A comprehensive resource presenting different manufacturing bioprocesses of chemical substitutes, from agricultural and industrial by-products to value-added biorefinery products
Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-Products: Bioconversion, Bioprocessing, and Biorefining discusses the biorefinery of chemical substitutes from agricultural and industrial by-products, covering the consolidated bioconversion, bioprocessing, and downstream process of the significant chemical substitutes produced. In each chapter, the individual aspects of bioconversion, bioprocessing, and downstream process of chemical substitutes produced from selected agricultural and industrial by-products to selected chemical substitutes are discussed.
The text includes helpful case studies of specific processes to aid in reader comprehension.
Edited by four highly qualified academics, Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-Products: Bioconversion, Bioprocessing, and Biorefining includes information on: - Common substitutes for chemicals obtained from biomass of agricultural wastes and industrial by-products, including antioxidants, oleoresin, nanocarbon materials, enzymes, essential oils, bio-bleaching agents, and biosugars - Alternative substitutes, including biofertilizers, cocoa butter substitutes, bio-succinic acids, furfural derivatives, levulinic acids, and cellulases - Economic calculations, such as cost analysis, of different bioprocesses to analyze their feasibility in business and general industry - Environmental impact analysis of chemical substitutes from agricultural and industrial by-products for a sustainable agriculture system
Enabling readers to create a change in the perception of the waste agricultural biomass from waste to resource, Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-Products: Bioconversion, Bioprocessing, and Biorefining is an essential resource for biotechnologists, chemists in industry, natural products chemists, process engineers, chemical engineers, and environmental chemists.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
About the Editors xvii
1 A Glance on Biorefinery of Chemical Substitutes from Agriculture and Industrial By-products 1
Suraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, Mohamad F. Ibrahim, Lai-Yee Phang, and Mohd A. Jenol
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Analysis of Feedstocks for Composition and Potential for Chemical Substitutes 3
1.3 Potential Application of Chemical Substitute Extracted from Selected Agricultural Wastes and Industrial By-products 9
1.4 Conclusions 13
2 Antioxidants from Agricultural Wastes and their Potential Applications 19
Mohd A. Jenol, Yazmin Hussin, Pei H. Chu, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Noorjahan B. Alitheen
2.1 Introduction to Antioxidants and their Usages 19
2.2 Sources of Antioxidants 21
2.3 Alternative Antioxidants Sources from Agricultural Wastes 22
2.4 Extraction of Antioxidants from Selected Agricultural Waste 22
2.5 Potential Applications of Antioxidants Extracted from Selected Agricultural Wastes 30
2.6 Future Direction of Antioxidants from AgricultureWastes 34
2.7 Conclusions 35
3 Lemongrass Oleoresin in Food Flavoring 39
Madihah Md Salleh, Shankar Ramanathan, and Rohaya Mohd Noor
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Types of Lemongrass and Their Components 40
3.3 Potential Chemical Substitutes from Lemongrass 42
3.4 Characteristics and Properties of Oleoresin 44
3.5 Lemongrass Oleoresin Composition and Function 44
3.6 Extraction Technique of Lemongrass Oleoresin 46
3.7 Application of Lemongrass Oleoresin as Food Flavoring 51
3.8 Oleoresin Prospect 53
3.9 Conclusions 53
4 Nanocarbon Material and Chemicals from Seaweed for Energy Storage Components 59
Tirto Prakoso, Hary Devianto, Heri Rustamaji, Praswasti PDK Wulan, and Misri Gozan
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Source of Seaweed 62
4.3 Potential Material Substitute from Seaweed 64
4.4 Utilization of Seaweed-based Material for Energy Storage Component 76
4.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 82
4.6 Conclusions 83
5 Spent Mushroom Substrate as Alternative Source for the Production of Chemical Substitutes 87
Vikineswary Sabaratnam, Chia Wei Phan, Hariprasath Lakshmanan, and Jegadeesh Raman
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) as Source of Bulk Enzymes 90
5.3 Various Challenges and Future Prospects in the Use of SMS 94
5.4 Conclusions 97
6 Essential Oil from Pineapple Wastes 103
Mohamad F. Ibrahim, Nurshazana Mohamad, Mariam J. M. Fairus, Mohd A. Jenol, and Suraini Abd-Aziz
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 PineappleWastes 104
6.3 Pineapple Essential Oil 105
6.4 Extraction of Essential Oils 106
6.5 Extracted Essential Oil Compounds 112
6.6 Conclusions 117
7 Chicken Feather as a Bioresource to Produce Value-added Bioproducts 123
Kai L. Sim, Radin S. R. Yahaya, Suriana Sabri, and Lai-Yee Phang
7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 Valorization of Chicken Feathers 124
7.3 Bioprocessing of Chicken Feathers into Chemical Substitutes 128
7.4 Molecular Approaches to Improve Keratinolytic Propensity of Native Host 132
7.5 Molecular Approaches to Improve Recombinant Keratinase Production and Characteristics 135
7.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 138
7.7 Conclusions 140
8 Bio-bleaching Agents Used for Paper and Pulp Produced from the Valorization of Corncob, Wheat Straw, and Bagasse 145
Kanya C. H. Alifia, Tjandra Setiadi, Ramaraj Boopathy, Hendro Risdianto, Muhammad Irfan, and Ibnu M. Hidayatullah
8.1 Introduction 145
8.2 Characteristics of Biomass Substrate for Bio-bleaching Enzyme Production 146
8.3 Microbial Sources of Bio-bleaching Enzymes 148
8.4 Bio-bleaching Enzymes and Their Usage in Pulp and Paper Industry 150
8.5 Bioprocessing of AgriculturalWastes for Bio-bleaching Enzyme Production 154
8.6 Techno-economic Evaluation 159
8.7 Challenges and Future Outlooks 165
8.8 Conclusions 167
9 Recovery of Industrially Useful Enzymes from Rubber Latex Processing By-products 173
Tan W. Kit, Yong Y. Seng, Siti N. Azlan, Nurulhuda Abdullah, and Fadzlie W. F. Wong
9.1 Introduction 173
9.2 Processing of Natural Rubber Latex for the Production of Rubber Products 175
9.3 General Characteristics of Plant-derived Lysozymes and Chitinases 177
9.4 Conventional and Alternative Activity Assays for Lysozymes and Chitinases 178
9.5 Potential Application of Plant-derived Lysozymes and Chitinases 182
9.6 Potential Strategy for Recovering Lysozymes and Chitinases from NRL 182
9.7 Conclusions 187
10 Sago Wastes as a Feedstock for Biosugar, Precursor for Chemical Substitutes 193
Mohd A. Jenol, Muhd N. Ahmad, Dayang S. A. Adeni, Micky Vincent, and Nurashikin Suhaili
10.1 Introduction 193
10.2 Current Status of Sago Starch Industry 194
10.3 SagoWastes Biomass 196
10.4 Bioconversion of SagoWastes into Biosugars and its Derivative Precursors 200
10.5 Bioprocessing SagoWastes Fermentable Sugar for Chemicals Substitute 202
10.6 Challenges and Prospect of SagoWastes Biorefinery 207
10.7 Conclusions 209
11 Biofertilizer and Other Chemical Substitutes from Sugarcane By-products 213
Is Fatimah, Ganjar Fadillah, Tatang S. Julianto, Rudy Syahputra, and Habibi Hidayat
11.1 Introduction 213
11.2 Sugarcane By-products Conversion into Biofertilizer 216
11.3 Sugarcane Bagasse as Raw Material for Soil Improver: Phenol Degradation 218
11.4 Sugarcane By-products Conversion into Chemical 223
11.5 Sugarcane By-product as Material for Biocomposites 227
11.6 Future Perspective of Sugarcane By-products Conversion in the Sugarcane Industrial Cycle 228
11.7 Future Usage and Applications of Sugarcane By-products 229
11.8 Conclusions 230
12 Cocoa Butter Substitute from Tengkawang (Shorea stenoptera) 235
Muhammad A. Darmawan, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Misri Gozan
12.1 Introduction 235
12.2 Composition and Characteristics of Tengkawang Butter 237
12.3 Traditional Treatment Process 241
12.4 Extraction and Purification Process of Tengkawang 242
12.5 Economic Feasibility Based on Process Simulation 244
12.6 Benefits and Future Outlook of Tengkawang Butter 249
12.7 Conclusions 250
13 Bio-succinic Acid Production from Biomass and their Applications 255
Abdullah A. I. Luthfi, Jian P. Tan, Wen X. Woo, Nurul A. Bukhari, and Hikmah B. Hariz
13.1 Introduction 255
13.2 Valorization of Biomass to Bio-succinic Acid 257
13.3 Bio-succinic Acid as Fermentative Metabolite 260
13.4 Purification and Recovery of Succinic Acid 267
13.5 Application of Bio-succinic Acid 272
13.6 Conclusions 273
14 Furfural and Derivatives from Bagasse and Corncob 279
Muryanto Muryanto, Yanni Sudiyani, Andre F. P. Harahap, and Misri Gozan
14.1 Introduction 279
14.2 Furfural as a Building Block Material 280
14.3 Furfural Derivatives 281
14.4 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Raw Material for Furfural Production 285
14.5 Furfural Production 288
14.6 Techno-economical Aspect 295
14.7 Future Trends 296
14.8 Conclusions 297
15 Levulinic and Formic Acids from Rice Straw and Sugarcane Bagasse 301
Jabosar R. H. Panjaitan and Misri Gozan
15.1 Introduction 301
15.2 Potential of Biomass Source for the Production of Levulinic and Formic Acids 304
15.3 Levulinic Dan Formic Acids Formation 306
15.4 Pretreatment and Production Technologies 306
15.5 Purification Technologies 309
15.6 Economic Feasibilities 312
15.7 Case Studies 313
15.8 Conclusions 314
16 Cellulase as Biocatalyst Produced from Agricultural Wastes 319
Wichanee Bankeeree, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Sehanat Prasongsuk, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Syahriar NMM Ibrahim, and Hunsa Punnapayak
16.1 Introduction 319
16.2 Cellulases Diversity 320
16.3 Cellulase-producing Microorganisms 323
16.4 Cellulase Properties 325
16.5 Strategies to Improve Cellulase Production 326
16.6 Techno-economic Analysis to Produce Biofuels 331
16.7 Conclusions 332
17 Conversion of Glycerol Derived from Biodiesel Production to Butanol and 1,3-Propanediol 337
Prawit Kongjan, Alissara Reungsang, and Sureewan Sittijunda
17.1 Introduction 337
17.2 Crude Glycerol Characteristics and Impurities 338
17.3 Bioconversion of Crude Glycerol into Butanol and 1,3-Propanediol 340
17.4 Purification and Recovery of 1,3-Propanediol and Butanol 343
17.5 Applications of 1,3-Propanediol and Butanol 346
17.6 Challenges and Future Perspective 348
17.7 Conclusions 349
18 Sustainability of Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-products 355
Lai-Yee Phang, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, and Mohamad F. Ibrahim
18.1 Introduction 355
18.2 Sustainable Development Strategies, Policies and Regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia 358
18.3 Case Study 1: Techno-economic Analysis for the Production of Cellulase 360
18.4 Case Study 2: Techno-economic Analysis for the Production of Biofertilizer 364
18.5 Challenges and Market Opportunities 368
18.6 Conclusions 369
References 370
Index 375
