The Global Green Hydrogen Market 2026-2036

1.1 Market Overview: A Sector in Transition
1.2 The Reality Check: Project Cancellations and Market Consolidation
1.3 Policy and Regulatory Landscape: Diverging Trajectories
1.3.1 United States
1.3.2 European Union
1.3.3 China
1.4 Market Economics: The Cost Competitiveness Challenge
1.5 Demand Picture: Industrial Applications Lead, New Markets Struggle
1.5.1 Strong Adoption - Existing Industrial Applications
1.5.2 Struggling Adoption - New Applications
1.6 Regional Market Dynamics: Import-Export Imbalances Emerging
1.7 Market Forecast 2024-2036: Revised Projections
1.7.1 Market Size
1.7.2 Production Volume
1.7.3 Key Applications by 2036 (Demand Breakdown)
1.8 Electrolyzer Technology and Manufacturing: Capacity Overhang
1.9 Investment Outlook: Selective Deployment and Risk Mitigation
1.10 Critical Challenges Facing the Sector
1.11 Outlook: Slower Path to a Hydrogen Economy

2.1 Hydrogen classification
2.1.1 Hydrogen colour shades
2.2 Global energy demand and consumption
2.3 The hydrogen economy and production
2.3.1 The Project Cancellation Wave (2024-2025)
2.4 Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production
2.5 The Economics of Green Hydrogen
2.5.1 Cost Gaps and Market Imperatives
2.5.1.1 The Cost Competitiveness Challenge: Reality vs. Expectations
2.5.2 Hard-to-Abate Sectors
2.5.2.1 Market Reality: Industrial Replacement vs. New Applications
2.5.3 Steel Production
2.5.4 Ammonia Production
2.5.4.1 The Maritime Fuel Opportunity: Ammonia as Hydrogen Carrier
2.5.5 Chemical Industry and Refining
2.5.5.1 European Refiners: The Unexpected Green Hydrogen Leaders
2.5.6 Current Electrolyzer Technologies
2.5.6.1 2024-2025 Electrolyzer Market Reality: Overcapacity and Consolidation
2.5.6.2 Alkaline Water Electrolyzers: Proven Technology Dominates Market
2.5.6.2.1 Why Alkaline Won (2024-2025)
2.5.6.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers:Superior Performance, Limited Adoption
2.5.6.3.1 The PEM Paradox
2.5.6.3.2 Why PEM Underperformed Market Expectations
2.5.6.4 Solid Oxide Electrolyzers: High Efficiency, High Risk, Distant Commercialization
2.5.6.5 Next-Generation Technologies
2.5.6.5.1 Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers: Bridging the Gap-Slowly
2.5.6.5.2 Novel Approaches: Beyond Conventional Electrolysis
2.5.7 The Path Forward: Selective Deployment, Patient Capital, Policy Dependency
2.5.7.1 The New Reality: What Changed
2.5.7.2 Four Pillars Required for Success
2.5.7.3 Implementation Pathways by Application
2.6 Hydrogen value chain
2.6.1 Production
2.6.1.1 Production Infrastructure Reality (2024-2025)
2.6.2 Transport and storage
2.6.2.1 Hydrogen Transport: The $80-120 Billion Infrastructure Gap
2.6.2.2 Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2025-2036)
2.6.2.3 Hydrogen Storage: Limited Options, High Costs
2.6.3 Utilization
2.6.3.1 Current Utilization by Sector (2024)
2.7 National hydrogen initiatives, policy and regulation
2.7.1 The Policy Dependency Reality
2.8 Hydrogen certification
2.9 Carbon pricing
2.9.1 Overview
2.9.2 Global Carbon Pricing Landscape (2024-2025)
2.9.3 Carbon Pricing Mechanisms Comparison
2.9.4 The "Carbon Price Mandate Subsidy" Trinity
2.9.4.1 2024-2025 Lesson: All Three Required
2.9.5 Carbon Pricing Projections and Green Hydrogen Implications
2.9.6 Carbon Pricing Alternatives and Supplements
2.10 Market challenges
2.10.1 The Offtake Crisis (Most Critical Challenge)
2.10.2 The Infrastructure Chicken-and-Egg
2.10.3 Cost Competitiveness - The Persistent Gap
2.10.4 Technology Maturity Gap
2.11 Industry developments 2020-2025
2.12 Market map
2.13 Global hydrogen production
2.13.1 Industrial applications
2.13.2 Hydrogen energy
2.13.2.1 Stationary use
2.13.2.2 Hydrogen for mobility
2.13.3 Current Annual H2 Production
2.13.3.1 Global Hydrogen Production: Reality vs. Ambition (2024-2025)
2.13.3.2 Regional Production Patterns and Methods
2.13.4 Leading Green Hydrogen Projects and Operational Status
2.13.5 The Project Cancellation Wave
2.13.6 Hydrogen production processes
2.13.6.1 Regional Variation in Production Methods
2.13.6.2 The Capacity Deployment Gap
2.13.6.3 Production Cost Drivers by Technology
2.13.6.4 Geographic Cost Competitiveness
2.13.6.5 Hydrogen as by-product
2.13.6.6 Reforming
2.13.6.6.1 SMR wet method
2.13.6.6.2 Oxidation of petroleum fractions
2.13.6.6.3 Coal gasification
2.13.6.7 Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage
2.13.6.8 Steam reforming of biomethane
2.13.6.9 Water electrolysis
2.13.6.10 The "Power-to-Gas" concept
2.13.6.11 Fuel cell stack
2.13.6.12 Electrolysers
2.13.6.13 Other
2.13.6.13.1 Plasma technologies
2.13.6.13.2 Photosynthesis
2.13.6.13.3 Bacterial or biological processes
2.13.6.13.4 Oxidation (biomimicry)
2.13.7 Production costs
2.14 Global hydrogen demand forecasts
2.14.1 Green and Blue Hydrogen Penetration
2.14.2 Demand by End-Use Application
2.14.3 Green Hydrogen Demand by Application
2.14.4 Regional Demand Patterns
2.14.5 Import-Export Dynamics and Trade Flows
2.14.6 Demand Growth Drivers and Constraints
2.14.7 Market Size and Revenue Forecasts: Recalibrating the Hydrogen Economy
2.14.7.1 Total Hydrogen Market Revenue
2.14.7.2 Electrolyzer Equipment Market
2.14.7.3 Infrastructure Investment Requirements
2.14.7.4 Green Hydrogen Market Revenue by Application
2.14.7.5 Investment Flow Analysis
2.14.7.6 Geographic Distribution of Investment
2.14.8 Market Concentration and Competitive Dynamics

3.1 Overview
3.2 Green hydrogen projects
3.3 Motivation for use
3.4 Decarbonization
3.5 Comparative analysis
3.6 Role in energy transition
3.7 Renewable energy sources
3.7.1 Wind power
3.7.2 Solar Power
3.7.3 Nuclear
3.7.4 Capacities
3.7.5 Costs
3.8 SWOT analysis

4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Technical Specifications and Performance Evolution
4.1.2 Chinese Manufacturing Leadership
4.1.3 Architecture and Design Evolution
4.1.4 Cost Structure and Economic Competitiveness
4.1.5 Future Outlook and Development Trajectory
4.1.6 Market Share Projections
4.2 Main types
4.3 Technology Selection Decision Factors
4.4 Balance of Plant
4.5 Characteristics
4.6 Advantages and disadvantages
4.7 Electrolyzer market
4.7.1 Market trends
4.7.2 Market landscape
4.7.2.1 Market Structure Evolution
4.7.3 Innovations
4.7.4 Cost challenges
4.7.5 Scale-up
4.7.6 Manufacturing challenges
4.7.7 Market opportunity and outlook
4.8 Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE)
4.8.1 Technology description
4.8.2 AWE plant
4.8.3 Components and materials
4.8.4 Costs
4.8.5 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from AWE
4.8.6 Companies
4.9 Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMEL)
4.9.1 Technology description
4.9.2 Technical Specifications - Lab vs. Demonstration vs. Target
4.9.3 AEMEL plant
4.9.4 Components and materials
4.9.4.1 Catalysts
4.9.4.2 Anion exchange membranes (AEMs)
4.9.4.3 Materials
4.9.5 Costs
4.9.5.1 Current Cost Structure (2024-2025)
4.9.5.2 Performance and Cost Positioning
4.9.5.3 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from AMEL
4.9.5.4 Cost Reduction Pathways
4.9.6 Companies
4.10 Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL)
4.10.1 Technology description
4.10.2 The Iridium Bottleneck - Critical Material Constraint
4.10.3 PEMEL plant
4.10.4 Components and materials
4.10.4.1 Membranes
4.10.4.2 Advanced PEMEL stack designs
4.10.4.3 Plug-and-Play & Customizable PEMEL Systems
4.10.4.4 PEMELs and proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)
4.10.5 Costs
4.10.5.1 Current Cost Structure (2024-2025)
4.10.5.2 Cost Reduction Pathways (2024-2050)
4.10.6 Companies
4.11 Solid oxide water electrolyzers (SOEC)
4.11.1 Technology description
4.11.2 Technical Performance - Theoretical vs. Demonstrated Reality
4.11.3 Why SOEC Cannot Compete - Economic Reality
4.11.4 SOEC plant
4.11.5 Components and materials
4.11.5.1 External process heat
4.11.5.2 Clean Syngas Production
4.11.5.3 Nuclear power
4.11.5.4 SOEC and SOFC cells
4.11.5.4.1 Tubular cells
4.11.5.4.2 Planar cells
4.11.5.5 SOEC Electrolyte
4.11.6 Costs
4.11.6.1 Current Cost Structure (2024-2025)
4.11.6.2 Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) from SOEC
4.11.7 Companies
4.12 Other types
4.12.1 Overview
4.12.2 CO2 electrolysis
4.12.2.1 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
4.12.2.2 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Catalysts
4.12.2.3 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies
4.12.2.4 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
4.12.2.5 High-Temperature Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
4.12.2.6 Cost
4.12.2.7 Challenges
4.12.2.8 Coupling H2 and Electrochemical CO2
4.12.2.9 Products
4.12.3 Seawater electrolysis
4.12.3.1 Direct Seawater vs Brine (Chlor-Alkali) Electrolysis
4.12.3.2 Key Challenges & Limitations
4.12.4 Protonic Ceramic Electrolyzers (PCE)
4.12.5 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MEC)
4.12.6 Photoelectrochemical Cells (PEC)
4.12.7 Companies
4.13 Costs
4.14 Water and land use for green hydrogen production
4.14.1 Water Consumption Reality
4.14.2 Land Requirements Reality
4.15 Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities
4.16 Global Market Revenues

5.1 Market overview
5.2 Hydrogen transport methods
5.2.1 Pipeline transportation
5.2.1.1 Current Infrastructure Reality
5.2.1.2 Natural Gas Pipeline Repurposing - The Failed Promise
5.2.1.3 Pipeline Economics and Project Viability
5.2.2 Road or rail transport
5.2.3 Maritime transportation
5.2.3.1 Ammonia vs. Liquid Hydrogen Shipping - The Decisive Battle
5.2.3.2 Ammonia Shipping Infrastructure Requirements
5.2.3.3 Ammonia Cracking - The Critical Bottleneck
5.2.4 On-board-vehicle transport
5.3 Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage
5.3.1 Storage Technology Overview and Economics
5.3.2 Solid storage
5.3.3 Liquid storage on support
5.3.4 Underground storage
5.3.4.1 Salt Cavern Storage - Detailed Assessment
5.3.4.2 Alternative Underground Storage Options
5.3.5 Subsea Hydrogen Storage
5.4 Market players

6.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
6.2 Market overview
6.2.1 PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)
6.2.2 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
6.2.3 Alternative fuel cells
6.3 Alternative fuel production
6.3.1 Solid Biofuels
6.3.2 Liquid Biofuels
6.3.3 Gaseous Biofuels
6.3.4 Conventional Biofuels
6.3.5 Advanced Biofuels
6.3.6 Feedstocks
6.3.7 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
6.3.8 Renewable diesel
6.3.9 Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
6.3.10 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
6.3.10.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
6.3.10.2 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
6.4 Hydrogen Vehicles
6.4.1 Market overview
6.4.2 Light-Duty FCEV Market Collapse
6.4.3 Manufacturer Exits and Remaining Players
6.4.4 Refueling Infrastructure Collapse
6.4.5 Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Trucks - Uncertain Future
6.5 Aviation
6.5.1 Market overview
6.6 Ammonia production
6.6.1 Market overview
6.6.2 Current Market Structure (2024)
6.6.3 Drivers of Green Ammonia Adoption
6.6.4 Maritime Fuel - The Game Changer
6.6.5 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
6.6.6 Green ammonia synthesis methods
6.6.6.1 Haber-Bosch process
6.6.6.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
6.6.6.3 Electrochemical production
6.6.6.4 Chemical looping processes
6.6.7 Green Ammonia Production Costs
6.6.8 Blue ammonia
6.6.8.1 Blue ammonia projects
6.6.9 Chemical energy storage
6.6.9.1 Ammonia fuel cells
6.6.9.2 Marine fuel
6.7 Methanol production
6.7.1 Market overview
6.7.1.1 Current Market Structure
6.7.2 E-Methanol Economics
6.7.3 Maritime Methanol vs. Ammonia Competition
6.7.4 Methanol-to gasoline technology
6.7.4.1 Production processes
6.7.4.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
6.7.4.1.2 Biomass gasification
6.7.4.1.3 Power to Methane
6.8 Steelmaking
6.8.1 Market overview
6.8.2 Current Steel Production Methods
6.8.3 Green Steel Production Costs and Economics
6.8.4 Regional Green Steel Development
6.8.5 Comparative analysis
6.8.5.1 BF-BOF vs. H-DRI EAF - Comprehensive Comparison
6.8.6 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
6.8.7 Green Steel Market Demand and Willingness-to-Pay
6.9 Power & heat generation
6.9.1 Market overview
6.9.1.1 Why Hydrogen Failed in Power Sector
6.9.2 Power generation
6.9.3 Economics of Hydrogen Power
6.9.4 Heat Generation
6.9.4.1 Building Heating with Hydrogen - Failed Application
6.10 Maritime
6.10.1 Market overview
6.10.2 IMO Regulatory Framework - The Demand Driver
6.10.3 Ammonia vs. Methanol for Maritime - Technology Competition
6.10.4 Maritime Ammonia Infrastructure Requirements
6.10.5 Ammonia Marine Engines and Fuel Cells
6.11 Fuel cell trains
6.11.1 Market overview

8.1 Research Methodology

Table 1. Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions
Table 2. Main applications of hydrogen
Table 3. Overview of hydrogen production methods
Table 4. Production Cost Reality by Region (2024)
Table 5. Transport Cost Comparison (2024 estimates)
Table 6. Storage Cost Comparison
Table 7. Utilization Summary Table - 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036
Table 8. National hydrogen initiatives
Table 9. Breakeven Analysis (2024 Costs)
Table 10. Carbon Pricing Systems and Green Hydrogen Impact (2024-2025)
Table 11. Market challenges in the hydrogen economy and production technologies
Table 12. Challenge Resolution Pathways and Requirements
Table 13. Market Challenges by Stakeholder Impact
Table 14. Challenge Severity by Application Sector
Table 15. Investment Required vs. Committed
Table 16. Cost Gap Evolution and Projections
Table 17. Technology Readiness vs. Market Requirements
Table 18. Green hydrogen industry developments 2020-2025
Table 19. Market map for hydrogen technology and production
Table 20. Global Hydrogen Production Overview (2024)
Table 21. Industrial applications of hydrogen
Table 22. Hydrogen energy markets and applications
Table 23. Global Hydrogen Production Overview
Table 24. Global Hydrogen Production by Method and Region
Table 25. Green Hydrogen Production Capacity - Top Projects (2024-2025)
Table 26. Cancelled Major Green Hydrogen Projects (2024-2025)
Table 27. Hydrogen production processes and stage of development
Table 28. Hydrogen Production Methods - Technical and Economic Comparison (2024)
Table 29. Regional Production Method Mix (2024)
Table 30. Electrolyzer Capacity - Installed vs. Under Construction vs. Announced (2024)
Table 31. Production Cost Drivers by Method (2024)
Table 32. Green Hydrogen Production Cost by Region (2024)
Table 33. Comprehensive Production Cost Comparison (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
Table 34. Total Hydrogen Demand Projections (All Production Methods, 2024-2036)
Table 35. Low-Emissions Hydrogen (Green Blue) Demand and Market Share (2024-2036)
Table 36. Hydrogen Demand by End-Use Application (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
Table 37. Green Hydrogen Demand by Application (2030 vs. 2036 Projections)
Table 38. Regional Hydrogen Demand Projections (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
Table 39. Major Import-Export Flows (2036 Projections)
Table 40. Demand Drivers vs. Constraints (Relative Impact Assessment)
Table 41. Total Hydrogen Market Revenue by Production Method (2024-2036)
Table 42. Electrolyzer Equipment Market Revenue and Capacity Deployment (2024-2036)
Table 43. Cumulative Infrastructure Investment Requirements (2024-2036)
Table 44. Green Hydrogen Revenue by Application (2030 vs. 2036)
Table 45. Cumulative Investment Requirements by Category (2024-2036)
Table 46. Investment Distribution by Region (2024-2036 Cumulative)
Table 47. Market Concentration Indicators (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
Table 48. Green hydrogen application markets
Table 49. Green hydrogen projects
Table 50. Traditional Hydrogen Production
Table 51. Hydrogen Production Processes
Table 52. Comparison of hydrogen types
Table 53. Alkaline Electrolyzer Performance Evolution (2020 vs. 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
Table 54. Leading Alkaline Electrolyzer Manufacturers (2024)
Table 55. Alkaline Electrolyzer Architecture Comparison
Table 56. Alkaline Electrolyzer Cost Breakdown (2024 vs. 2036 Projection)
Table 57. Alkaline Technology Roadmap (2024-2036)
Table 58. Alkaline Market Share Evolution by Application (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
Table 59. Electrolyzer Technology Comparison - Technical and Commercial Status (2024)
Table 60. Technology Selection by Application Type (2024-2025 Market Patterns)
Table 61. Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies
Table 62. Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies
Table 63. Global Electrolyzer Market Evolution (2020-2024 Actual, 2025-2036 Projections)
Table 64. Manufacturer Viability Assessment (2024)
Table 65. Cost Reality vs. Projections (2022 Forecast vs. 2024 Actual vs. 2030 Revised)
Table 66. Market Opportunity Scenarios (2024-2036 Cumulative)
Table 67. Classifications of Alkaline Electrolyzers
Table 68. Advantages & limitations of AWE
Table 69. Key performance characteristics of AWE
Table 70. Detailed AWE System Cost Breakdown - Chinese vs. Western Manufacturers (2024)
Table 71. AWE LCOH by Region - Current (2024) vs. Projected (2030, 2036)
Table 72. Detailed AWE System Cost Breakdown - Chinese vs. Western Manufacturers (2024)
Table 73. Major AWE Manufacturers
Table 74. AEM Performance - Laboratory vs. Demonstration vs. Commercial Targets
Table 75. Comparison of Commercial AEM Materials
Table 76. AEM Electrolyzer Cost Structure - Current (2024) vs. Projected Commercial (2032-2036)
Table 77. AEM Competitive Positioning vs. Established Technologies
Table 78. Companies in the AMEL market
Table 79. Iridium Supply Constraint vs. PEM Electrolyzer Scaling Requirements
Table 80. PEM Electrolyzer Detailed Cost Breakdown - 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036 Projections
Table 81. PEM Cost Reduction Pathways - Feasibility and Impact Assessment
Table 82. Companies in the PEMEL market
Table 83. SOEC Performance - Theoretical vs. Pilot Demonstration vs. Commercial Requirements
Table 84. LCOH Comparison - SOEC vs. Alkaline in Best-Case SOEC Applications (2024)
Table 85. SOEC System Cost Breakdown - 2024 vs. 2032-2036 Projection (If Commercialized)
Table 86. SOEC LCOH Scenarios - Best Case to Worst Case (2024)
Table 87. Why SOEC Failed - Summary Assessment
Table 88. Companies in the SOEC market
Table 89. Other types of electrolyzer technologies
Table 90. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies/
Table 91. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
Table 92. Direct Seawater vs. Desalinated Water Electrolysis Comparison
Table 93. PEC vs. PV Electrolysis Pathway Comparison
Table 94. Companies developing other electrolyzer technologies
Table 95. Electrolyzer Technology Cost Comparison - 2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036 (All Technologies)
Table 96. Water Requirements for Green Hydrogen Production (2024 Analysis)
Table 97. Land Footprint for Green Hydrogen Production (Renewable Energy Electrolyzer)
Table 98. Global Electrolyzer Manufacturing Capacity - Current (2024) vs. Projected (2030, 2036)
Table 99. Global Electrolyzer Equipment Market Size, 2018-2036 (US$ Billions)
Table 100. Hydrogen Infrastructure Investment Requirements vs. Commitments (2024-2036)
Table 101. Hydrogen Transport Methods - Comprehensive Comparison (2024 Assessment)
Table 102. Existing and Planned Hydrogen Pipeline Infrastructure (2024-2036)
Table 103. Natural Gas Pipeline Repurposing Challenges and Reality
Table 104. Hydrogen Pipeline Economics - Representative 500 km Regional Project
Table 105. Road/Rail Transport Economics
Table 106. Ammonia vs. Liquid H2 Shipping - Comprehensive Comparison
Table 107. Ammonia Shipping Value Chain - Investment and Development Status (2024-2036)
Table 108. Ammonia Cracking Facility Economics
Table 109. Hydrogen Storage Technologies - Comprehensive Comparison (2024)
Table 110. Salt Cavern Hydrogen Storage Economics and Availability
Table 111. Regional Salt Cavern Storage Availability and Implications
Table 112. Depleted Gas Fields and Aquifers - Uncertain Potential
Table 113. Major Hydrogen Infrastructure Companies - Segmented by Category
Table 114. Fuel Cell Market by Application - 2024 Reality vs. 2020-2022 Projections
Table 115. PEMFC Market Segmentation and Cost Structure (2024)
Table 116. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
Table 117. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
Table 118. Classification of biomass feedstock
Table 119. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 120. Feedstock conversion pathways
Table 121. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 122. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 123. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel
Table 124. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 125. Overview of e-fuels
Table 126. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 127. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 128. Hydrogen Vehicle Market - 2024 Reality and 2036 Projections
Table 129. FCEV vs. BEV Competitive Position - Why Hydrogen Lost
Table 130. FCEV Manufacturer Status - Exits and Commitments (2024)
Table 131. Hydrogen Refueling Station Status by Region (2024)
Table 132. Heavy-Duty Truck Competition - FCEV vs. BEV vs. Diesel (2024)
Table 133. Heavy-Duty Hydrogen Truck Manufacturers and Status
Table 134. Global Ammonia Production and Hydrogen Source (2024)
Table 135. Green Ammonia Demand Drivers and Market Segments (2024-2036)
Table 136. Ammonia as Maritime Fuel - Development Timeline
Table 137. Green Ammonia Production Cost by Region (2024 vs. 2030 vs. 2036)
Table 138. Blue ammonia projects
Table 139. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 140. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 141. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 142. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 143. Global Methanol Market by Source and Application (2024)
Table 144. E-Methanol Applications (2024 vs. 2036)
Table 145. E-Methanol Production Costs by Region and CO2 Source (2024 vs. 2036)
Table 146. Maritime Fuel Competition - Methanol vs. Ammonia
Table 147. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 148. Global Steel Production by Method and Decarbonization Potential (2024)
Table 149. Steel Production Cost Comparison - BF-BOF vs. H-DRI EAF (2024 and 2036)
Table 150. Green Steel Projects and Capacity by Region (2024-2036)
Table 151. Leading Green Steel Projects
Table 152. Steelmaking Technology Comparison
Table 153. H-DRI Process Parameters and Requirements
Table 154. Green Steel Customer Segments and Premium Acceptance (2024)
Table 155. Hydrogen vs. Competing Technologies for Power Generation
Table 156. Hydrogen Power Generation Technologies
Table 157. Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) - Hydrogen vs. Alternatives
Table 158. Heating Technology Comparison - Hydrogen vs. Alternatives
Table 159. Maritime Fuel Consumption and Decarbonization Pathways (2024)
Table 160. IMO GHG Regulations and Impact
Table 161. Ammonia vs. Methanol - Detailed Maritime Fuel Comparison
Table 162. Maritime Ammonia Value Chain Investment Needs (2024-2036)
Table 163. Ammonia Propulsion Technologies for Maritime
Table 164. Rail Electrification Alternatives - Hydrogen vs. Competition
Table 165. Hydrogen Train Projects

Figure 1. Hydrogen value chain
Figure 2. Principle of a PEM electrolyser
Figure 3. Power-to-gas concept
Figure 4. Schematic of a fuel cell stack
Figure 5. High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW
Figure 6. SWOT analysis: green hydrogen
Figure 7. Types of electrolysis technologies
Figure 8. Typical Balance of Plant including Gas processing
Figure 9. Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle
Figure 10. Alkaline water electrolyzer
Figure 11. Typical system design and balance of plant for an AEM electrolyser
Figure 12. Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle
Figure 13. Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser
Figure 14. Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle
Figure 15. Typical system design and balance of plant for a solid oxide electrolyser
Figure 16. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 17. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 18. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 19. E-liquids production routes
Figure 20. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 21. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 22. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
Figure 23. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
Figure 24. Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV
Figure 25. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 26. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 27. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 28. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 29. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 30. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 31. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 32. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 33. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 34. Transition to hydrogen-based production
Figure 35. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
Figure 36. Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1
Figure 37. PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive
Figure 38. Symbiotic™ technology process
Figure 39. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell
Figure 40. Domsjö process
Figure 41. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser
Figure 42. Enapter - Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis
Figure 43. Direct MCH® process
Figure 44. FuelPositive system
Figure 45. Using electricity from solar power to produce green hydrogen
Figure 46. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process
Figure 47. Hystar PEM electrolyser
Figure 48. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 49. CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel range hydrocarbons process
Figure 50. The Plagazi ® process
Figure 51. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 52. O12 Reactor
Figure 53. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 54. CO2 made car part