The Global 6G Market 2026-2046

1.1 From 1G to 6G
1.2 The AI-Native 6G Revolution
1.3 Evolution from 5G Networks
1.3.1 Limitations with 5G
1.3.2 Benefits of 6G
1.3.3 Advanced materials in 6G
1.3.4 Recent hardware developments
1.4 The 6G Market in 2025
1.4.1 Regional Market Activity
1.4.2 Investment Landscape
1.4.3 Market Constraints in 2025
1.5 Market outlook for 6G
1.5.1 Growth of Mobile Traffic
1.5.1.1 Optimistic Scenario
1.5.1.2 Conservative Scenario
1.5.1.3 Regional Divergence
1.5.1.4 Implications for 6G
1.5.2 Proliferation in Consumer Technology
1.5.2.1 Smartphone Evolution
1.5.2.2 Beyond Smartphones
1.5.3 Industrial and Enterprise Transformation
1.5.4 Economic Competitiveness
1.5.5 Sustainability
1.5.5.1 Energy Efficiency Imperative
1.6 Market drivers and trends
1.7 Market challenges and bottlenecks
1.7.1 Critical Bottlenecks
1.8 Key Conclusions for 6G Communications Systems and Hardware
1.9 Roadmap
1.9.1 Critical Path Analysis
1.10 Global Market Revenues to 2046
1.10.1 6G Infrastructure Market by Deployment Location
1.10.2 6G Infrastructure Market by Region
1.10.3 6G Base Station Market
1.10.4 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) Market
1.10.5 6G Thermal Management Market
1.10.6 6G Application Markets
1.10.7 6G Device Market Forecast by Category
1.10.8 6G Components & Materials Market
1.10.9 6G Services Market
1.11 Applications
1.11.1 Connected Autonomous Vehicle Systems
1.11.2 Next Generation Industrial Automation
1.11.3 Healthcare Solutions
1.11.4 Immersive Extended Reality Experiences
1.12 Geographical Markets for 6G
1.12.1 North America
1.12.2 Asia Pacific
1.12.2.1 China
1.12.2.2 Japan
1.12.2.3 South Korea
1.12.2.4 India
1.12.3 Europe
1.13 Main Market Players
1.14 6G Projects by Country
1.15 Sustainability in 6G

2.1 What is 6G?
2.2 Evolving Mobile Communications
2.3 5G deployment
2.3.1 Motivation for 6G
2.3.2 Growth in Mobile Data Traffic
2.3.2.1 Growth of Mobile Traffic Slows
2.3.3 Future of Traffic
2.3.3.1 Continued Exponential Growth (Optimist View)
2.3.3.2 Structural Deceleration (Realist View)
2.3.3.3 Plateau and Decline (Pessimist View)
2.3.4 Traffic Growth Plateau in China
2.3.5 Video Streaming
2.4 Multi-Dimensional Value Proposition
2.5 Potential 6G High-Value Applications
2.5.1 Holographic Communication
2.5.2 Persistent AR Overlays
2.5.3 Cooperative Perception for Autonomous Systems
2.5.4 Real-Time Digital Twins
2.6 Applications and Required Bandwidths
2.7 Artificial Intelligence's impact on network traffic
2.7.1 AI Workload: On-Device vs Cloud
2.8 Autonomous vehicles
2.8.1 Autonomous Vehicle Communications
2.8.2 Cooperative Perception
2.8.3 Vehicle platooning
2.9 6G Rollout Timeline
2.9.1 Regional Deployment Timeline
2.10 6G Spectrum
2.10.1 6G Candidate Spectrum Bands
2.10.2 Bands vs Bandwidth
2.10.3 Bandwidth-Coverage Tradeoff
2.10.4 6G Spectrum and Deployment
2.10.4.1 Economic Deployment Model
2.10.4.1.1 Phase 1: Evolutionary 6G (2029-2034)
2.10.4.1.2 Phase 2: Revolutionary 6G (2034-2040 )
2.11 Frequencies Beyond 100GHz
2.11.1 Atmospheric Absorption Windows
2.11.2 Sub-THz Application Viability
2.11.3 6G Applications
2.12 Technology Interdependencies
2.13 Global Trends

3.1 Technical Targets for High Data-Rate 6G Radios
3.2 6G Transceiver Architecture
3.3 Technical Elements in 6G Radio Systems
3.4 Bandwidth and Modulation
3.5 Bandwidth Requirements for Supporting 100 Gbps - 1 Tbps Radios
3.5.1 Practical Bandwidth Allocation
3.6 Bandwidth and MIMO
3.7 6G Radio Performance
3.8 Beyond 100 Gbps
3.9 Radio Link Range vs System Gain
3.10 Hardware Gap
3.11 Saturated Output Power vs Frequency
3.12 Power consumption
3.12.1 Power Consumption of PA Scale with Frequency
3.12.2 Power Consumption on the Transceiver Side (1, 2, 3)
3.12.2.1 Receive Chain Power Analysis

4.1 UM-MIMO and Vanishing Base Stations
4.1.1 Sequence
4.1.2 RIS-Enabled, Self-Powered 6G UM-MIMO Base Station Design
4.1.2.1 System Architecture
4.1.2.2 Power Management
4.1.2.3 Performance Characteristics
4.1.3 Base Station Power and Cooling
4.1.3.1 Power Consumption Drivers
4.1.3.2 Economic and Environmental Impact
4.1.3.3 Solutions and Mitigation Strategies
4.1.4 Semiconductor Technologies for 6G Base Stations
4.1.4.1 Power Amplifiers
4.1.4.2 Transceivers and Beamformers
4.1.4.3 Baseband Processing
4.1.4.4 RIS Control
4.1.5 Base Station and MIMO Technology Advances
4.1.5.1 Integrated Active Antenna Systems
4.1.5.2 Open RAN Architecture
4.1.5.3 AI and Machine Learning Integration
4.1.5.4 Network Slicing
4.1.5.5 Edge Computing Integration
4.2 Satellites and Drones
4.2.1 How Satellites Benefit from 6G
4.2.2 How 6G Benefits from Satellites
4.2.3 Drone Integration Benefits
4.3 Internet of Drones
4.3.1 Network Architecture
4.3.2 Technical Challenges
4.3.3 Market Outlook
4.4 High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS)
4.4.1 HAPS Platforms
4.4.2 Communications Payload
4.4.3 Advantages
4.4.4 Challenges
4.4.5 Status and Timeline
4.5 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)
4.5.1 Connectivity Gap
4.5.1.1 Dimensions of the Gap
4.5.1.2 Quantification
4.5.1.3 Regional Characteristics
4.5.2 Development of LEO NTNs
4.5.2.1 Major Constellations
4.5.2.2 Technology Evolution
4.5.3 NTN Technologies
4.5.3.1 Geostationary Orbit (GEO) Satellites
4.5.3.2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellites
4.5.3.3 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites
4.5.3.4 Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO)
4.5.4 HAPS vs LEO vs GEO
4.5.4.1 Deployment Speed and Flexibility
4.5.4.2 Operational Complexity
4.5.4.3 Coverage Characteristics
4.5.4.4 Economic Models
4.5.5 Direct to Cell (D2C)
4.5.5.1 Technical Challenge
4.5.5.2 Satellite Solutions
4.5.5.3 Performance Expectations
4.5.5.4 Market Positioning
4.5.6 NTNs for D2C
4.5.6.1 Link Budget Components
4.5.6.2 HAPS Analysis
4.5.6.3 LEO Analysis
4.5.6.4 MEO and GEO Analysis
4.5.7 Technologies for Non-Terrestrial Networks
4.5.7.1 Satellite Bus and Platform Technologies
4.5.7.2 Phased Array Antennas
4.5.7.3 Satellite Payload Processing
4.5.7.4 Inter-Satellite Optical Links
4.5.7.5 Ground Segment Infrastructure

5.1 Introduction
5.2 RF Transistors Performance
5.3 Si-based Semiconductors
5.3.1 CMOS
5.3.1.1 Bulk vs SOI
5.3.1.2 SiGe
5.4 GaAs and GaN
5.4.1 GaN's Opportunity in 6G
5.4.2 GaN-on-Si, SiC or Diamond for RF
5.4.3 GaAs Positioning in 6G
5.4.4 State-of-the-Art GaAs Based Amplifier
5.4.5 GaAs vs GaN for RF Power Amplifiers
5.4.6 Power Amplifier Technology Benchmarking
5.5 InP (Indium Phosphide)
5.5.1 InP HEMT vs InP HBT
5.5.1.1 InP Opportunities for 6G
5.5.2 Heterogeneous Integration of InP with SiGe BiCMOS
5.6 Semiconductor Challenges for THz Communications
5.6.1 Mitigation Strategies
5.7 Semiconductor Supply Chain

6.1 Key 6G Antenna Requirements
6.2 Challenges in mmWave Phased Array Systems
6.2.1 Primary Challenges
6.3 Antenna Architectures
6.4 Challenges in 6G Antennas
6.5 Power and Antenna Array Size
6.6 5G Phased Array Antenna
6.7 Antenna Manufacturers
6.8 Technology Benchmarking
6.9 GHz Phased Array
6.10 Antenna Types
6.11 Phased Array Modules
6.11.1 Technology Readiness Assessment

7.1 Evolution Drivers
7.2 Packaging Requirements
7.2.1 Electrical Performance Demands
7.2.2 Thermal Management Imperatives
7.3 Antenna Packaging Technology Options
7.3.1 Technology Selection Criteria
7.4 mmWave Antenna Integration
7.4.1 Antenna-on-Board (AoB)
7.4.2 Antenna-in-Package (AiP)
7.4.3 Antenna-on-Chip (AoC)
7.4.4 Performance Analysis
7.5 Next Generation Phased Array Targets
7.5.1 System-Level Requirements Translation
7.5.2 Technology Roadmap Implications
7.6 Antenna Packaging vs Operational Frequency
7.6.1 Frequency-Dependent Loss Mechanisms
7.7 Integration Technologies
7.7.1 Performance vs Cost
7.7.2 Flexibility vs Optimization
7.8 Approaches to Integrate InP on CMOS
7.8.1 Integration Challenge
7.8.2 Die-to-Die Hybrid Assembly
7.8.3 Wafer-Level Bonding
7.8.4 Epitaxial Transfer
7.9 Antenna Integration Challenges
7.9.1 Dimensional Tolerance Requirements
7.9.2 Thermal Management Scaling
7.9.3 Manufacturing Yield Economics
7.10 Substrate Materials for AiP
7.11 Antenna on Chip (AoC) for 6G
7.12 Evolution of Hardware Components from 5G to 6G

8.1 Material Challenge Domains
8.1.1 Material Property Interdependencies
8.2 6G ZED Compounds and Carbon Allotropes
8.3 Thermal Cooling and Conductor Materials
8.4 Thermal Metamaterials for 6G
8.5 Ionogels for 6G
8.6 Advanced Heat Shielding and Thermal Insulation
8.7 Low-Loss Dielectrics
8.8 Optical and Sub-THz 6G Materials
8.9 Materials for Metamaterial-Based 6G RIS
8.10 Electrically-Functionalized Transparent Glass for 6G OTA, T-RIS
8.10.1 Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCO)
8.10.2 Metal Meshes
8.10.3 Printed Silver Nanowires
8.10.4 Graphene
8.11 Low-Loss Materials for mmWave and THz
8.12 Inorganic Compounds
8.12.1 Overview
8.12.2 Materials
8.13 Elements
8.13.1 Overview
8.13.2 Materials
8.14 Organic Compounds
8.14.1 Overview
8.14.2 Materials
8.15 6G Dielectrics
8.15.1 Overview
8.15.2 Companies
8.15.3 SWOT Analysis
8.16 Metamaterials
8.16.1 Overview
8.16.2 Metamaterials for RIS in Telecommunication
8.16.2.1 RIS Operating Principles
8.16.3 RIS Performance and Economics
8.16.3.1 Passive Beamforming
8.16.3.2 Hybrid Beamforming with RIS
8.16.3.3 Adaptive Beamforming Techniques
8.16.4 Applications
8.16.4.1 Reconfigurable Antennas
8.16.4.2 Wireless Sensing
8.16.4.3 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth
8.16.4.4 5G and 6G Metasurfaces for Wireless Communications
8.16.4.4.1 5G Applications
8.16.4.4.2 6G Evolution
8.16.4.5 Hypersurfaces
8.16.4.6 Active Material Patterning
8.16.4.7 Optical ENZ Metamaterials
8.16.4.8 Liquid Crystal Polymers
8.16.4.8.1 LCP Applications in 6G
8.17 Thermal Management
8.17.1 Overview
8.17.2 Thermal Materials and Structures for 6G
8.17.2.1 Advanced Ceramics
8.17.2.2 Diamond-based Materials
8.17.2.3 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes
8.17.2.4 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
8.17.2.5 Advanced Polymers
8.17.2.6 Metal Matrix Composites
8.17.2.7 Two-Dimensional Materials
8.17.2.8 Nanofluid Coolants
8.17.2.9 Thermal Metamaterials
8.17.2.10 Hydrogels
8.17.2.11 Aerogels
8.17.2.12 Pyrolytic Graphite
8.17.2.13 Thermoelectrics
8.17.2.13.1 Cooling Applications
8.17.2.13.2 Energy Harvesting
8.18 Graphene and 2D Materials
8.18.1 Overview
8.18.2 Applications
8.18.2.1 Supercapacitors, LiC and Pseudocapacitors
8.18.2.2 Graphene Transistors
8.18.2.3 Graphene THz Device Structures
8.19 Fiber Optics
8.19.1 Overview
8.19.2 Materials and Applications in 6G
8.19.2.1 Key Optical Materials
8.19.2.2 6G Fiber-Wireless Architecture
8.20 Smart EM Devices
8.20.1 Overview
8.20.2 Technical Challenges
8.20.3 Current Status
8.21 Photoactive Materials
8.21.1 Overview
8.21.2 Applications in 6G
8.21.2.1 Optically-Controlled RIS
8.22 Silicon Carbide
8.22.1 Overview
8.22.2 Applications in 6G
8.22.2.1 GaN-on-SiC Power Amplifiers
8.22.2.2 Thermal Management
8.22.2.3 RF Substrates
8.23 Phase-Change Materials
8.23.1 Overview
8.23.2 Applications in 6G
8.23.2.1 Reconfigurable Metamaterials
8.23.2.2 Reconfigurable Antennas
8.23.2.3 RF Switches
8.23.2.3.1 Commercialization Challenges
8.24 Vanadium Dioxide
8.24.1 Overview
8.24.2 Applications in 6G
8.24.2.1 Ultrafast RF Switches
8.24.2.2 Thermally-Triggered Devices
8.24.2.3 Tunable Metamaterials
8.25 Micro-mechanics, MEMS and Microfluidics
8.25.1 Overview
8.25.2 Applications in 6G
8.25.2.1 MEMS RF Switches
8.25.2.2 MEMS Tunable Capacitors
8.25.2.3 MEMS Phase Shifters
8.25.2.4 Microfluidic Cooling
8.25.2.5 Commercial Status
8.26 Solid State Cooling
8.26.1 Overview
8.26.2 Thermoelectric Cooling
8.26.3 Electrocaloric and Magnetocaloric Cooling

9.1 MIMO in Wireless Communications
9.1.1 MIMO Evolution Timeline
9.2 Challenges with mMIMO
9.2.1 Channel State Information Acquisition
9.2.2 Computational Complexity
9.2.3 Hardware Impairments
9.2.4 Cost and Power Consumption
9.3 Distributed MIMO
9.3.1 Architecture
9.3.2 Benefits
9.3.3 Challenges
9.4 Cell-free Massive MIMO (Large-Scale Distributed MIMO)
9.4.1 Concept
9.4.2 Network Topology
9.4.3 Performance Benefits
9.5 6G Massive MIMO
9.5.1 Frequency-Specific Factors
9.5.2 Processing Architecture
9.5.3 AI/ML Integration
9.5.4 Deployment Strategies
9.6 Cell-Free MIMO
9.6.1 Cellular System Limitations
9.6.2 Cell-Free Solutions
9.6.3 Economic Considerations
9.6.4 Interpretation
9.7 Benefits and Challenges of Cell-Free MIMO
9.7.1 Benefits
9.7.2 Challenges
9.8 Cell-Free Massive MIMO
9.8.1 Overview
9.8.2 Network MIMO (CoMP - Coordinated Multi-Point)
9.8.3 Cell-Free mMIMO Distinctive Features
9.8.4 Transition Strategy
9.8.5 Commercial Readiness
9.8.6 Market Projections

10.1 Overview
10.1.1 Critical Success Factors
10.1.2 Market Impact
10.2 ZED-Related Technology
10.2.1 Technology Convergence
10.2.2 Drivers for ZED and Battery-Free
10.2.2.1 Operational Impossibility
10.2.2.2 Economic Imperative
10.2.2.3 Environmental Sustainability
10.2.2.4 Reliability and Autonomy
10.2.2.5 Lessons from Deployments
10.3 Zero-Energy and Battery-Free 6G
10.3.1 Infrastructure
10.3.2 Client Devices
10.4 Electricity consumption of wireless networks
10.4.1 Network Energy Consumption Trends
10.4.2 Energy Harvesting
10.5 Technologies
10.5.1 On-Board Harvesting Technologies Compared and Prioritized
10.5.2 6G ZED Design Approaches
10.5.3 Device Architecture
10.5.3.1 System Integration
10.5.3.2 Architecture Variants
10.5.4 Energy Harvesting
10.5.4.1 Power Management Optimization
10.5.4.2 Transducer Efficiency
10.5.4.3 Impedance Matching
10.5.5 Device Battery-Free Storage
10.5.5.1 Supercapacitors
10.5.5.2 Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LIC)
10.5.5.3 Selection Guidelines
10.5.5.4 "Massless Energy" for ZED
10.5.5.4.1 Performance
10.5.5.4.2 6G ZED Applications
10.5.5.4.3 Challenges
10.5.5.4.4 Status
10.5.6 Ambient Backscatter Communications AmBC, Crowd Detectable CD-ZED, SWIPT
10.5.6.1 Performance Characteristics
10.5.6.2 6G Integration
10.5.6.3 Crowd Detectable CD-ZED
10.5.6.4 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT)
10.5.6.5 Performance
10.6 6G ZED Materials and Technologies
10.6.1 Metamaterials
10.6.2 IRS (Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces)
10.6.3 RIS (Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces)
10.6.4 Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT)
10.6.5 Ambient Backscatter Communications (AmBC)
10.6.5.1 Advanced AmBC Techniques
10.6.5.2 6G Native Integration
10.6.6 Energy Harvesting for 6G
10.6.6.1 Photovoltaics
10.6.6.1.1 Technology Options
10.6.6.1.2 Indoor Optimization
10.6.6.2 Ambient RF
10.6.6.2.1 Power Availability
10.6.6.2.2 Rectifier Technology
10.6.6.2.3 Multi-Band Harvesting
10.6.6.3 Electrodynamic
10.6.6.3.1 Characteristics
10.6.6.3.2 Applications
10.6.6.4 Piezoelectric materials
10.6.6.4.1 Materials
10.6.6.4.2 Harvester Designs
10.6.6.5 Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs
10.6.6.5.1 Operating Principle
10.6.6.5.2 Performance
10.6.6.5.3 6G Applications
10.6.6.5.4 Challenges
10.6.6.6 Thermoelectric generators (TEGs)
10.6.6.6.1 Performance
10.6.6.6.2 Temperature Sources
10.6.6.6.3 6G ZED Applications
10.6.6.7 Pyroelectric materials
10.6.6.7.1 Mechanism
10.6.6.7.2 Performance
10.6.6.7.3 Applications
10.6.6.7.4 Limitations
10.6.6.8 Thermal Hydrovoltaic
10.6.6.8.1 Mechanisms
10.6.6.8.2 Performance
10.6.6.8.3 Status
10.6.6.9 Biofuel Cells
10.6.6.9.1 Types
10.6.6.9.2 Performance
10.6.6.9.3 Applications
10.6.6.9.4 Challenges
10.6.6.9.5 Status
10.6.7 Ultra-Low-Power Electronics
10.6.7.1 Technologies
10.6.7.2 Future Targets (2030)
10.6.7.3 Design Techniques
10.6.7.4 Supercapacitors
10.6.7.4.1 Advanced Supercapacitor Technologies
10.6.7.5 Hybrid Approaches
10.6.7.5.1 Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LIC)
10.6.7.5.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries
10.6.7.5.3 Lithium Titanate (LTO) Batteries
10.6.7.6 Pseudocapacitors
10.6.7.6.1 Operating Principle
10.6.7.6.2 Performance
10.6.7.6.3 6G ZED Applications
10.6.7.6.4 Status
10.6.7.6.5 Research Directions

11.1 Spectrum for 6G
11.2 US Federal Spectrum
11.3 Regulatory Status (2025)
11.4 Standalone vs Non-Standalone Rollout
11.5 Open RAN for 6G
11.5.1 Regional Open RAN Positioning
11.6 Competition for Spectrum in Europe
11.6.1 Key Challenges
11.7 Global 6G Government Initiatives
11.7.1 Program Effectiveness Factors
11.8 6G Development Roadmap - South Korea
11.8.1 Technology Focus Areas
11.8.2 South Korea - mmWave Challenges
11.9 6G Development Roadmap - Japan
11.9.1 Beyond 5G Program Structure
11.9.2 Deployment Timeline and Market Strategy
11.10 Funding Models to Research the Next Mobile Communication Infrastructure
11.11 6G Development Roadmap - US

12.1 AALTO HAPS
12.2 AGC Japan
12.3 Alcan Systems
12.4 Alibaba China
12.5 Alphacore
12.6 Ampleon
12.7 Apple
12.8 Atheraxon
12.9 Commscope
12.10 Echodyne
12.11 Ericsson
12.12 Fractal Antenna Systems
12.13 Freshwave
12.14 Fujitsu
12.15 Greenerwave
12.16 Huawei
12.17 Kymeta
12.18 Kyocera
12.19 LATYS Intelligence
12.20 LG Electronics
12.21 META
12.22 NEC Corporation
12.23 Nokia
12.24 NTT DoCoMo
12.25 NXP Semiconductors
12.26 NVIDIA
12.27 Omniflow
12.28 Orange France
12.29 Panasonic
12.30 Picocom
12.31 Pivotal Commware
12.32 Plasmonics
12.33 Qualcomm
12.34 Radi-Cool
12.35 Renesas Electronics Corporation
12.36 Samsung
12.37 Sekisui
12.38 SensorMetrix
12.39 SK telecom
12.40 Solvay
12.41 Sony
12.42 Teraview
12.43 TMYTEK
12.44 Vivo Mobile Communications
12.45 ZTE

Table 1. Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communications from 1G to 6G
Table 2. Key Limitations with 5G Networks
Table 3. Key Differentiators and Benefits of 6G vs 5G
Table 4. Advanced Materials Enabling 6G Communications
Table 5. Notable 6G Hardware Demonstrations (2024-2025)
Table 6. 6G Market Readiness Indicators (2025)
Table 7. Global 6G R&D Investment by Source (2023-2025)
Table 8. Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth (2018-2025)
Table 9. Mobile Data Traffic Forecasts - Competing Scenarios (2026-2036)
Table 10. Smartphone Capability Evolution Through 6G Era
Table 11. Enterprise 6G Market Forecast by Vertical (2030-2036),
Table 12. Government 6G Strategy Approaches by Country
Table 13. Network Energy Consumption Evolution and 6G Targets
Table 14. Sustainability Metrics
Table 15. Primary Market Drivers for 6G Adoption (2026-2036)
Table 16. Critical Challenges and Bottlenecks for 6G Market Development
Table 17. Sub-THz Power Amplifier Technology Gap Analysis
Table 18. 6G Hardware Technology Readiness Roadmap
Table 19. Global 6G Market Forecast Summary (2026-2046)
Table 20. 6G Infrastructure Market by Deployment Location (2030, 2033, 2036)
Table 21. 6G Infrastructure Market by Region (2030, 2033, 2036)
Table 22. 6G Base Station Market (2029-2046)
Table 23. Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) Market Forecast (2027-2046)
Table 24. 6G Thermal Management Market Forecast (2029-2046)
Table 25. 6G Application-Specific Markets (2030-2046)
Table 26. 6G Device Market Forecast by Category (2028-2046), Units
Table 27. 6G Components & Materials Market by Technology (2029-2046)
Table 28. 6G Services Market (2029-2046)
Table 29. Autonomous Vehicle Connectivity Requirements
Table 30. 6G-Connected Autonomous Vehicle Market Forecast
Table 31. 6G Industrial Automation Market by Segment (2036)
Table 32. 6G Healthcare Market Forecast (2030-2036)
Table 33. XR Experience Tiers and 6G Requirements
Table 34. 6G-Enabled XR Market (2030-2036)
Table 35. North America 6G Market Forecast (2026-2036)
Table 36. US Operator 6G Investment Profile
Table 37. Asia Pacific 6G Market Forecast by Sub-Region (2036)
Table 38. Europe 6G Market Forecast by Major Markets (2036)
Table 39. Leading 6G Equipment Vendors
Table 40. Semiconductor Companies for 6G
Table 41. Key Materials and Component Suppliers
Table 42. Major Government-Funded 6G Programs Worldwide
Table 43. 6G Sustainability Targets vs. 5G Baseline
Table 44. Defining Characteristics of 6G
Table 45. Common Misconceptions
Table 46. Evolution of Mobile Communications Focus
Table 47. Global 5G Deployment Status (2025)
Table 48. 5G Performance - Promised vs. Delivered (2025)
Table 49. Application Requirements Exceeding 5G Capabilities
Table 50. Global Mobile Data Traffic Evolution (2015-2025)
Table 51. Per Capita Data Usage - Developed Markets (2020-2025)
Table 52. China Mobile Data Traffic Evolution (2018-2025)
Table 53. Video Streaming Traffic Share Evolution
Table 54. Video Streaming Bandwidth Requirements
Table 55. Applications Requiring >1 Gbps Sustained Bandwidth
Table 56. Comprehensive Application Bandwidth Requirements
Table 57. Net AI Impact on Mobile Data Traffic (2025-2036)
Table 58. AI Workload Distribution Evolution
Table 59. Autonomous Vehicle Communication Requirements by Level
Table 60. Autonomous Vehicle 6G Connectivity Market Forecast
Table 61. Platooning Benefits and Requirements
Table 62. Platooning Connectivity Market
Table 63. Key 5G Lessons and 6G Responses
Table 64. Comprehensive 6G Development and Deployment Timeline
Table 65. 6G Commercial Launch Timeline by Region
Table 66. 6G Candidate Spectrum Bands
Table 67. Regional Spectrum Priorities for 6G
Table 68. Bandwidth Availability by Frequency Range
Table 69. Achievable Data Rates by Spectrum Allocation
Table 70. Path Loss Comparison Across Frequencies
Table 71. Deployment Strategy by Frequency Band
Table 72. Detailed 5G vs 6G Performance Comparison
Table 73. Characteristics of >100 GHz Frequency Bands
Table 74. Atmospheric Windows for Sub-THz Communications
Table 75. Application Suitability for >100 GHz
Table 76. 6G Application Portfolio
Table 77. Core 6G Enabling Technologies
Table 78. 6G Radio System Technical Targets
Table 79. 6G Transceiver Component Requirements
Table 80. Bandwidth Requirements for Target Data Rates
Table 81. Spectrum Allocation Scenarios for Extreme Data Rates
Table 82. MIMO Configuration Trade-offs
Table 83. Critical 6G Radio Performance Parameters
Table 84. Notable 100 Gbps Wireless Demonstrations (2023-2025)
Table 85. Range vs Frequency Analysis for 6G
Table 86. Power Amplifier Output Power vs Frequency
Table 87. Semiconductor Technology Comparison for Sub-THz Power Amplifiers
Table 88. Power Budget for 140 GHz Base Station Radio Unit
Table 89. Power Scaling with Array Size
Table 90. PA Efficiency vs Frequency Trend
Table 91. Transmission Distance vs Frequency for Fixed Power Budget
Table 92. Receiver Power Breakdown by Function
Table 93. Power Comparison - 5G mmWave vs 6G Sub-THz
Table 94. Terrestrial vs Non-Terrestrial 6G Infrastructure Comparison
Table 95. Base Station Power Consumption Evolution and Cooling Requirements
Table 96. Critical Semiconductor Technologies for 6G Base Stations
Table 97. Drone Network Applications and Requirements
Table 98. HAPS Characteristics and Comparison with Alternatives
Table 99. Connectivity Gap Analysis by Region (2025)
Table 100. Major LEO Constellation Status and Plans (2025)
Table 101. Comprehensive NTN Technology Performance Comparison
Table 102. Qualitative Feature Comparison - HAPS vs LEO vs GEO
Table 103. Link Budget Summary for Direct-to-Cell Scenarios
Table 104. Critical NTN Enabling Technologies and Status
Table 105. Semiconductor Selection Criteria Priority Matrix
Table 106. RF Transistor Technology Benchmark (2025)
Table 107. Bulk CMOS vs SOI Comparison
Table 108. Advanced CMOS RF Performance by Process Node
Table 109. SiGe Technology Evolution for 6G
Table 110. Major SiGe BiCMOS Foundries and Capabilities
Table 111. Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Properties
Table 112. GaN Substrate Comparison
Table 113. Best Reported GaN PA Performance (2024-2025)
Table 114. GaN Manufacturing Capacity for 6G (2025)
Table 115. GaAs Application Opportunities in 6G
Table 116. Advanced GaAs Amplifier Performance (2025)
Table 117. Direct Technology Comparison - GaAs vs GaN
Table 118. Comprehensive PA Technology Comparison at Key 6G Frequencies
Table 119. InP Technology State-of-the-Art (2025)
Table 120. InP Device Type Comparison
Table 121. InP Market Forecast for 6G (2030-2036)
Table 122. InP-SiGe Integration Methods
Table 123. Leading InP PA Demonstrations (2024-2025)
Table 124. Silicon vs III-V Compound Semiconductor Comparison
Table 125. Critical Semiconductor Challenges for 6G Sub-THz
Table 126. Semiconductor Technology Recommendation by Application
Table 127. 6G Semiconductor Supply Chain - Capacity and Constraints (2025)
Table 128. 6G Antenna Requirements vs 5G Comparison
Table 129. mmWave/Sub-THz Phased Array Challenges and Solutions
Table 130. Antenna Element Size vs Frequency
Table 131. 6G Antenna Architecture Comparison
Table 132. Critical 6G Antenna Design Challenges
Table 133. Theoretical vs Practical Antenna Array Gain
Table 134. Power-Array Size Trade-off Analysis for 100m Range at 140 GHz
Table 135. Commercial 5G mmWave Phased Array Antenna Specifications (2024-2025)
Table 136. Major Antenna and Phased Array Module Suppliers for 6G
Table 137. Nokia 90 GHz Array Performance Summary
Table 138. Comparative Analysis - 28 GHz vs 90 GHz vs 140 GHz Arrays
Table 139. 140 GHz Transceiver Module Component Budget (16-element array)
Table 140. Semiconductor Technology Selection for 140 GHz Array Components
Table 141. Detailed Antenna Element Types for 6G Phased Arrays
Table 142. Commercial Readiness Assessment of D-band Phased Arrays (2025)
Table 143. 5G to 6G Antenna Module Evolution
Table 144. Packaging Technology Selection Matrix for 6G
Table 145. Antenna Integration Approach Comparison
Table 146. Technology Benchmark
Table 147. Next-Generation Phased Array Packaging Targets
Table 148. Packaging Technology Viability by Frequency
Table 149. Integration Technology Trade-off Matrix
Table 150. InP-CMOS Integration Approaches
Table 151. AiP vs Discrete Antenna Techniques
Table 152. Substrate Material Performance Comparison at 140 GHz
Table 153. Manufacturing Technology Comparison
Table 154. AoC vs AiP Performance
Table 155. Hardware Evolution Comparison
Table 156. 6G Material Requirements vs Current Capabilities
Table 157. Low/Zero Expansion Materials for 6G
Table 158. Thermal Management Material Ranking for 6G
Table 159. Thermal Management Evolution 5G to 6G
Table 160. Ionogel vs Alternatives for Tunable RF
Table 161. Thermal Insulation Material Comparison
Table 162. Low-Loss Dielectric Material Priority Ranking
Table 163. Dielectric Constant (Dk) and Loss Factor (Df) Requirements
Table 164. Optical and Sub-THz Material Requirements
Table 165. RIS Material Comparison
Table 166. Transparent Conductor Comparison
Table 167. Low-Loss Materials for 6G
Table 168. Commercial Availability and Roadmap
Table 169. Low-Loss Materials SWOT for 6G
Table 170. Key Inorganic Compounds for 6G
Table 171. Elemental Materials for 6G Applications
Table 172. Organic Materials for 6G Applications
Table 173. 6G Dielectrics Market SWOT
Table 174. RIS Metamaterial Implementation Approaches
Table 175. Metamaterial Manufacturing Approaches
Table 176. Adaptive Beamforming Techniques
Table 177. Metasurface Performance Evolution 5G to 6G
Table 178. Liquid Crystal Materials for 6G
Table 179. Metamaterials SWOT for 6G
Table 180. Thermal Management for 6G SWOT
Table 181. Graphene THz Devices Performance and Status
Table 182. Optical Component Requirements for 6G Fronthaul
Table 183. Phase-Change Materials for 6G Tuning
Table 184. MEMS vs Solid-State RF Components for 6G
Table 185. MIMO Technology Evolution Across Wireless Generations
Table 186. Massive MIMO Scaling Challenges
Table 187. Cell-Free Massive MIMO vs Traditional Cellular
Table 188. Cellular vs Cell-Free Architecture Comparison
Table 189. Cell-Free MIMO Deployment Challenges and Solutions
Table 190. MIMO Architecture Evolution Summary
Table 191. Zero Energy Device Vision for 6G IoT
Table 192. ZED-Related Technology Landscape
Table 193. Real-World Battery-Free Device Examples
Table 194. 6G Device Power Requirements and ZED Viability
Table 195. ZED Strategy Combination Examples
Table 196. 6G Technology Investment Priorities
Table 197. Energy Harvesting Technology Comparison
Table 198. ZED Technology Readiness Assessment (2025)
Table 199. ZED Design Target Examples by Application Class
Table 200. ZED System Architecture Components
Table 201. Energy Harvesting Enhancement Techniques
Table 202. Energy Storage Comparison for ZED
Table 203. SWOT Appraisal of Battery-Less Storage Technologies
Table 204. Zero-Power Communication Methods Comparison
Table 205. Critical ZED Research Areas and Priorities (2025-2030)
Table 206. SWIPT Implementation Comparison
Table 207. Photovoltaic Technologies for 6G ZED
Table 208. Piezoelectric Harvester Comparison
Table 209. Thermoelectric Harvesting Scenarios
Table 210. Ultra-Low-Power Component Performance (2025)
Table 211. Hybrid Storage Device Comparison
Table 212. Major 6G Equipment Vendor Positioning (2025)
Table 213. World Radiocommunication Conference 6G Timeline
Table 214. National/Regional 6G Spectrum Proposals (WRC-27)
Table 215. Upper 6 GHz Regulatory Status by Region
Table 216. NSA vs SA Deployment Comparison
Table 217. Open RAN Evolution - 5G to 6G
Table 218. Regional Open RAN Strategies for 6G
Table 219. European 6G Spectrum Coordination Status (2025)
Table 220. Major Government 6G Programs
Table 221. South Korea 6G Development Timeline and Milestones
Table 222. Japan Beyond 5G Technology Priorities and Status
Table 223. 6G Funding Models - International Comparison
Table 224. US 6G Development - Key Programs and Participants

Figure 1. Evolution of Mobile Networks: From 1G to 6G
Figure 2. Comparison between 5G and 6G wireless systems in terms of key-performance indicators
Figure 3. Nokia spectrum vision in the 6G era
Figure 4. 6G Systems, Materials and Standards Roadmaps 2026-2046
Figure 5. Global 6G Market Forecast Summary (2026-2046)
Figure 6. 6G Thermal Management Market Forecast (2029-2046)
Figure 7. 6G Application-Specific Markets (2030-2046)
Figure 8. 6G Device Market Forecast by Category (2028-2046), Units
Figure 9. 6G Components & Materials Market by Technology (2029-2046)
Figure 10. 6G Services Market (2029-2046)
Figure 11. 6G Healthcare Market Forecast (2030-2036)
Figure 12. North America 6G Market Forecast (2026-2036)
Figure 13. Power efficiency roadmap
Figure 14. RIS-assisted wireless communication
Figure 15. RIS-enabled, self-sufficient ultra-massive 6G UM-MIMO base station design
Figure 16. Lumotive advanced beam steering concept
Figure 17. FM/R technology
Figure 18. Metablade antenna
Figure 19. Millimeter-wave mobile network utilizing a radio-over-fiber system
Figure 20. D-Band (110 to 175 Hz) Phased-Array-on-Glass Modules from Nokia
Figure 21. Left) Image of beamforming using phased-array wireless device. (Right) Comparison of previously reported transmission with beamforming wireless devices
Figure 22. NTT DOCOMO transparent RIS
Figure 23. Radi-cool metamaterial film
Figure 24. 140 GHz THz prototype from Samsung and UCSB