of Lameness 139
Kevin G. Keegan

Measurement of Ground Reaction Forces (Kinetics) 139

Measurement of Movement (Kinematics) 140

Perineural and Intrasynovial Anesthesia 157
Gary M. Baxter

Types of Local Anesthetics 157

Skin Preparation and Restraint 157

Perineural Anesthesia 157

Intrasynovial Anesthesia 167

Acknowledgment 187

3 Diagnostic Imaging 189

Radiography 189
Myra Barrett and Elizabeth Acutt

Equipment 189

Digital Radiography Systems 191

Radiation Safety 194

Contrast Examinations 195

Principles of Radiographic Interpretation 198

Limitations of Radiography 210

Normal Radiographic Anatomy 211

Acknowledgments 299

Ultrasound 301
W. Rich Redding

Introduction 301

Ultrasound to Evaluate Tendons and Ligaments 302

Patient Preparation and Scan Protocol 303

Ultrasonographic Assessment of Tendon/Ligament Pathology 316

Limitations of Ultrasonography 321

Ultrasound to Evaluate Joint Injury 323

Indications for Ultrasonography of Joints 324

Equipment and Technique 324

Ultrasonographic Appearance of Periarticular Structures 326

Ultrasonic Appearance of the Joint 327

Conclusions 331

Other Indications for Ultrasonography of the Musculoskeletal System 332

New Directions in the Use of Ultrasound 335

Nuclear Medicine/Scintigraphy 342
Kurt Selberg, Elizabeth Acutt, and Alejandro Valdés‐Martínez

Principles of Nuclear Medicine 342

Radiation Safety and Protection 343

Imaging Equipment 343

Method for a Scintigraphic Exam of the Musculoskeletal System 344

Indications for Nuclear Scintigraphy of the Musculoskeletal System in Horses 347

Normal Bone Scan 348

Scintigraphic Signs of Disease 356

Abnormal Conditions for Specific Anatomical Regions 361

Limitations of Nuclear Medicine 373

Computed Tomography 376
Mathieu Spriet

Introduction 376

Equipment and Principles of CT 376

Clinical Use of CT in Equine Orthopedic Imaging 378

Contrast‐Enhanced CT 380

Positron Emission Tomography 383

Conclusion 383

Magnetic Resonance Imaging 387
Michael Schramme and Emilie Segard‐Weisse

Introduction 387

General Principles and Physics of MRI 387

Equipment, High‐ and Low‐Field Magnets, and RF Coils 387

Sequences and Protocols for Equine MRI 389

Artifacts of MRI 390

Interpretation of Musculoskeletal MR Images 393

Contrast MRI Techniques 396

How to Read an Equine MRI Study 397

Indications, Case Selection, Advantages, and Disadvantages of MRI 397

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Foot and Pastern 397

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Fetlock Region 409

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Metacarpal and Metatarsal Regions 416

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Carpal Region 420

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Tarsal Region 421

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Stifle Region 424

Thermography 431
Tracy A. Turner

Thermographic Instrumentation 431

Principles of Use 431

Specific Applications for Lameness Diagnostics 433

4 Lameness of the Distal Limb 439

Navicular Region/Palmar Foot 439
Randy B. Eggleston and Gary M. Baxter

Navicular Syndrome/Disease 439

Fractures of the Navicular (Distal Sesamoid) Bone 454

Soft Tissue Injuries in the Foot (DDFT and Podotrochlear Apparatus) 456

Acknowledgments 459

Coffin Joint and Distal Phalanx 463
Gary M. Baxter

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint 463

Fractures of the Distal Phalanx (P3, Coffin Bone) 465

Subchondral Cystic Lesions of the Distal Phalanx (P3) 471

Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Distal Phalanx 472

Ossification of the Collateral Cartilages of the Distal Phalanx (Sidebone) 474

Miscellaneous Conditions of the Foot 477
Gary M. Baxter

Sole Bruises, Corns, and Subsolar Abscesses 477

Septic Pedal Osteitis 479

Penetrating Injuries of the Foot 481

Keratoma 483

Avulsion Injuries of the Hoof 485

Acknowledgments 489

Laminitis 490
James Belknap, Andy Parks, and Katy Dern

Overview 490

Relevant Anatomy 490

Pathogenesis: Pathophysiologic Considerations 491

Pathogenesis: Structural Considerations of the Equine Digit 492

The Clinical Presentation: The Horse at Risk of Laminitis 494

Clinical Signs: The Acute Onset of Laminitis 496

Hoof Wall Resections 509

Coronary Band Grooving and Resection 509

The Pastern 512
Ashlee E. Watts and Gary M. Baxter

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the PIP Joint (High Ringbone) 512

Osteochondrosis (OC) of the PIP Joint 517

Luxation/Subluxation of the Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint 518

Fractures of the Middle (Second) Phalanx (P2) 522

Fractures of the Proximal (First) Phalanx (P1) 525

Desmitis of the Distal Sesamoidean Ligaments (DSLs) 532

Desmitis of Digital Annular Ligaments 535

SDFT and DDFT Abnormalities 536

The Fetlock 541
Matt Brokken and Alicia Bertone

Osteochondral Fractures and Fragmentation of the Proximal Phalanx 541

Fractures of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones 543

Sesamoiditis 548

Axial Osteitis/Osteomyelitis of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones 549

Osteoarthritis of the Metacarpophalangeal/ Metatarsophalangeal Joint 550

Palmar/Plantar Osteochondral Disease 552

Fetlock Subchondral Cystic Lesions (SCLs) 553

Traumatic Rupture of the Suspensory Apparatus 554

Luxation of the Metacarpophalangeal/ Metatarsophalangeal Joint (Fetlock Luxation) 556

Constriction of or by the Fetlock Palmar/Plantar Annular Ligament 558

Acknowledgments 560

The Metacarpus and Metatarsus 563
Kyla F. Ortved and Alicia L. Bertone

Bucked Shin Complex and Stress Fractures of the Dorsal Third Metacarpus 563

Fractures of the Condyles of the Third Metacarpal/ Metatarsal Bones (Condylar Fractures, Longitudinal Articular Fractures) 567

Fractures of the Third Metacarpal/Metatarsal (Cannon) Bone 571

Metacarpal/Metatarsal Exostosis (Splints) 572

Fractures of the Small Metacarpal and Metatarsal (Splint) Bones 576

Enostosis‐Like Lesions 580

Suspensory Ligament Desmitis 580

Superficial Digital Flexor (SDF) Tendinitis (Bowed Tendon) 585

Deep Digital Flexor Tendinitis 590

Desmitis of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (Distal Check Ligament) 591

5 Lameness of the Proximal Limb 597

The Carpus 597
Chris Kawcak

Developmental Abnormalities of the Carpus 598

Miscellaneous Carpal Swellings 604

Dorsal Carpal Swelling 605

Intra‐articular Fractures 607

Accessory Carpal Bone Fracture 612

Carpal Luxations 613

Soft Tissue Damage to the Carpus 614

Osteoarthritis 615

Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis 616

Osteochondrosis of the Carpus 617

Osteochondroma of the Distal Radius 617

Desmitis of the Accessory Ligament (Radial or Superior Check Ligament) of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon 619

The Antebrachium, Elbow, and Humerus 623
Jeremy Hubert

Fractures of the Radius 623

The Elbow 627

Fractures of the Humerus 633

Neoplastic Lesions of the Humerus 637

Paralysis of the Radial Nerve 637

Acknowledgment 638

The Shoulder and Scapula 641
Jeremy Hubert

Inflammation of the Intertubercular Bursa (Bicipital Bursitis) 641

Inflammation of the Infraspinatus Bursa 643

Osteochondrosis (OC) of the Scapulohumeral (SH) Joint or Shoulder 644

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Scapulohumeral Joint 646

Luxation of the Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 648

Suprascapular Nerve Injury (Sweeny) 650

Fractures of the Scapula 652

Fractures of the Supraglenoid Tubercle (Tuberosity) 653

Acknowledgment 655

The Tarsus 657
W. Rich Redding

Introduction 657

Diagnosis of Tarsal Lameness 657

Articular Diseases of the Tarsus 662

Cunean Tenectomy 672

Fractures and Luxations of the Tarsus 680

Soft Tissue Injuries of the Tarsus 687

Periarticular Tarsal Cellulitis 697

Tibia and Crus 701
W. Rich Redding

Introduction 701

Diagnostic Analgesia of the Crus 701

Imaging the Tibia/Crus 701

Clinical Conditions 701

Enostosis‐Like Lesions 702

Fractures of the Tibia 703

Incomplete Fractures 704

Proximal Physeal Fractures 705

Diaphyseal Fractures 706

Tibial Tuberosity Fractures 706

Gastrocnemius Disruption in Foals and Adults 707

The Stifle: Femoropatellar Region 709
Gary M. Baxter and Ken E. Sullins

Introduction 709

Femoropatellar Joint 711

Upward Fixation of the Patella (UFP) 717

Desmitis of the Patellar Ligaments 719

Patellar Luxation/Subluxation 721

Synovial Osteochondroma in the Hindlimb 722

The Stifle: Femorotibial Joint Region 725
Chris Kawcak

Subchondral Cystic Lesions (SCLs) of the Stifle 726

Fractures 729

Femoral Condyle Lesions 731

Collateral Ligament Injury 734

Cruciate Ligament Disease 734

Meniscal Injuries 735

Synovitis/Capsulitis/OA 737

Femur and Coxofemoral Region 740
Nicolas S. Ernst and Troy N. Trumble

The Femur 740

Diaphyseal and Metaphyseal Femoral Fractures 740

Fractures of the Third Trochanter 744

Fibrotic and Ossifying Myopathy 744

Femoral Nerve Paralysis (Crural Paralysis) 748

Calcinosis Circumscripta 749

Trochanteric Bursitis (Trochanteric Lameness, Whirlbone Lameness) 750

Ruptured Quadriceps Muscle 750

The Coxofemoral Joint 750

Osteochondrosis or Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)/ HIP Dysplasia of the Coxofemoral Joint 752

Infectious Arthritis/Physitis of the Coxofemoral Joint 752

Partial Tear/Rupture of the Ligament of the Head of the Femur (Round Ligament) 753

Coxofemoral Subluxation and Luxation (Dislocation of the Hip Joint) 754

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the Coxofemoral Joint 757

Capital Physeal Fractures of the Femoral Head 758

Intra‐articular Acetabular Fractures 758

Acknowledgment 759

6 Lameness Associated with the Axial Skeleton 763

The Axial Skeleton 763
Rob Van Wessum

Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Vertebral Column 763

Primary vs. Secondary Back Pain 767

The Pelvis 770
Rob Van Wessum

Fractures of the Pelvis 770

Specific Types of Pelvic Fractures 771

Thrombosis of the Caudal Aorta or the Iliac Arteries 775

Sacroiliac Region 777
Rob Van Wessum

Etiology 778

Clinical Signs 778

Diagnosis 779

Treatment 782

Prognosis 783

Thoracolumbar Spine/Back 784
Rob Van Wessum

Overriding/Impingement of Dorsal Spinous Processes 784

Supraspinous Ligament Injuries 785

Fractures of the Spinous Processes 786

Vertebral Fractures 787

Facet Joint Arthritis and Vertebral Facet Joint Syndrome 788

Discospondylitis 792

Spondylosis 793

Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis 794

The Neck and Poll 796
Rob Van Wessum

Nuchal Ligament 796

Cervical Facet Joints 797

Radiculopathy 798

Discospondylitis 798

Cervical Fractures 798

7 Principles of Musculoskeletal Disease 801

Joint Injuries and Disease and Osteoarthritis 801
C. Wayne McIlwraith

Anatomy and Physiology of Joints 801

Pathobiology of Joints and Their Reaction to Insult and Injury 808

Primary Disease of Subchondral Bone 816

Bone Injuries and Disease 820
Chris Kawcak and Gary M. Baxter

The Immature Skeleton 820

Local Diseases of Bone 825

Systemic Diseases of Bone 841

Tendon and Ligament Injuries and Disease 849
Laurie R. Goodrich

Anatomy 849

Functions of Tendons and Ligaments 851

Biomechanical Properties 852

Types of Tendon and Ligament Injuries 852

Effect of Aging and Exercise on Tendon Injury 853

Mechanisms of Tendon Degeneration 854

Response of Tendons and Ligaments to Injury: Phases of Healing 854

Monitoring Tendon Injury 856

Biomarkers for Tendon Disease 857

Common Clinical Conditions of Tendons and Ligaments 857

Muscle Injuries and Disease 860
Stephanie J. Valberg

Classification of Muscle Disorders 860

Diagnosis of Specific Muscle Disorders 860

Muscle Soreness 862

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis 865

8 Principles of Therapy for Lameness 875

Systemic/Parenteral 875
Drew W. Koch and Laurie R. Goodrich

Parenteral NSAIDs 875

Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans (PSGAGs) and Pentosan Polysulfate (PPS) 875

Hyaluronan 876

Bisphosphonates 877

Tetracyclines 877

Estrogen 878

Methocarbamol (Robaxin) 878

Gabapentin 878

Topical/Local 881
Drew W. Koch and Laurie R. Goodrich

Topical NSAIDs 881

Topical First Aid (Cold Therapy and Bandaging) 881

Dimethyl Sulfoxide 882

Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy 882

Regional Perfusion 882

Therapeutic Ultrasound, Lasers, and Electromagnetics 883

Counterirritation 883

Intrasynovial 886
Lauren E. Smanik and Laurie R. Goodrich

Corticosteroids 886

Hyaluronan 888

Corticosteroid and HA Combinations 889

IA Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans 889

Polyglycan® 890

Autologous Conditioned Serum 890

Platelet‐Rich Plasma 890

Autologous Protein Solution 891

Bone Marrow‐ or Fat‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy 891

Polyacrylamide Hydrogel 891

Miscellaneous 892

Intrasynovial Therapy: Practical Considerations 892

Intralesional 896
Sara K.T. Steward and Laurie R. Goodrich

Introduction 896

Hyaluronan and Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans 896

Autologous Cell Therapies: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy, Autologous Bone Marrow Aspirate, Tendon‐ Derived Progenitor Cells 896

Blood‐Derived Biologics: Platelet‐Rich Plasma, Autologous Conditioned Serum, Autologous Protein Solution, and Bone Marrow Aspirate 897

Corticosteroids 898

Miscellaneous 898

Oral/Nutritional 900
Nicolas S. Ernst and Troy N. Trumble

Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs 900

Nutraceuticals 903

Therapeutic Trimming and Shoeing 911
Andrew H. Parks

Introduction 911

Examination of the Limb for Therapeutic Shoeing 911

The Trim 912

Shoeing 912

Protection and Support 917

Clinical Applications of Principles 918

Summary 920

Acupuncture Treatment of Limb Lameness and Back Pain 921
Kevin K. Haussler

Introduction 921

Techniques of Stimulation 921

General Indications for Treatment 922

Lameness 922

Chronic Back Pain 923

Adverse Effects 924

Manual Therapy Techniques 925
Kevin K. Haussler

Introduction 925

Therapeutic Touch 925

Massage Therapy 925

Passive Stretching Exercises 925

Mobilization 926

Joint Mobilization and Manipulation 926

Contraindications 927

Rehabilitation/Physical Therapy 929
Melissa King, Katherine Ellis, and Narelle C. Stubbs

Introduction 929

Clinical and Client Demand for Rehabilitation/PT 929

Manual Therapy 930

Proprioceptive Facilitation/Neuromotor Control Techniques 934

Physical Modalities 936

Conclusion 943

9 Occupational‐Related Lameness Conditions 949

The Thoroughbred Racehorse 949
Ryan Carpenter

Risk Factors for Injury 949

Diagnosis of Lameness 950

Common Conditions 951

The Standardbred Racehorse 964
Kimberly Johnston and Frank A. Nickels

Description of the Sport 964

Lameness Exam 965

Specific Lameness Conditions 966

The Racing Quarter Horse 972
Nancy L. Goodman and Larry R. Overly

Introduction 972

Conformation Relating to Lameness 972

Training the Racing Quarter Horse 973

Shoeing 973

Lameness Related to Track Surface 973

Lameness Examination 973

Specific Lameness Conditions 975

The Western Performance Horse 980
Robin M. Dabareiner

Introduction 980

Team Roping Horses 980

Tie‐Down and Breakaway Roping 981

Barrel Racing 982

XII Table of Contents Reining Horses 982z

Cutting Horses 983

Jumping, Eventing, and Dressage Horses 986
Omar Maher

Introduction and Horses Used for the Disciplines 986

Structure of Training and Competition 987

Training Surfaces and Shoeing 989

Lameness Diagnosis 990

Common Lameness Problems 991

Acknowledgment 996

The Endurance Horse 998
Todd C. Holbrook

The Sport 998

Athletes and Exercise Conditions 998

Veterinary Control 998

The Lameness Examination 1000

Common Causes of Lameness 1002

The Western Pleasure Horse 1006
Sherry A. Johnson and David D. Frisbie

Understanding the Sport 1006

Western Pleasure Terminology 1007

Training and Showing 1007

Commonly Encountered Musculoskeletal Issues in the Western Pleasure Athlete 1008

Foot Pain 1008

Fetlock Osteoarthritis 1010

Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy 1010

Distal Tarsal Disease 1012

Rehabilitation and Management of the Western Pleasure Athlete 1013

Conclusion 1013

Gaited Horses 1015
David A. Wilson and Kevin G. Keegan

Evaluating Gaited Horses for Lameness 1015

What Is a Gaited Horse? 1015

Classification of Gaits 1015

Specific Gaits in “Gaited Horses” 1018

Lameness in the Gaited Horse 1020

The Draft Horse 1026
Jan F. Hawkins

Introduction 1026

Anamnesis 1026

Lameness Examination 1026

Common Causes of Lameness 1026

Diseases of Young Draft Horses 1030

10 Lameness in the Young Horse 1033

The Physis/Physeal Fractures/ Physitis 1033
Dane M. Tatarniuk, Troy N. Trumble, and Gary M. Baxter

The Physis 1033

Classification and Treatment of Physeal Injuries/ Fractures 1037

Developmental Orthopedic Diseases 1041

Epiphysitis/Physitis/Physeal Dysplasia 1042

Etiology 1042

Clinical Signs 1043

Diagnosis 1043

Treatment 1046

Prognosis 1046

Angular Limb Deformities (ALDs) and Cuboidal Bone Malformations 1048
Nicolas S. Ernst, Troy N. Trumble, and Gary M. Baxter

Angular Limb Deformities (ALDs) 1048

Etiology 1048

Clinical Signs 1048

Diagnosis 1049

Treatment 1051

Prognosis 1055

Cuboidal Bone Malformation/Incomplete Ossification 1055

Etiology 1055

Clinical Signs 1055

Diagnosis 1056

Treatment 1056

Prognosis 1058

Flexural Deformities 1059
Nicolas S. Ernst, Troy N. Trumble, and Gary M. Baxter

Congenital Flexural Deformities 1059

Acquired Flexural Deformities 1062

Osteochondrosis 1071
C. Wayne McIlwraith

Introduction 1071

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) 1071

Subchondral Cystic Lesions 1078

Lameness in Foals 1081
Robert J. Hunt

Diagnosis 1081

Noninfectious Causes of Lameness 1082

Infectious Causes of Lameness 1089

11 Foot Care and Farriery 1091

Basic Foot Care 1091
Stephen E. O’Grady

Introduction 1091

Evaluation of the Foot 1091

Principles of Trimming and Shoeing 1095
Stephen E. O’Grady

Guidelines for Trimming 1095

Trimming the Foot 1098

Trimming the Barefoot Horse 1100

The Horseshoe 1102

Placement and Application of the Shoe 1108

Non‐nail Alternatives in Farriery 1109

Acknowledgment 1111

Farriery for Common Hoof Problems 1112
Stephen E. O’Grady

Conditions of the Foot That Respond to Farriery 1112

Clinical Conditions Affecting the Hoof 1121

Miscellaneous Conditions of the Foot 1129

Acknowledgment 1132

Natural Balance Trimming and Shoeing 1134
Gene Ovnicek

Introduction 1134

Distortions of the Hoof 1134

Natural Balance Hoof Care Guidelines 1135

Natural Balance Evaluation, Exfoliation, and Mapping Protocol 1135

Natural Balance Barefoot Trimming 1139

Natural Balance Shoeing 1139

Summary 1142

12 Miscellaneous Musculoskeletal Conditions 1143

Musculoskeletal Emergencies 1143
Kathryn A. Seabaugh

Introduction 1143

Fracture Management 1143

Musculoskeletal Wound Management 1148

Tendon and Ligament Lacerations 1149

Musculoskeletal Infections 1153

Specific Treatment Strategies for Musculoskeletal Infections 1158

The Poorly Performing Horse 1161
Elizabeth J. Davidson

Introduction 1161

Signalment and History 1161

Clinical Examination 1163

Diagnostics 1164

Treatment 1165

Evaluation of Proper Saddle Fit 1166
Kevin K. Haussler

Introduction 1166

Clinical Signs of Poor Saddle Fit 1166

Saddle Examination 1166

Static Examination of Saddle Fit 1166

Static Examination of Saddle Pads 1168

Dynamic Examination of Saddle Fit 1168

Prepurchase Examination 1170
Randy Eggleston

Structure of the Prepurchase Examination 1171

Summary 1174

Stance and Gait Anomalies Caused by Neurological Disease 1177
Lutz S. Goehring

Neurological Gait and (Neuroanatomical) Lesion Location 1177

Findings from a Neurological Exam That Can Help in Localizing a Lesion 1178

Pitfalls of Neurological Examination 1179

Select Neurological Syndromes Affecting the Gait 1180

Index 1183

Authors

Gary M. Baxter University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA.