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UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond. Edition No. 1. IEEE Press

  • Book

  • 464 Pages
  • December 2020
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5840537
Explore foundational and advanced issues in UAV cellular communications with this cutting-edge and timely new resource

UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond delivers a comprehensive overview of the potential applications, networking architectures, research findings, enabling technologies, experimental measurement results, and industry standardizations for UAV communications in cellular systems. The book covers both existing LTE infrastructure, as well as future 5G-and-beyond systems.

UAV Communications covers a range of topics that will be of interest to students and professionals alike. Issues of UAV detection and identification are discussed, as is the positioning of autonomous aerial vehicles. More fundamental subjects, like the necessary tradeoffs involved in UAV communication are examined in detail.

The distinguished editors offer readers an opportunity to improve their ability to plan and design for the near-future, explosive growth in the number of UAVs, as well as the correspondingly demanding systems that come with them. Readers will learn about a wide variety of timely and practical UAV topics, like: - Performance measurement for aerial vehicles over cellular networks, particularly with respect to existing LTE performance - Inter-cell interference coordination with drones - Massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) for Cellular UAV communications, including beamforming, null-steering, and the performance of forward-link C&C channels - 3GPP standardization for cellular-supported UAVs, including UAV traffic requirements, channel modeling, and interference challenges - Trajectory optimization for UAV communications

Perfect for professional engineers and researchers working in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond also belongs on the bookshelves of students in masters and PhD programs studying the integration of UAVs into cellular communication systems.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors xvii

Acronyms xxi

Part I Fundamentals of UAV Communications 1

1 Overview 3
Qingqing Wu, Yong Zeng, and Rui Zhang

1.1 UAV Definitions, Classes, and Global Trend 3

1.2 UAV Communication and Spectrum Requirement 4

1.3 Potential Existing Technologies for UAV Communications 6

1.3.1 Direct Link 6

1.3.2 Satellite 7

1.3.3 Ad-Hoc Network 8

1.3.4 Cellular Network 8

1.4 Two Paradigms in Cellular UAV Communications 9

1.4.1 Cellular-Connected UAVs 9

1.4.2 UAV-Assisted Wireless Communications 10

1.5 New Opportunities and Challenges 11

1.5.1 High Altitude 11

1.5.2 High LoS Probability 12

1.5.3 High 3D Mobility 12

1.5.4 SWAP Constraints 13

1.6 Chapter Summary and Main Organization of the Book 13

References 15

2 A Survey of Air-to-Ground Propagation Channel Modeling for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 17
Wahab Khawaja, Ismail Guvenc, David W. Matolak, Uwe-Carsten Fiebig, and Nicolas Schneckenberger

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Literature Review 20

2.2.1 Literature Review on Aerial Propagation 20

2.2.2 Existing Surveys on UAV AG Propagation 21

2.3 UAV AG Propagation Characteristics 22

2.3.1 Comparison of UAV AG and Terrestrial Propagation 22

2.3.2 Frequency Bands for UAV AG Propagation 23

2.3.3 Scattering Characteristics for AG Propagation 24

2.3.4 Antenna Configurations for AG Propagation 24

2.3.5 Doppler Effects 25

2.4 AG Channel Measurements: Configurations, Challenges, Scenarios, and Waveforms 25

2.4.1 Channel Measurement Configurations 26

2.4.2 Challenges in AG Channel Measurements 29

2.4.3 AG Propagation Scenarios 29

2.4.3.1 Open Space 31

2.4.3.2 Hilly/Mountainous 31

2.4.3.3 Forest 32

2.4.3.4 Water/Sea 32

2.4.4 Elevation Angle Effects 32

2.5 UAV AG Propagation Measurement and Simulation Results in the Literature 33

2.5.1 Path Loss/Shadowing 33

2.5.2 Delay Dispersion 36

2.5.3 Narrowband Fading and Ricean K-factor 36

2.5.4 Doppler Spread 37

2.5.5 Effects of UAV AG Measurement Environment 37

2.5.5.1 Urban/Suburban 38

2.5.5.2 Rural/Open Field 38

2.5.5.3 Mountains/Hilly, Over Sea, Forest 39

2.5.6 Simulations for Channel Characterization 40

2.6 UAV AG Propagation Models 41

2.6.1 AG Propagation Channel Model Types 41

2.6.2 Path-Loss and Large-Scale Fading Models 42

2.6.2.1 Free-Space Path-Loss Model 43

2.6.2.2 Floating-Intercept Path-Loss Model 43

2.6.2.3 Dual-Slope Path-Loss Model 43

2.6.2.4 Log-Distance Path-Loss Model 45

2.6.2.5 Modified FSPL Model 45

2.6.2.6 Two-Ray PL Model 45

2.6.2.7 Log-Distance FI Model 45

2.6.2.8 LOS/NLOS Mixture Path-Loss Model 46

2.6.3 Airframe Shadowing 47

2.6.4 Small-Scale Fading Models 47

2.6.5 Intermittent MPCs 48

2.6.6 Effect of Frequency Bands on Channel Models 51

2.6.7 MIMO AG Propagation Channel Models 52

2.6.8 Comparison of Different AG Channel Models 54

2.6.8.1 Large-Scale Fading Models 54

2.6.8.2 Small-Scale Fading Models 54

2.6.9 Comparison of Traditional Channel Models with UAV AG Propagation Channel Models 55

2.6.10 Ray Tracing Simulations 56

2.6.11 3GPP Channel Models for UAVs 58

2.7 Conclusions 60

References 60

3 UAV Detection and Identification 71
Martins Ezuma, Fatih Erden, Chethan Kumar Anjinappa, Ozgur Ozdemir, Ismail Guvenc, and David Matolak

3.1 Introduction 71

3.2 RF-Based UAV Detection Techniques 75

3.2.1 RF Fingerprinting Technique 76

3.2.2 WiFi Fingerprinting Technique 76

3.3 Multistage UAV RF Signal Detection 77

3.3.1 Preprocessing Step: Multiresolution Analysis 78

3.3.2 The Naive Bayesian Decision Mechanism for RF Signal Detection 82

3.3.3 Detection of WiFi and Bluetooth Interference 84

3.4 UAV Classification Using RF Fingerprints 89

3.4.1 Feature Selection Using Neighborhood Components Analysis (NCA) 91

3.5 Experimental Results 92

3.5.1 Experimental Setup 92

3.5.2 Detection Results 94

3.5.3 UAV Classification Results 95

3.6 Conclusion 100

Acknowledgments 100

References 100

Part II Cellular-Connected UAV Communications 103

4 Performance Analysis for Cellular-Connected UAVs 105
M. Mahdi Azari, Fernando Rosas, and Sofie Pollin

4.1 Introduction 105

4.1.1 Motivation 105

4.1.2 Related Works 107

4.1.3 Contributions and Chapter Structure 108

4.2 Modelling Preliminaries 109

4.2.1 Stochastic Geometry 109

4.2.2 Network Architecture 110

4.2.3 Channel Model 111

4.2.4 Blockage Modeling and LoS Probability 112

4.2.5 User Association Strategy and Link SINR 112

4.3 Performance Analysis 112

4.3.1 Exact Coverage Probability 113

4.3.2 Approximations for UAV Coverage Probability 115

4.3.2.1 Discarding NLoS and Noise Effects 116

4.3.2.2 Moment Matching 116

4.3.3 Achievable Throughput and Area Spectral Efficiency Analysis 118

4.4 System Design: Study Cases and Discussion 119

4.4.1 Analysis of Accuracy 119

4.4.2 Design Parameters 120

4.4.2.1 Impact of UAV Altitude 120

4.4.2.2 Impact of UAV Antenna Beamwidth 121

4.4.2.3 Impact of UAV Antenna Tilt 123

4.4.2.4 Impact of Different Types of Environment 123

4.4.3 Heterogeneous Networks - Tier Selection 125

4.4.4 Network Densification 127

4.5 Conclusion 129

References 136

5 Performance Enhancements for LTE-Connected UAVs: Experiments and Simulations 139
Rafhael Medeiros de Amorim, Jeroen Wigard, István Z. Kovács, and Troels B. Sørensen

5.1 Introduction 139

5.2 LTE Live Network Measurements 140

5.2.1 Downlink Experiments 141

5.2.2 Path-Loss Model Characterization 145

5.2.3 Uplink Experiments 145

5.3 Performance in LTE Networks 149

5.4 Reliability Enhancements 150

5.4.1 Interference Cancellation 151

5.4.2 Inter-Cell Interference Control 152

5.4.3 CoMP 152

5.4.4 Antenna Beam Selection 153

5.4.5 Dual LTE Access 155

5.4.6 Dedicated Spectrum 158

5.4.7 Discussion 158

5.5 Summary and Outlook 159

References 160

6 3GPP Standardization for Cellular-Supported UAVs 163
Helka-Liina Määttänen

6.1 Short Introduction to LTE and NR 163

6.1.1 LTE Physical Layer and MIMO 165

6.1.2 NR Physical Layer and MIMO 166

6.2 Drones Served by Mobile Networks 167

6.2.1 Interference Detection and Mitigation 168

6.2.2 Mobility for Drones 170

6.2.3 Need for Drone Identification and Authorization 171

6.3 3GPP Standardization Support for UAVs 172

6.3.1 Measurement Reporting Based on RSRP Level of Multiple Cells 172

6.3.2 Height, Speed, and Location Reporting 174

6.3.3 Uplink Power Control Enhancement 175

6.3.4 Flight Path Signalling 175

6.3.5 Drone Authorization and Identification 176

6.4 Flying Mode Detection in Cellular Networks 177

References 179

7 Enhanced Cellular Support for UAVs with Massive MIMO 181
Giovanni Geraci, Adrian Garcia-Rodriguez, Lorenzo Galati Giordano, and David López-Pérez

7.1 Introduction 181

7.2 System Model 181

7.2.1 Cellular Network Topology 183

7.2.2 System Model 184

7.2.3 Massive MIMO Channel Estimation 186

7.2.4 Massive MIMO Spatial Multiplexing 186

7.3 Single-User Downlink Performance 187

7.3.1 UAV Downlink C&C Channel 187

7.4 Massive MIMO Downlink Performance 190

7.4.1 UAV Downlink C&C Channel 190

7.4.2 UAV-GUE Downlink Interplay 192

7.5 Enhanced Downlink Performance 194

7.5.1 UAV Downlink C&C Channel 195

7.5.2 UAV-GUE Downlink Interplay 196

7.6 Uplink Performance 197

7.6.1 UAV Uplink C&C Channel and Data Streaming 197

7.6.2 UAV-GUE Uplink Interplay 198

7.7 Conclusions 199

References 200

8 High-Capacity Millimeter Wave UAV Communications 203
Nuria González-Prelcic, Robert W. Heath, Cristian Rusu, and Aldebaro Klautau

8.1 Motivation 203

8.2 UAV Roles and Use Cases Enabled by Millimeter Wave Communication 206

8.2.1 UAV Roles in Cellular Networks 206

8.2.2 UAV Use Cases Enabled by High-Capacity Cellular Networks 207

8.3 Aerial Channel Models at Millimeter Wave Frequencies 208

8.3.1 Propagation Considerations for Aerial Channels 208

8.3.1.1 Atmospheric Considerations 208

8.3.1.2 Blockages 210

8.3.2 Air-to-Air Millimeter Wave Channel Model 211

8.3.3 Air-to-Ground Millimeter Wave Channel Model 212

8.3.4 Ray Tracing as a Tool to Obtain Channel Measurements 214

8.4 Key Aspects of UAV MIMO Communication at mmWave Frequencies 215

8.5 Establishing Aerial mmWave MIMO Links 219

8.5.1 Beam Training and Tracking for UAV Millimeter Wave Communication 219

8.5.2 Channel Estimation and Tracking in Aerial Environments 219

8.5.3 Design of Hybrid Precoders and Combiners 221

8.6 Research Opportunities 222

8.6.1 Sensing at the Tower 222

8.6.2 Joint Communication and Radar 222

8.6.3 Positioning and Mapping 223

8.7 Conclusions 223

References 223

Part III UAV-Assisted Wireless Communications 231

9 Stochastic Geometry-Based Performance Analysis of Drone Cellular Networks 233
Morteza Banagar, Vishnu V. Chetlur, and Harpreet S. Dhillon

9.1 Introduction 233

9.2 Overview of the System Model 235

9.2.1 Spatial Model 235

9.2.2 3GPP-Inspired Mobility Model 236

9.2.3 Channel Model 237

9.2.4 Metrics of Interest 237

9.3 Average Rate 238

9.4 Handover Probability 242

9.5 Results and Discussion 246

9.5.1 Density of Interfering DBSs 247

9.5.2 Average Rate 247

9.5.3 Handover Probability 249

9.6 Conclusion 250

Acknowledgment 251

References 251

10 UAV Placement and Aerial-Ground Interference Coordination 255
Abhaykumar Kumbhar and Ismail Guvenc

10.1 Introduction 255

10.2 Literature Review 256

10.3 UABS Use Case for AG-HetNets 259

10.4 UABS Placement in AG-HetNet 260

10.5 AG-HetNet Design Guidelines 264

10.5.1 Path-Loss Model 265

10.5.1.1 Log-Distance Path-Loss Model 265

10.5.1.2 Okumura-Hata Path-Loss Model 266

10.6 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 266

10.6.1 UE Association and Scheduling 269

10.7 Simulation Results 270

10.7.1 5pSE with UABSs Deployed on Hexagonal Grid 270

10.7.1.1 5pSE with Log-Normal Path-Loss Model 270

10.7.1.2 5pSE with Okumura-Hata Path-Loss Model 271

10.7.2 5pSE with GA-Based UABS Deployment Optimization 273

10.7.2.1 5pSE with Log-Normal Path-Loss Model 273

10.7.2.2 5pSE with Okumura-Hata Path-Loss model 275

10.7.3 Performance Comparison Between Fixed (Hexagonal) and Optimized UABS Deployment with eICIC and FeICIC 276

10.7.3.1 Influence of LDPLM on 5pSE 277

10.7.3.2 Influence of OHPLM on 5pSE 277

10.7.4 Comparison of Computation Time for Different UABS Deployment Algorithms 277

10.8 Concluding remarks 279

References 279

11 Joint Trajectory and Resource Optimization 283
Yong Zeng, Qingqing Wu, and Rui Zhang

11.1 General Problem Formulation 283

11.2 Initial Path Planning via the Traveling Salesman and Pickup-and-Delivery Problems 285

11.2.1 TSP without Return 286

11.2.2 TSP with Given Initial and Final Locations 287

11.2.3 TSP with Neighborhood 287

11.2.4 Pickup-and-Delivery Problem 288

11.3 Trajectory Discretization 290

11.3.1 Time Discretization 290

11.3.2 Path Discretization 291

11.4 Block Coordinate Descent 291

11.5 Successive Convex Approximation 292

11.6 Unified Algorithm 295

11.7 Summary 296

References 296

12 Energy-Efficient UAV Communications 299
Yong Zeng and Rui Zhang

12.1 UAV Energy Consumption Model 299

12.1.1 Fixed-Wing Energy Model 300

12.1.1.1 Forces on a UAV 300

12.1.1.2 Straight and Level Flight 301

12.1.1.3 Circular Flight 302

12.1.1.4 Arbitrary Level Flight 303

12.1.1.5 Arbitrary 3D Flight 304

12.1.2 Rotary-Wing Energy Model 304

12.2 Energy Efficiency Maximization 306

12.3 Energy Minimization with Communication Requirement 310

12.4 UAV-Ground Energy Trade-off 312

12.5 Chapter Summary 312

References 313

13 Fundamental Trade-Offs for UAV Communications 315
Qingqing Wu, Liang Liu, Yong Zeng, and Rui Zhang

13.1 Introduction 315

13.2 Fundamental Trade-offs 317

13.2.1 Throughput-Delay Trade-Off 317

13.2.2 Throughput-Energy Trade-Off 318

13.2.3 Delay-Energy Trade-Off 319

13.3 Throughput-Delay Trade-Off 319

13.3.1 Single-UAV-Enabled Wireless Network 319

13.3.2 Multi-UAV-Enabled Wireless Network 321

13.4 Throughput-Energy Trade-Off 323

13.4.1 UAV Propulsion Energy Consumption Model 323

13.4.2 Energy-Constrained Trajectory Optimization 324

13.5 Further Discussions and Future Work 325

13.6 Chapter Summary 327

References 327

14 UAV-Cellular Spectrum Sharing 329
Chiya Zhang and Wei Zhang

14.1 Introduction 329

14.1.1 Cognitive Radio 329

14.1.1.1 Overlay Spectrum Sharing 329

14.1.1.2 Underlay Spectrum Sharing 330

14.1.2 Drone Communication 330

14.1.2.1 UAV Spectrum Sharing 331

14.1.2.2 UAV Spectrum Sharing with Exclusive Regions 332

14.1.3 Chapter Overview 333

14.2 SNR Meta-Distribution of Drone Networks 333

14.2.1 Stochastic Geometry Analysis 333

14.2.2 Characteristic Function of the SNR Meta-Distribution 334

14.2.3 LOS Probability 338

14.3 Spectrum Sharing of Drone Networks 338

14.3.1 Spectrum Sharing in Single-Tier DSCs 339

14.3.2 Spectrum Sharing with Cellular Network 342

14.4 Summary 345

References 346

Part IV Other Advanced Technologies for UAV Communications 349

15 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for UAV Communications 351
Tianwei Hou, Yuanwei Liu, and Xin Sun

15.1 Introduction 351

15.1.1 Motivation 352

15.2 User-Centric Strategy for Emergency Communications 352

15.2.1 System Model 354

15.2.1.1 Far user case 354

15.2.1.2 Near user case 355

15.2.2 Coverage Probability of the User-Centric Strategy 356

15.3 UAV-Centric Strategy for Offloading Actions 359

15.3.1 SINR Analysis 360

15.3.2 Coverage Probability of the UAV-Centric Strategy 361

15.4 Numerical Results 364

15.4.1 User-Centric Strategy 365

15.4.2 UAV-Centric Strategy 367

15.5 Conclusions 369

References 369

16 Physical Layer Security for UAV Communications 373
Nadisanka Rupasinghe, Yavuz Yapici, Ismail Guvenc, Huaiyu Dai, and Arupjyoti Bhuyan

16.1 Introduction 373

16.2 Breaching Security in Wireless Networks 374

16.2.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 374

16.2.2 Masquerade Attacks 374

16.2.3 Message Modification Attacks 374

16.2.4 Eavesdropping Intruders 375

16.2.5 Traffic Analysis 375

16.3 Wireless Network Security Requirements 375

16.3.1 Authenticity 375

16.3.2 Confidentiality 376

16.3.3 Integrity 376

16.3.4 Availability 376

16.4 Physical Layer Security 376

16.4.1 Physical Layer versus Upper Layers 377

16.4.2 Physical Layer Security Techniques 377

16.4.2.1 Artificial Noise 378

16.4.2.2 Cooperative Jamming 378

16.4.2.3 Protected Zone 378

16.5 Physical Layer Security for UAVs 379

16.5.1 UAV Trajectory Design to Enhance PLS 379

16.5.2 Cooperative Jamming to Enhance PLS 381

16.5.3 Spectral- and Energy-Efficient PLS Techniques 382

16.6 A Case Study: Secure UAV Transmission 383

16.6.1 System Model 383

16.6.1.1 Location Distribution and mmWave Channel Model 385

16.6.2 Protected Zone Approach for Enhancing PLS 385

16.6.3 Secure NOMA for UAV BS Downlink 386

16.6.3.1 Secrecy Outage and Sum Secrecy Rates 386

16.6.3.2 Shape Optimization for Protected Zone 388

16.6.3.3 Numerical Results 389

16.6.3.4 Location of the Most Detrimental Eavesdropper 389

16.6.3.5 Impact of the Protected Zone Shape on Secrecy Rates 390

16.6.3.6 Variation of Secrecy Rates with Altitude 391

Summary 392

References 393

17 UAV-Enabled Wireless Power Transfer 399
Jie Xu, Yong Zeng, and Rui Zhang

17.1 Introduction 399

17.2 System Model 401

17.3 Sum-Energy Maximization 402

17.4 Min-Energy Maximization under Infinite Charging Duration 403

17.4.1 Multi-Location-Hovering Solution 404

17.5 Min-Energy Maximization Under Finite Charging Duration 407

17.5.1 Successive Hover-and-Fly Trajectory Design 407

17.5.1.1 Flying Distance Minimization to Visit Γ Hovering Locations 407

17.5.1.2 Hovering Time Allocation When T Tfly 408

17.5.1.3 Trajectory Refinement When T < Tfly 409

17.5.2 SCA-Based Trajectory Design 409

17.6 Numerical Results 411

17.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 413

References 415

18 Ad-Hoc Networks in the Sky 417
Kamesh Namuduri

18.1 Communication Support for UAVs 417

18.1.1 Satellite Connectivity 418

18.1.2 Cellular Connectivity 420

18.1.3 Aerial Connectivity 420

18.2 The Mobility Challenge 421

18.2.1 UAS-to-UAS Communication 421

18.2.2 Mobility Models 422

18.3 Establishing an Ad-Hoc Network 423

18.3.1 Network Addressing 424

18.3.2 Routing 425

18.4 Standards 426

18.4.1 ASTM: Remote ID for UAS 426

18.4.2 EUROCAE: Safe, Secure, and Efficient UAS Operations 426

18.4.3 3GPP: 4G LTE and 5G Support for Connected UAS Operations 426

18.4.4 IEEE P1920.1: Aerial Communications and Networking Standards 427

18.4.5 IEEE P1920.2: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications Standard for UAS 427

18.5 Technologies and Products 427

18.5.1 Silvus Streamcaster 427

18.5.2 goTenna 427

18.5.3 MPU5 and Wave Relay from Persistent Systems 428

18.5.4 Kinetic Mesh Networks from Rajant 428

18.6 Software-Defined Network as a Solution for UAV Networks 428

18.7 Summary 429

References 429

Index 433

Authors

Yong Zeng National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, China; Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China. Ismail Guvenc North Carolina State University, NC, USA. Rui Zhang National University of Singapore. Giovanni Geraci Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; UNSW Sydney. David W. Matolak University of South Carolina, SC, USA.