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CompTIA Network+ Study Guide. Exam N10-008. Edition No. 5. Sybex Study Guide

  • Book

  • 1040 Pages
  • October 2021
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5841188

Prepare for the Network+ certification and a new career in network installation and administration

In the newly revised Fifth Edition of CompTIA Network+ Study Guide Exam N10-008, bestselling author and network expert Todd Lammle delivers thorough coverage of how to install, configure, and troubleshoot today's basic networking hardware peripherals and protocols.

This book will prepare you to succeed on the sought-after CompTIA Network+ certification exam, impress interviewers in the network industry, and excel in your first role as a junior network administrator, support technician, or related position.

The accomplished author draws on his 30 years of networking experience to walk you through the ins and outs of the five functional domains covered by the Network+ Exam N10-008: Networking fundamentals, implementations, operations, security, and troubleshooting. You'll also get:

  • Complete, domain-specific coverage of the updated Network+ Exam N10-008
  • Preparation to obtain a leading network certification enjoyed by over 350,000 networking professionals
  • Access to Sybex's superior set of online study tools, including practice exams, flashcards, and glossary of key terms, all supported by Wiley's support agents who are available 24x7 via email or live chat to assist with access and login questions

Perfect for anyone preparing for the latest version of the CompTIA Network+ Exam N10-008, the Fifth Edition of CompTIA Network+ Study Guide Exam N10-008 is a must-have resource for network administrators seeking to enhance their skillset with foundational skills endorsed by industry and thought leaders from around the world.

Table of Contents

Introduction xxxi

Assessment Test xli

Chapter 1 Introduction to Networks 1

First Things First: What’s a Network? 3

The Local Area Network 4

Common Network Components 6

Metropolitan Area Network 9

Wide Area Network 9

Personal Area Network 10

Campus Area Network 10

Storage Area Network 10

Software-Defined Wide Area Network 11

Multiprotocol Label Switching 11

Multipoint Generic Routing Encapsulation 12

Network Architecture: Peer-to-Peer or Client-Server? 12

Physical Network Topologies 14

Bus Topology 14

Star Topology 15

Ring Topology 17

Mesh Topology 17

Point-to-Point Topology 18

Point-to-Multipoint Topology 19

Hybrid Topology 20

Topology Selection, Backbones, and Segments 21

Selecting the Right Topology 22

The Network Backbone 22

Network Segments 23

Service-Related Entry Points 23

Service Provider Links 23

Virtual Networking 24

Summary 24

Exam Essentials 25

Written Lab 25

Review Questions 26

Chapter 2 The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications 31

Internetworking Models 32

The Layered Approach 33

Advantages of Reference Models 33

The OSI Reference Model 34

The Application Layer 36

The Presentation Layer 37

The Session Layer 37

The Transport Layer 37

The Network Layer 43

The Data Link Layer 46

The Physical Layer 48

Introduction to Encapsulation 49

Modulation Techniques 50

Summary 51

Exam Essentials 51

Written Lab 52

Review Questions 53

Chapter 3 Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards 57

Physical Media 59

Coaxial Cable 60

Twisted-Pair Cable 62

Twinaxial Cable 62

Fiber-Optic Cable 66

Transceivers 71

Media Converters 72

Serial Cables 74

Cable Properties 76

Transmission Speeds 76

Distance 76

Duplex 77

Noise Immunity (Security, EMI) 77

Frequency 77

Wiring Standards 78

T568A vs. T568B 78

Straight-Through Cable 80

Crossover Cable 81

Rolled/Rollover Cable 83

T1 Crossover Cable 83

Installing Wiring Distributions 85

MDF/IDF 85

Summary 87

Exam Essentials 88

Written Lab 88

Review Questions 89

Chapter 4 The Current Ethernet Specifications 93

Network Basics 94

Ethernet Basics 96

Collision Domain 96

Broadcast Domain 97

CSMA/CD 97

Broadband/Baseband 99

Bit Rates vs. Baud Rate 99

Wavelength 99

Half-and Full-Duplex Ethernet 100

Ethernet at the Data Link Layer 102

Binary to Decimal and Hexadecimal Conversion 102

Ethernet Addressing 106

Ethernet Frames 107

Ethernet at the Physical Layer 109

Ethernet over Other Standards (IEEE 1905.1-2013) 115

Ethernet over Power Line 115

Ethernet over HDMI 117

Bidirectional Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) 117

Course Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (CWDM) 117

Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM) 117

Summary 118

Exam Essentials 119

Written Lab 119

Review Questions 124

Chapter 5 Networking Devices 129

Common Network Connectivity Devices 132

Network Interface Card 133

Hub 135

Bridge 135

Switch 136

Router 137

Firewall 141

IDS/IPS 142

HIDS 142

Access Point 142

Wireless Range Extender 143

Wireless LAN Controller 143

Load Balancer 144

Contention Methods 144

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server 147

IPAM 152

Other Specialized Devices 152

Multilayer Switch 153

Domain Name Service Server 153

Network Time Protocol 160

Proxy Server 160

Encryption and Content Filtering 162

Analog Modem 163

Packet Shaper 164

VPN Concentrator/Headend 164

Media Converter 165

VoIP PBX 165

VoIP Endpoint 166

NGFW/Layer 7 Firewall 166

VoIP Gateway 166

Cable Modem 166

DSL Modem 166

Networked Devices 167

VoIP Phones 167

Printers 167

Physical Access Control Devices 167

Cameras 167

Heating Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Sensors 167

Internet of Things (IoT) 168

Industrial Control Systems 168

Planning and Implementing a Basic SOHO Network Using Network Segmentation 168

Determining Requirements 169

Switches and Bridges at the Data Link Layer 175

Hubs at the Physical Layer 177

Environmental Considerations 178

Summary 178

Exam Essentials 179

Written Lab 180

Review Questions 181

Chapter 6 Introduction to the Internet Protocol 185

Introducing TCP/IP 188

A Brief History of TCP/IP 188

TCP/IP and the DoD Model 189

The Process/Application Layer Protocols 191

The Host-to-Host Layer Protocols 204

The Internet Layer Protocols 210

Data Encapsulation 220

Summary 224

Exam Essentials 224

Written Lab 225

Review Questions 226

Chapter 7 IP Addressing 231

IP Terminology 233

The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 234

Network Addressing 235

Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918) 239

IPv4 Address Types 241

Layer 2 Broadcasts 242

Layer 3 Broadcasts 242

Unicast Address 243

Multicast Address (Class D) 243

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 243

Why Do We Need IPv6? 244

The Benefits of and Uses for IPv6 244

IPv6 Addressing and Expressions 246

Shortened Expression 246

Address Types 247

Special Addresses 248

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) 249

DHCPv6 (Stateful) 251

Migrating to IPv6 251

Summary 253

Exam Essentials 254

Written Labs 255

Written Lab 7.1 255

Written Lab 7.2 255

Review Questions 257

Chapter 8 IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT 261

Subnetting Basics 263

How to Create Subnets 264

Subnet Masks 265

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 266

Subnetting Class C Addresses 268

Subnetting Class B Addresses 278

Troubleshooting IP Addressing 286

Determining IP Address Problems 289

Introduction to Network Address Translation (NAT) 294

Types of Network Address Translation 295

NAT Names 295

How NAT Works 296

Summary 298

Exam Essentials 298

Written Lab 299

Review Questions 300

Chapter 9 Introduction to IP Routing 305

Routing Basics 306

The IP Routing Process 309

Testing Your IP Routing Understanding 315

Static and Dynamic Routing 316

Summary 319

Exam Essentials 319

Written Lab 320

Review Questions 321

Chapter 10 Routing Protocols 325

Routing Protocol Basics 326

Administrative Distances 327

Classes of Routing Protocols 329

Distance-Vector Routing Protocols 330

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 332

RIP Version 2 (RIPv2) 332

VLSMs and Discontiguous Networks 333

EIGRP 336

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 338

Link-State Routing Protocols 340

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 340

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) 343

High Availability 344

Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) 346

Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol 350

Advanced IPv6 Concepts 351

Router Advertisement 351

Neighbor Discovery Protocol 353

Tunneling 354

Dual Stack 357

IPv6 Routing Protocols 357

RIPng 358

EIGRPv6 358

OSPFv3 359

Summary 359

Exam Essentials 359

Written Lab 360

Review Questions 361

Chapter 11 Switching and Virtual LANs 365

Networking Before Layer 2 Switching 367

Switching Services 370

Limitations of Layer 2 Switching 371

Bridging vs. LAN Switching 372

Three Switch Functions at Layer 2 372

Distributed Switching 378

Spanning Tree Protocol 378

Spanning Tree Port States 379

STP Convergence 380

Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 802.1w 381

Virtual LANs 382

VLAN Basics 383

Quality of Service 386

VLAN Memberships 387

Static VLANs 387

Dynamic VLANs 388

Identifying VLANs 388

VLAN Identification Methods 390

VLAN Trunking Protocol 392

VTP Modes of Operation 393

Do We Really Need to Put an IP Address on a Switch? 394

Switch Port Protection 396

Port Bonding 399

Device Hardening 401

Two Additional Advanced Features of Switches 401

Power over Ethernet (802.3af, 802.3at) 401

Port Mirroring/Spanning (SPAN/RSPAN) 404

Summary 405

Exam Essentials 406

Written Lab 406

Review Questions 408

Chapter 12 Wireless Networking 413

Introduction to Wireless Technology 415

Cellular Technologies 418

The 802.11 Standards (Regulatory Impacts) 419

2.4 GHz (802.11b) 421

2.4 GHz (802.11g) 422

5 GHz (802.11a) 423

5 GHz (802.11h) 424

2.4 GHz/5 GHz (802.11n) 425

5 GHz (802.11ac) 426

WiFi 6 (802.11ax) 426

Comparing 802.11 Standards 427

Range and Speed Comparisons 428

Wireless Network Components 428

Wireless Access Points 429

Wireless Network Interface Card 430

Wireless Antennas 431

Installing a Wireless Network 432

Ad Hoc Mode: Independent Basic Service Set 432

Infrastructure Mode: Basic Service Set 433

Wireless Controllers 434

Mobile Hot Spots 436

Signal Degradation 438

Other Network Infrastructure Implementations 438

Technologies That Facilitate the Internet of Things (IoT) 440

Installing and Configuring WLAN Hardware 441

Site Survey 447

Providing Capacity 448

Multiple Floors 449

Location-Based WLAN 450

Site Survey Tools 450

Wireless Security 451

Wireless Threats 451

Open Access 455

Service Set Identifiers, Wired Equivalent Privacy, and Media Access Control Address Authentication 455

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (802.1X) 457

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 458

Wi-Fi Protected Access or WPA2 Pre-Shared Key 459

Summary 462

Exam Essentials 462

Written Lab 464

Review Questions 465

Chapter 13 Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network Availability 469

Performance Metrics/Sensors 471

Device/Chassis 471

Network Metrics 473

SNMP 474

Traps 475

Object Identifiers (OIDs) 476

Management Information Bases (MIBs) 476

Network Device Logs 476

Log Reviews 476

Logging Levels/Severity Levels 480

Interface Statistics/Status 482

Link State (Up/Down) 482

Speed/Duplex 483

Send/Receive Traffic 484

Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRCs) 485

Protocol Packet and Byte Counts 486

Interface Errors or Alerts 486

CRC Errors 487

Giants and Runts 488

Encapsulation Errors 488

Environmental Factors and Sensors 489

Temperature 489

Humidity 489

Electrical 490

Flooding 495

Baselines 495

NetFlow Data 496

NetFlow Overview and Flows 496

Uptime/Downtime 498

Summary 498

Exam Essentials 498

Written Lab 499

Review Questions 501

Chapter 14 Organizational Documents and Policies 505

Plans and Procedures 507

Change Management 508

Incident Response Plan 510

Disaster Recovery Plan 510

Business Continuity Plan 510

System Life Cycle 511

Standard Operating Procedures 511

Hardening and Security Policies 511

Acceptable Use Policy 512

Password Policy 512

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Policy 513

Remote Access Policy 513

Onboarding and Offboarding Policy 513

Security Policy 514

Data Loss Prevention 519

Common Documentation 519

Physical Network Diagram 520

Logical Network Diagram 524

Wiring Diagram 525

Site Survey Report 526

Audit and Assessment Report 526

Baseline Configurations 527

Common Agreements 528

Nondisclosure Agreement (NDA) 528

Service-Level Agreement (SLA) 529

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) 529

Summary 529

Exam Essentials 529

Written Lab 530

Review Questions 531

Chapter 15 High Availability and Disaster Recovery 533

Load Balancing 535

Multipathing 536

Network Interface Card (NIC) Teaming 537

Redundant Hardware/Clusters 538

Switches 538

Routers 540

Firewalls 542

Facilities and Infrastructure Support 542

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 542

Power Distribution Units (PDUs) 543

Generator 543

HVAC 544

Fire Suppression 544

Redundancy and High Availability (HA) Concepts 545

Recovery Sites 545

Cold Site 545

Warm Site 545

Hot Site 546

Cloud Site 546

Active/Active vs. Active/Passive 546

Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) 553

Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) 554

Recovery Time Objective (RTO) 554

Recovery Point Objective (RPO) 554

Network Device Backup/Restore 554

State/Configuration 554

Summary 555

Exam Essentials 555

Written Lab 556

Review Questions 557

Chapter 16 Common Security Concepts 559

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) 561

Confidentiality 561

Integrity 561

Availability 562

Threats 562

Internal 562

External 562

Vulnerabilities 562

Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) 563

Zero-Day 563

Exploits 563

Least Privilege 563

Role-Based                               

Access 564

Zero Trust 564

Defense in Depth 564

Network Segmentation Enforcement 564

Screened Subnet (aka Demilitarized Zone) 565

Separation of Duties 565

Network Access Control 566

Honeypot 567

Authentication Methods 567

Multifactor 567

Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) 568

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) 568

Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+) 568

Single Sign-On (SSO) 570

LDAP 570

Kerberos 570

Local Authentication 571

802.1X 571

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) 572

Security Risk Assessments 573

Threat Assessment 573

Vulnerability Assessment 574

Penetration Testing 575

Business Risk Assessments 575

Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) 576

Notifications 576

Summary 576

Exam Essentials 577

Written Lab 577

Review Questions 578

Chapter 17 Common Types of Attacks 581

Technology-Based Attacks 582

Denial of Service (DoS)/Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) 583

On-Path Attack (Previously Known as Man-in-the-Middle Attack) 588

DNS Poisoning 589

VLAN Hopping 589

ARP Spoofing 590

Rogue DHCP 590

Rogue Access Point (AP) 591

Evil Twin 592

Ransomware 593

Password Attacks 593

MAC Spoofing 594

IP Spoofing 594

Deauthentication 594

Malware 594

Human and Environmental 598

Social Engineering 598

Phishing 599

Environmental 599

Summary 600

Exam Essentials 600

Written Lab 601

Review Questions 602

Chapter 18 Network Hardening Techniques 605

Best Practices 607

Secure SNMP 608

Router Advertisement (RA) Guard 608

Port Security 608

Dynamic ARP Inspection 609

Control Plane Policing 609

Private VLANs 609

Disable Unneeded Switchports 610

Disable Unneeded Network Services 610

Change Default Passwords 610

Password Complexity/Length 610

Enable DHCP Snooping 613

Change Default VLAN 613

Patch and Firmware Management 614

Access Control List 615

Role-Based Access 616

Firewall Rules 617

Wireless Security 618

MAC Filtering 618

Antenna Placement 618

Power Levels 619

Wireless Client Isolation 619

Guest Network Isolation 620

Preshared Keys (PSKs) 620

EAP 620

Geofencing 620

Captive Portal 621

IoT Access Considerations 621

Summary 621

Exam Essentials 621

Written Lab 622

Review Questions 623

Chapter 19 Remote Access Security 625

Site-to-Site VPN 626

Client-to-Site VPN 626

Clientless VPN 627

Split Tunnel vs. Full Tunnel 628

Remote Desktop Connection 628

Remote Desktop Gateway 629

SSH 630

Virtual Network Computing (VNC) 630

Virtual Desktop 631

Authentication and Authorization Considerations 631

In-Band vs. Out-of-Band Management 631

Summary 632

Exam Essentials 632

Written Lab 632

Review Questions 634

Chapter 20 Physical Security 637

Detection Methods 639

Cameras 639

Motion Detection 640

Asset Tags 641

Tamper Detection 641

Prevention Methods 642

Employee Training 642

Access Control Hardware 643

Locking Racks 643

Locking Cabinets 644

Access Control Vestibule (Previously Known as a Mantrap) 644

Smart Lockers 645

Asset Disposal 646

Factory Reset/Wipe Configuration 646

Sanitize Devices for Disposal 646

Summary 647

Exam Essentials 647

Written Lab 648

Review Questions 649

Chapter 21 Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts 651

Data Center Network Architectures 654

Access/Edge Layer 654

Distribution Layer 655

Core Layer 655

Software-Defined Networking 655

Application Layer 656

Control Layer 656

Infrastructure Layer 656

Management Plane 656

Spine-Leaf-Based Two-Tier Networks 657

Top-of-Rack Switching 658

Backbone 658

Traffic Flows 658

North-South 659

East-West 659

Branch Office vs. On-premises Data Center vs. Colocation 660

Cloud Computing and Its Effect on the Enterprise Network 661

Service Models 663

Overview of Network Programmability in Enterprise Network 665

Software-Defined Networking 666

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) 666

Southbound APIs 667

Northbound APIs 669

Managing Network Documentation 670

Using SNMP 670

Schematics and Diagrams 671

Network Monitoring 676

Baselines 676

Processes 676

Onboarding and Offboarding of Mobile Devices 677

NAC 677

Policies, Procedures, and Regulations 677

Safety Practices 681

Implementing Network Segmentation 686

Network Optimization 689

Reasons to Optimize Your Network’s Performance 689

How to Optimize Performance 691

Unified Communications 694

Traffic Shaping 694

Load Balancing 695

High Availability 695

Caching Engines 695

Fault Tolerance 696

Archives/Backups 696

Common Address Redundancy Protocol 697

Virtual Networking 697

Locating and Installing Equipment 708

Change Management Procedures 715

Summary 717

Exam Essentials 719

Written Lab 720

Review Questions 721

Chapter 22 Ensuring Network Availability 725

Performance Metrics/Sensors 727

Network Metrics 728

SNMP 729

Network Device Logs 731

Interface Statistics/Status 733

Interface Errors 734

Environmental Factors and Sensors 735

Baseline 736

NetFlow 737

Uptime 738

Downtime 738

Summary 739

Exam Essentials 739

Written Lab 740

Review Questions 741

Chapter 23 Cable Connectivity Issues and Tools 745

Specifications and Limitations 747

Cable Considerations 747

Cable Applications 748

Common Issues 749

Identifying Hardware Tools 751

Cable Testers 752

Protocol Analyzer 755

Certifiers 755

Time-Domain Reflectometer 756

Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer 756

Multimeter 757

Spectrum Analyzer 758

Toner Generator (Probe) 759

Tap 760

Metrics 760

Butt Set 761

Punch-Down Tool 761

Cable Snips/Cutters 763

Voltage Event Recorder (Power) 763

Fiber Light Meter 764

Fiber Fusion Splicer 764

Summary 765

Exam Essentials 765

Written Lab 766

Review Questions 767

Chapter 24 Network Troubleshooting Methodology 771

Narrowing Down the Problem 775

Did You Check the Super Simple Stuff? 776

Is Hardware or Software Causing the Problem? 780

Is It a Workstation or a Server Problem? 781

Which Segments of the Network Are Affected? 781

Is It Bad Cabling? 782

Troubleshooting Steps 791

Step 1: Identify the Problem 792

Step 2: Establish a Theory of Probable Cause 796

Step 3: Test the Theory to Determine Cause 806

Step 4: Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem and Identify Potential Effects 809

Step 5: Implement the Solution or Escalate as Necessary 810

Step 6: Verify Full System Functionality, and If Applicable, Implement Preventative Measures 813

Step 7: Document Findings, Actions, Outcomes, and Lessons Learned 814

Troubleshooting Tips 815

Don’t Overlook the Small Stuff 815

Prioritize Your Problems 815

Check the Software Configuration 816

Don’t Overlook Physical Conditions 817

Don’t Overlook Cable Problems 817

Check for Viruses 818

Summary 818

Exam Essentials 818

Written Lab 819

Review Questions 821

Chapter 25 Network Software Tools and Commands 825

Software Tools 827

Wi-Fi Analyzers 827

Protocol Analyzer/Packet Capture 828

Bandwidth Speed Testers 829

Port Scanners 830

NetFlow Analyzers 830

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Server 831

Connectivity Software 831

IP Scanner 832

Using traceroute 833

Using ipconfig, ifconfig, and ip 836

Using the ipconfig Utility 836

Using the ifconfig Utility 840

Using the ip Utility 840

Using the iptables Utility 841

Examples of iptables 841

Using the ping Utility 841

Using the Address Resolution Protocol 845

The Windows ARP Table 845

Using the arp Utility 846

Using the nslookup Utility 849

Resolving Names with the Hosts File 850

Using the Mtr Command (pathping) 852

Using the Nmap Utility 853

Using the route Command 854

Using the route Command Options 854

Some Examples of the route Command 857

Using the nbtstat Utility 857

The -a Switch 858

The -A Switch 860

The -c Switch 860

The -n Switch 860

The -r Switch 861

The -R Switch 862

The -S Switch 862

The -s Switch 863

Using the netstat Utility 863

The -a Switch 866

The -e Switch 866

The -r Switch 867

The -s Switch 867

The -p Switch 868

The -n Switch 869

Using tcpdump 871

Examples of Using tcpdump 871

Using the File Transfer Protocol 871

Starting FTP and Logging In to an FTP Server 872

Downloading Files 874

Uploading Files 876

Using the Telnet Utility 876

How to Enable Telnet in Windows 877

Don’t Use Telnet, Use Secure Shell 878

Summary 878

Exam Essentials 879

Written Lab 880

Review Questions 881

Appendix A Answers to Written Labs 887

Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks 888

Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications 888

Chapter 3: Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards 889

Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications 889

Chapter 5: Networking Devices 891

Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol 892

Chapter 7: IP Addressing 893

Written Lab 7.1 893

Written Lab 7.2 893

Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT 894

Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing 895

Chapter 10: Routing Protocols 895

Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs 895

Chapter 12: Wireless Networking 896

Chapter 13: Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network Availability 896

Chapter 14: Organizational Documents and Policies 897

Chapter 15: High Availability and Disaster Recovery 898

Chapter 16: Common Security Concepts 898

Chapter 17: Common Types of Attacks 899

Chapter 18: Network Hardening Techniques 899

Chapter 19: Remote Access Security 900

Chapter 20: Physical Security 900

Chapter 21: Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts 901

Chapter 22: Ensuring Network Availability 901

Chapter 23: Cable Connectivity Issues and Tools 902

Chapter 24: Network Troubleshooting Methodology 902

Chapter 25: Network Software Tools and Commands 903

Appendix B Answers to Review Questions 905

Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks 906

Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications 907

Chapter 3: Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards 909

Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications 910

Chapter 5: Networking Devices 911

Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol 913

Chapter 7: IP Addressing 914

Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT 916

Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing 918

Chapter 10: Routing Protocols 919

Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs 921

Chapter 12: Wireless Networking 922

Chapter 13: Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network Availability 924

Chapter 14: Organizational Documents and Policies 925

Chapter 15: High Availability and Disaster Recovery 926

Chapter 16: Common Security Concepts 927

Chapter 17: Common Types of Attacks 927

Chapter 18: Network Hardening Techniques 928

Chapter 19: Remote Access Security 929

Chapter 20: Physical Security 930

Chapter 21: Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts 931

Chapter 22: Ensuring Network Availability 933

Chapter 23: Cable Connectivity Issues and Tools 934

Chapter 24: Network Troubleshooting Methodology 935

Chapter 25: Network Software Tools and Commands 937

Appendix C Subnetting Class A 939

Subnetting Practice Examples: Class A Addresses 940

Practice Example #1A: 255.255.0.0 (/16) 941

Practice Example #2A: 255.255.240.0 (/20) 941

Practice Example #3A: 255.255.255.192 (/26) 942

Subnetting in Your Head: Class A Addresses 942

Written Lab 1 943

Written Lab 2 944

Answers to Written Lab 1 944

Answers to Written Lab 2 945

Index 947

Authors

Todd Lammle