Authoritative and bestselling textbook detailing the many aspects of using wind as an energy source
Wind Energy Explained provides complete and comprehensive coverage on the topic of wind energy, starting with general concepts like the history of and rationale for wind energy and continuing into specific technological components and applications along with the new recent developments in the field.
Divided into 16 chapters, this edition includes up-to-date data, diagrams, and illustrations, boasting an impressive 35% new material including new sections on metocean design conditions, wind turbine design, wind power plants and the electrical system, fixed and floating offshore wind turbines, project development, permitting and environmental risks and benefits, turbine installation, operation and maintenance, and high penetration wind energy systems and power-to-X.
Wind Energy Explained also includes information on: - Modern wind turbines, covering the design and their many components such as the rotor, drive train, and generator - Aerodynamics of wind energy, covering one-dimensional momentum theory, the Betz limit, and ideal horizontal axis wind turbine with wake rotation - Environmental external design conditions, such as wind, waves, currents, tides, salinity, floating ice, and many more - Commonly used materials and components, such as steel, composites, copper, and concrete, plus machinery elements, such as shafts, couplings, bearings, and gears - Modern design methods, including probabilistic design - Environmental effects and mitigation strategies for wind project siting and the role of public engagement in the development process
This book offers a complete examination of one of the most promising sources of renewable energy and is a great introduction to this cross-disciplinary field for practicing engineers. It may also be used as a textbook resource for university level courses in wind energy, both introductory and advanced.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: Modern Wind Energy and its Origins
1.1 Modern Wind Turbines
1.2 History of Wind Energy
1.3 Rationale for Wind Energy
1.4 Offshore Wind Energy
1.5 Reference Wind Turbine
1.6 Layout of the Book
1.7 References
Chapter 2 Wind Characteristics and Resources
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Characteristics of the Wind Resource
2.3 Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
2.4 Wind Data Analysis and Resource Estimation
2.5 Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates Using Statistical Techniques
2.6 Regional Wind Resource Assessment
2.7 Wind Forecasting and Modelling from Data
2.8 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation
2.9 Additional Topics
2.10 References
Chapter 3 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines
3.1 General Overview
3.2 Idealized Wind Turbine Rotor And Actuator Disc Theory
3.3 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics
3.4 Aerodynamic Blade Design for Modern Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
3.5 Steady-State Performance Prediction: The Blade Element Momentum Method
3.6 Simplified performance analyses and designs
3.7 Advanced Methods of Rotor Analysis
3.8 Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
3.9 References
Chapter 4 Mechanics and Dynamics
4.1 Background
4.2 Wind Turbine Motions and Loads
4.3 General Principles of Mechanics
4.4 Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response
4.5 Equations of Motion of a Wind Turbine - Discrete and Continuous systems
4.6 Wind Turbine Models Using the Assumed Shape Function Approach
4.7 Linearized Hinge Spring Blade Model
4.8 Linearization and stability
4.9 References
Chapter 5 Electrical Aspects of Wind Turbines
5.1 Overview
5.2 Basic Concepts of Electrical Power
5.3 Power Transformers
5.4 Electrical Machines
5.5 Power Converters
5.6 Electrical Aspects of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines
5.7 Ancillary Electrical Equipment
5.8 References
Chapter 6 Environmental External Design Conditions
6.1 Overview of External Design Conditions
6.2 Wind as an External Design Condition
6.3 Waves as External Design Condition
6.4 Forces Due to Waves
6.5 Wind and Waves: Combined Effects
6.6 Currents
6.7 Floating Sea/Lake Ice
6.8 Exceptional Conditions
6.9 Other marine conditions
6.10 Offshore Metocean Data Collection
6.11 External Conditions in Wind Turbine Design Standards
6.12 References
Chapter 7 Wind Turbine Materials and Components of the Rotor Nacelle Assembly
7.1 Overview
7.2 Material Fatigue
7.3 Wind Turbine Materials
7.4 Machine Elements
7.5 Principal Components of the Rotor Nacelle Assembly
7.6 References
Chapter 8 Wind Turbine Design and Testing
8.1 Overview
8.2 Design Basis for Wind Turbines
8.3 Design Process
8.4 Wind Turbine Topologies
8.5 Wind Turbine Design Standards, Technical Specifications, and Certification
8.6 Wind Turbine Design Loads
8.7 Design Values, Safety Factors and Probabilistic Design
8.8 Scaling Relations
8.9 Computer Codes for Wind Turbine Design
8.10 Power Curve Prediction
8.11 Design Evaluation
8.12 Wind Turbine and Component Testing
8.13 Design of Offshore Wind Turbines
8.14 References
Chapter 9 Wind Turbine Control
9.1 Wind Turbine Control Overview
9.2 Key Aspects of Dynamic Control
9.3 Main Regions of Dynamic Control
9.4 Advanced Control Strategies
9.5 Design, Implementation and Challenges of Dynamic Control
9.6 Supervisory Control
9.7 References
Chapter 10 Soils, Foundations and Fixed Support Structures
10.1 Overview
10.2 Soil
10.3 Foundations and Soil Reaction
10.4 Support Structure Requirements
10.5 Loads on the Support Structure
10.6 Towers
10.7 Substructures for Fixed Offshore Wind Turbines
10.8 Environmental Considerations Regarding Substructures and Foundations
10.9 References
Chapter 11 Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
11.1 Historical precedents
11.2 Definitions
11.3 Topology Options for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
11.4 Fundamental Principles
11.5 Floating Substructure/Hulls
11.6 Hydrostatics of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
11.7 Motions of Floating Wind Turbines
11.8 Station keeping Systems for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
11.9 Sample Calculations for Typical Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
11.10 Coupled Aero/Hydro/Structural Dynamics of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
11.11 References
Chapter 12 Wind Farms and Wind Power Plants
12.1 Electrical Grids- Overview
12.2 Conventional Electricity Generators
12.3 Electrical loads
12.4 Transmission and Distribution Systems
12.5 Offshore Electricity Transmission
12.6 Wind Turbines and Wind Power Plants in Power Systems
12.7 Power from Wind Plants
12.8 Wind Power Plants in the Power Market
12.9 Wind Farm Aerodynamics: Overview
12.10 Characteristics of the Wind Turbine Inflow and Wakes
12.11 Array Losses
12.12 Wake Models
12.13 Wake Effect Mitigation
12.14 Wind Farm Wakes and Blockage Effects
12.15 References
Chapter 13 Wind Energy System Economics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Overview of Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Systems
13.3 Capital Costs Estimation of Wind Turbines
13.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs
13.5 Value of Wind Energy
13.6 Economic Analysis Methods
13.7 Wind Energy Market Considerations
13.8 References
Chapter 14 Project Development, Permitting, Environmental Considerations, and Public Engagement
14.1 Overview of the Chapter
14.2 Project Development
14.3 Offshore Project Development
14.4 Environmental Considerations: Overview
14.5 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines
14.6 Wind Turbine Noise
14.7 Wind Turbines, Birds, and Bats
14.8 Aviation Safety
14.9 Shadow Flicker
14.10 Marine Mammals
14.11 Commercial Fisheries: Risk Characterization
14.12 Electromagnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Interference
14.13 References
Chapter 15 Installation, Operation and Maintenance of Wind Turbines
15.1 Installation of Land Based Wind Turbines
15.2 Installation of Offshore Wind Turbines
15.3 Installation of Offshore Electrical Systems
15.4 Vessels for Offshore Wind
15.5 Operation: All Turbines
15.6 Maintenance and Repair
15.7 Additional Considerations for Offshore Wind Turbines
15.8 Operation in Severe Climates
15.9 Decommissioning and Recycling
15.10 References
Chapter 16 Wind Generated Energy- Present Use and Future Potential
16.1 Overview
16.2 Types of Hybrid Power Systems
16.3 Hybrid Power System Components
16.4 Wind Power Variability: Hybrid System Design and Operation
16.5 Methods to Successfully Implement High Penetration
16.6 Wind/Diesel Systems
16.7 Hybrid System Modeling
16.8 Additional Hybrid Power System Topics
16.9 Energy Storage
16.10 Power to X
16.11 Power to Pumped Water
16.12 Power to Desalinated Water
16.13 Power to Heat
16.14 Power to Cold
16.15 Power to Hydrogen
16.16 Power to Transportation
16.17 Power to Hydrogen-Based Chemical Products
16.18 The Electricity Grids of the Future
16.19 Wind Turbines for the Energy Transition
16.20 References
Appendix A Nomenclature
Appendix B Data Analysis and Data Synthesis
Appendix C Notes on Probability Distributions
Index
