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Global Hexane Market Size, Market Share, Application Analysis, Regional Outlook, Growth Trends, Key Players, Competitive Strategies and Forecasts, 2023-2031

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    Report

  • 110 Pages
  • December 2023
  • Region: Global
  • Acute Market Reports
  • ID: 5916633
The hexane market plays a pivotal role in various industries, serving as a crucial solvent and reagent. Hexane, a hydrocarbon with multiple isomers, holds a distinctive position in industrial applications. The hexane market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 3.7% during the forecast period of 2023 to 2031. This versatile solvent is integral in diverse sectors, contributing to the manufacturing processes of countless products. Hexane's demand is characterized by its varied applications, with both key drivers and a prominent restraint influencing its trajectory. Key drivers propel its growth, with increasing industrial activities, hexane extraction in the edible oil industry, and polymerization processes contributing to its demand. However, environmental concerns and regulatory scrutiny pose challenges that industry players must address. The market segmentation, geographical trends, and competitive landscape reveal the dynamic nature of this industry, where different grades and applications drive revenue and growth. The Asia-Pacific region leads in 2022, while Latin America is poised for significant growth in the forecast period. The competitive strategies of established players ensure ongoing innovation and market leadership in the years to come.

Industrial Growth and Solvent Demand

The industrial sector's continuous expansion fuels the demand for hexane, especially in solvent applications. Industries ranging from chemicals and pharmaceuticals to adhesives and rubber rely on hexane for its exceptional solvent properties. As industrial activities surge, the demand for hexane as a critical reagent remains on an upward trajectory, substantiating its significance as a driver.

Edible Oil Processing and Hexane Extraction

Hexane plays a central role in the extraction of vegetable oils from seeds and other raw materials. The growing demand for edible oils, driven by changing dietary preferences and population growth, propels the hexane market. With hexane's effective use in extracting oils from soybeans, sunflowers, and other sources, the expanding edible oil industry substantiates this driver.

Polymerization Processes

The polymerization industry is another cornerstone of the hexane market. Hexane is employed in polymerization reactions, contributing to the production of various plastics, resins, and synthetic rubber. As demand for polymer-based products continues to rise across the globe, the role of hexane in facilitating polymerization processes strengthens, further augmenting its market position.

Environmental Concerns and Regulatory Scrutiny

Hexane is known to have adverse environmental effects, particularly in terms of air quality. Its emissions can contribute to ground-level ozone, which is harmful to both human health and the environment. Regulatory bodies are increasingly scrutinizing hexane use and emissions. Environmental concerns and the need for stricter regulations can pose challenges to the hexane market, requiring industry players to invest in cleaner technologies and sustainable practices.

By Grade (Polymerization, Extraction, Others): Polymerization Dominates the Market

In 2022, the Polymerization grade held the highest revenue share. However, during the forecast period from 2023 to 2031, Extraction grade is expected to experience the highest Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). This shift underscores the growing importance of hexane in the extraction of edible oils and its associated applications, reflecting market dynamics.

By Application (Edible Oil Treatment, Industrial Solvent, Adhesives Formulation, Leather Treatment, Others): Industrial Solvent application Dominates the Market

In 2022, the Industrial Solvent application segment recorded the highest revenue, driven by its diverse uses in industrial processes. Nevertheless, during the forecast period from 2023 to 2031, the Edible Oil Treatment segment is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR. This transition is a direct consequence of the expanding edible oil industry and the pivotal role of hexane in oil extraction.

APAC Remains the Global Leader

In 2022, the Asia-Pacific region dominated the hexane market in terms of both revenue and revenue percentage. This domination can be attributed to the region's burgeoning industrial landscape, especially in countries like China and India. Asia-Pacific's high industrial activity and significant use of hexane in various applications underline its market supremacy. Looking forward to the period from 2023 to 2031, the Latin American region is projected to witness the highest CAGR. This trend is rooted in the increasing demand for edible oils, driven by dietary changes and the region's abundant agriculture resources, making it a lucrative market for hexane.

Market Competition to Intensify during the Forecast Period

The hexane market's competitive landscape is characterized by established players vying for market share through various strategies. Exxon Mobil Corporation, Shell Chemicals, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC., Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., GFS Chemicals, Inc., China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Junyuan Petroleum, Idemitsu Kosan Co.,Ltd., TotalEnergies These companies are continually innovating and expanding their presence to maintain their leadership in the market. Prominent players in the hexane market include company names. These industry leaders employ strategies such as product diversification, geographical expansion, and collaborations to strengthen their foothold in the market. In 2022, these companies held substantial market shares, and their strategies are expected to continue in the forecast period from 2023 to 2031.

Historical & Forecast Period

This study report represents analysis of each segment from 2021 to 2031 considering 2022 as the base year. Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for each of the respective segments estimated for the forecast period of 2023 to 2031.

The current report comprises of quantitative market estimations for each micro market for every geographical region and qualitative market analysis such as micro and macro environment analysis, market trends, competitive intelligence, segment analysis, porters five force model, top winning strategies, top investment markets, emerging trends and technological analysis, case studies, strategic conclusions and recommendations and other key market insights.

Research Methodology

  • The complete research study was conducted in three phases, namely: secondary research, primary research, and expert panel review. key data point that enables the estimation ofHexane market are as follows:
  • Research and development budgets of manufacturers and government spending
  • Revenues of key companies in the market segment
  • Number of end users and consumption volume, price and value.
  • Geographical revenues generate by countries considered in the report
  • Micro and macro environment factors that are currently influencing the Hexane market and their expected impact during the forecast period.
  • The market forecast was performed through proprietary software that analyzes various qualitative and quantitative factors. Growth rate and CAGR were estimated through intensive secondary and primary research. Data triangulation across various data points provides accuracy across various analyzed market segments in the report. Application of both top down and bottom-up approach for validation of market estimation assures logical, methodical and mathematical consistency of the quantitative data.

Market Segmentation

Grade

  • Polymerization
  • Extraction
  • Others

Application

  • Edible Oil Treatment
  • Industrial Solvent
  • Adhesives Formulation
  • Leather Treatment
  • Others

Region Segment (2021-2031; US$ Million)

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Rest of North America
  • UK and European Union
    • UK
    • Germany
    • Spain
    • Italy
    • France
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • Japan
    • India
    • Australia
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
    • Brazil
    • Mexico
    • Rest of Latin America
  • Middle East and Africa
    • GCC
    • Africa
    • Rest of Middle East and Africa

Key Questions Answered in this Report

  • What are the key micro and macro environmental factors that are impacting the growth of Hexane market?
  • What are the key investment pockets with respect to product segments and geographies currently and during the forecast period?
  • Estimated forecast and market projections up to 2031.
  • Which segment accounts for the fastest CAGR during the forecast period?
  • Which market segment holds a larger market share and why?
  • Are low and middle-income economies investing in the Hexane market?
  • Which is the largest regional market for Hexane market?
  • What are the market trends and dynamics in emerging markets such as Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa?
  • Which are the key trends driving Hexane market growth?
  • Who are the key competitors and what are their key strategies to enhance their market presence in the Hexane market worldwide?


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Table of Contents

1. Preface
1.1. Report Description
1.1.1. Purpose of the Report
1.1.2. Target Audience
1.1.3. Key Offerings
1.2. Market Segmentation
1.3. Research Methodology
1.3.1. Phase I - Secondary Research
1.3.2. Phase II - Primary Research
1.3.3. Phase III - Expert Panel Review
1.3.4. Assumptions
1.3.5. Approach Adopted
2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Snapshot: Global Hexane Market
2.2. Global Hexane Market, By Grade, 2022 (US$ Million)
2.3. Global Hexane Market, By Application, 2022 (US$ Million)
2.4. Global Hexane Market, By Geography, 2022 (US$ Million)
2.5. Attractive Investment Proposition by Geography, 2022
3. Hexane Market: Competitive Analysis
3.1. Market Positioning of Key Hexane Market Vendors
3.2. Strategies Adopted by Hexane Market Vendors
3.3. Key Industry Strategies
3.4. Tier Analysis 2022 Versus 2031
4. Hexane Market: Macro Analysis & Market Dynamics
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Global Hexane Market Value, 2021-2031, (US$ Million)
4.3. Market Dynamics
4.3.1. Market Drivers
4.3.2. Market Restraints
4.3.3. Key Challenges
4.3.4. Key Opportunities
4.4. Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
4.5. See-Saw Analysis
4.6. Porter's Five Force Model
4.6.1. Supplier Power
4.6.2. Buyer Power
4.6.3. Threat Of Substitutes
4.6.4. Threat Of New Entrants
4.6.5. Competitive Rivalry
4.7. PESTEL Analysis
4.7.1. Political Landscape
4.7.2. Economic Landscape
4.7.3. Technology Landscape
4.7.4. Legal Landscape
4.7.5. Social Landscape
5. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
5.1. Market Overview
5.2. Growth & Revenue Analysis: 2022 Versus 2031
5.3. Market Segmentation
5.3.1. Polymerization
5.3.2. Extraction
5.3.3. Others
6. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
6.1. Market Overview
6.2. Growth & Revenue Analysis: 2022 Versus 2031
6.3. Market Segmentation
6.3.1. Edible Oil Treatment
6.3.2. Industrial Solvent
6.3.3. Adhesives Formulation
6.3.4. Leather Treatment
6.3.5. Others
7. North America Hexane Market, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.1. Market Overview
7.2. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.3. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.4. Hexane Market: By Region, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.4.1. North America
7.4.1.1. U.S.
7.4.1.1.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.4.1.1.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.4.1.2. Canada
7.4.1.2.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.4.1.2.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.4.1.3. Rest of North America
7.4.1.3.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
7.4.1.3.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8. UK and European Union Hexane Market, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.1. Market Overview
8.2. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.3. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4. Hexane Market: By Region, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1. UK and European Union
8.4.1.1. UK
8.4.1.1.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.1.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.2. Germany
8.4.1.2.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.2.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.3. Spain
8.4.1.3.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.3.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.4. Italy
8.4.1.4.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.4.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.5. France
8.4.1.5.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.5.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.6. Rest of Europe
8.4.1.6.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
8.4.1.6.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9. Asia Pacific Hexane Market, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.1. Market Overview
9.2. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.3. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4. Hexane Market: By Region, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1. Asia Pacific
9.4.1.1. China
9.4.1.1.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.1.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.2. Japan
9.4.1.2.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.2.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.3. India
9.4.1.3.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.3.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.4. Australia
9.4.1.4.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.4.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.5. South Korea
9.4.1.5.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.5.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.6. Rest of Asia Pacific
9.4.1.6.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
9.4.1.6.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10. Latin America Hexane Market, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.1. Market Overview
10.2. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.3. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.4. Hexane Market: By Region, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.4.1. Latin America
10.4.1.1. Brazil
10.4.1.1.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.4.1.1.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.4.1.2. Mexico
10.4.1.2.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.4.1.2.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.4.1.3. Rest of Latin America
10.4.1.3.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
10.4.1.3.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11. Middle East and Africa Hexane Market, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.1. Market Overview
11.2. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.3. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.4. Hexane Market: By Region, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.4.1. Middle East and Africa
11.4.1.1. GCC
11.4.1.1.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.4.1.1.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.4.1.2. Africa
11.4.1.2.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.4.1.2.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.4.1.3. Rest of Middle East and Africa
11.4.1.3.1. Hexane Market: By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
11.4.1.3.2. Hexane Market: By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
12. Company Profiles
12.1. Exxon Mobil Corporation
12.1.1. Company Overview
12.1.2. Financial Performance
12.1.3. Product Portfolio
12.1.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.2. Shell Chemicals
12.2.1. Company Overview
12.2.2. Financial Performance
12.2.3. Product Portfolio
12.2.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.3. Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC.
12.3.1. Company Overview
12.3.2. Financial Performance
12.3.3. Product Portfolio
12.3.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.4. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
12.4.1. Company Overview
12.4.2. Financial Performance
12.4.3. Product Portfolio
12.4.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.5. Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
12.5.1. Company Overview
12.5.2. Financial Performance
12.5.3. Product Portfolio
12.5.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.6. GFS Chemicals, Inc.
12.6.1. Company Overview
12.6.2. Financial Performance
12.6.3. Product Portfolio
12.6.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.7. China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
12.7.1. Company Overview
12.7.2. Financial Performance
12.7.3. Product Portfolio
12.7.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.8. Junyuan Petroleum
12.8.1. Company Overview
12.8.2. Financial Performance
12.8.3. Product Portfolio
12.8.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.9. Idemitsu Kosan Co.,Ltd.
12.9.1. Company Overview
12.9.2. Financial Performance
12.9.3. Product Portfolio
12.9.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.10. TotalEnergies
12.10.1. Company Overview
12.10.2. Financial Performance
12.10.3. Product Portfolio
12.10.4. Strategic Initiatives
12.11. Other Notable Players
12.11.1. Company Overview
12.11.2. Financial Performance
12.11.3. Product Portfolio
12.11.4. Strategic Initiatives
List of Figures
Figure 1 Global Hexane Market: Market Coverage
Figure 2 Research Methodology and Data Sources
Figure 3 Market Size Estimation - Top Down & Bottom-Up Approach
Figure 4 Global Hexane Market: Quality Assurance
Figure 5 Global Hexane Market, By Grade, 2022
Figure 6 Global Hexane Market, By Application, 2022
Figure 7 Global Hexane Market, By Geography, 2022
Figure 8 Market Geographical Opportunity Matrix - Global Hexane Market, 2022
Figure 9 Market Positioning of Key Hexane Market Players, 2022
Figure 10 Global Hexane Market - Tier Analysis - Percentage of Revenues by Tier Level, 2022 Versus 2031
Figure 11 Global Hexane Market, By Grade, 2022 Vs 2031, %
Figure 12 Global Hexane Market, By Application, 2022 Vs 2031, %
Figure 13 U.S. Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 14 Canada Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 15 Rest of North America Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 16 UK Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 17 Germany Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 18 Spain Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 19 Italy Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 20 France Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 21 Rest of Europe Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 22 China Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 23 Japan Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 24 India Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 25 Australia Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 26 South Korea Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 27 Rest of Asia Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 28 Brazil Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 29 Mexico Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 30 Rest of Latin America Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 31 GCC Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 32 Africa Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
Figure 33 Rest of Middle East and Africa Hexane Market (US$ Million), 2021-2031
List of Tables
Table 1 Global Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 2 Global Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 3 North America Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 4 North America Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 5 U.S. Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 6 U.S. Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 7 Canada Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 8 Canada Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 9 Rest of North America Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 10 Rest of North America Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 11 UK and European Union Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 12 UK and European Union Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 13 UK Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 14 UK Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 15 Germany Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 16 Germany Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 17 Spain Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 18 Spain Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 19 Italy Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 20 Italy Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 21 France Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 22 France Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 23 Rest of Europe Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 24 Rest of Europe Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 25 Asia Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 26 Asia Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 27 China Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 28 China Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 29 Japan Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 30 Japan Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 31 India Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 32 India Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 33 Australia Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 34 Australia Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 35 South Korea Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 36 South Korea Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 37 Latin America Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 38 Latin America Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 39 Brazil Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 40 Brazil Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 41 Mexico Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 42 Mexico Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 43 Rest of Latin America Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 44 Rest of Latin America Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 45 Middle East and Africa Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 46 Middle East and Africa Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 47 GCC Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 48 GCC Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 49 Africa Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 50 Africa Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 51 Rest of Middle East and Africa Hexane Market By Grade, 2021-2031, USD (Million)
Table 52 Rest of Middle East and Africa Hexane Market By Application, 2021-2031, USD (Million)

Companies Mentioned

  • Exxon Mobil Corporation
  • Shell Chemicals
  • Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LLC.
  • Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
  • Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
  • GFS Chemicals, Inc.
  • China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation
  • Junyuan Petroleum
  • Idemitsu Kosan Co.,Ltd.
  • TotalEnergies