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Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market, Size, Forecast 2024-2032, Industry Trends, Share, Growth, Insight, Impact of Inflation, Top Companies Analysis

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    Report

  • 230 Pages
  • April 2024
  • Region: Global
  • Renub Research
  • ID: 5952091
The global Hormone Replacement Therapy market is projected to attain a value of US$ 35.86 Billion by 2032. In 2023, the worldwide hormone replacement therapy market was appraised to be worth US$ 20.91 Billion, and it increased at a compound annual growth rate of 6.18% from 2024 to 2032.

Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Analysis

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) uses medications that contain female hormones to replenish the estrogen that the body no longer produces after menopause. HRT can help alleviate menopause symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats. It can also minimize bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women. HRT subtypes are based on naturally occurring hormones like progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone. Menopause is a frequently reported consequence of age-related hormonal changes occurring around the age of 50.

The World Population Prospects 2022 report reveals that the global population is expected to increase significantly soon. The United Nations predicts that by 2030, the world's population could reach 8.5 Billion, The world population by 2050 and 2100. Women's bodies are susceptible to hormonal changes, which can cause a various of issues such as weight gain, memory decline, fatigue, low libido, aging appearance, and muscle loss.

The NHSBSA Statistics and Data Science department reported that in 2022-23, 11 million hormone replacement therapy (HRT) items were prescribed in England, an increase of 47% from the previous year. Approximately 2.3 million patients received HRT prescriptions, a 29% increase from the prior year. The report also highlighted that patients in the least deprived areas were prescribed HRT items more than twice as frequently as those in the most deprived areas. Finally, the proportion of HRT prescriptions exempt from prescription charges increased from April 2023, a reversal of the downward trend observed since 2015-16.

Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Trends

Rising R&D and product approvals are expected to aid the growth of the hormonal therapy market. Ascendis Pharma A/S's drug SKYTROFA received market authorization in January 2022 for treating growth hormone disorders in children and adolescents. In November 2021, I-MAB Biopharma Co., Ltd. partnered with Jumpcan Pharmaceutical Group to market and develop eftansomatropin alfa, named TJ101, in China to treat pediatric growth hormone insufficiency.

The rising prevalence of menopausal symptoms and increased awareness of post-menopausal challenges are key drivers advancing the global HRT market. China's economic development and policies have increased women's awareness of self-care and participation in physical examinations. Studies have shown that menopausal symptoms are prevalent in women, with rates as high as 73.8% in community groups and perimenopausal women in rural India being more prone to symptoms compared to pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women.

The prevalence of hormonal imbalances and related disorders is increasing, leading to a rise in demand for hormone replacement therapy. This therapy involves administering synthetic or natural hormones to replace deficient levels of hormones in the body. It is particularly beneficial for individuals experiencing symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, and reduced libido. The growing awareness of its benefits and the availability of advanced hormone replacement therapies are expected to drive market growth.

United States Hormone Replacement Therapy Market

The US has the biggest market for Hormone Replacement Therapy, with rising utilization among patients over 35 years old. The availability of intensified drugs and an increase in the target population drive market growth. The rise in the release of generic hormone replacement therapy medicines and advances in drug delivery technologies are also contributing factors. NIH reports almost half of post-menopausal US women have used HRT. 1.3 Million American women enter menopause each year. Conjugated equine estrogens/bazedoxifene tablets are available for menopausal VMS treatment and osteoporosis prevention. The American Thyroid Association has predicted that over 12% of the US population will experience a thyroid disorder during their lifetime, affecting almost 20 million Americans every year. This high incidence of thyroid hormone imbalance is expected to boost the studied market in the region. Additionally, in June 2022, Astellas Pharma Inc. submitted a New Drug Application for fezolinetant, seeking approval for the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause.

Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Company News

Some of the prominent player in the Hormone Replacement Therapy Market are Abbott Laboratories, Bayer AG, Eli Lilly & Company, Novartis AG, Novo Nordisk A/S, Pfizer Inc, Abbvie Inc. (Allergan plc), Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd.
  • In February 2023, Korea’s Ministry of Food and Drug Safety approved Pfizer’s NGENLA for treating growth hormone deficiency.
  • Pfizer Inc. finished obtaining Arena Pharmaceuticals in 2022. This acquisition will prompt an upgrade in the portfolio to dermatology, cardiology, gastroenterology, and so forth.
  • In February 2022, MHLW of Japan approved NGENLA of Pfizer, Inc., and OPKO, a long-lasting pediatric growth hormone deficiency treatment. This strategic initiative helps companies expand their customer base in different geographies and boost their revenue.
  • In June 2022, Halozyme Therapeutics launched TLANDO, an oral treatment to replace endogenous testosterone in adult males with a deficiency or absence.
  • In August 2022, Akorn received FDA approval to launch its Generic-Cetrorelix Acetate Injection (0.25 mg). Cetrorelix blocks premature ovulation during ovarian stimulation, making eggs more suitable for fertilization.

Product Type - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market breakup in 5 viewpoints:

1. Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy
2. Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy
3. Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy
4. Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy
5. Progestogen Hormone Replacement Therapy

Disease Type - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market breakup in 5 viewpoints:

1. Menopause
2. Hypothyroidism
3. Male Hypogonadism
4. Growth Hormone Deficiency
5. Others

Route of Administration - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market breakup in 3 viewpoints:

1. Oral
2. Parental
3. Others

Distribution Channels - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market breakup in 3 viewpoints:

1. Hospitals Pharmacies
2. Retail Pharmacies & Stores
3. Online Pharmacies

Country - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market breakup of 25 Countries Covered in the Report:

1. North America
1.1 United States
1.2 Canada
2. Europe
2.1 France
2.2 Germany
2.3 Italy
2.4 Spain
2.5 United Kingdom
2.6 Belgium
2.7 Netherlands
2.8 Turkey
3. Asia Pacific
3.1 China
3.2 Japan
3.3 India
3.4 South Korea
3.5 Thailand
3.6 Malaysia
3.7 Indonesia
3.8 Australia
3.9 New Zealand
4. Latin America
4.1 Brazil
4.2 Mexico
4.3 Argentina
5. Middle East & Africa
5.1 Saudi Arabia
5.2 UAE
5.3 South Africa

All the key players have been covered from 3 viewpoints:

  • Overview
  • Recent Development
  • Revenue Analysis

Company Analysis:

1. Abbott Laboratories
2. Bayer AG
3. Eli Lilly & Company
4. Novartis AG
5. Novo Nordisk A/S
6. Pfizer Inc.
7. Abbvie Inc. (Allergan plc)
8. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
9. Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd

Table of Contents

1. Introduction2. Research Methodology3. Executive Summary
4. Market Dynamics
4.1 Growth Drivers
4.2 Challenges
5. Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
6. Market Share - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
6.1 By Therapy Type
6.2 By Disease Type
6.3 By Route of Administration
6.4 By Distribution Channel
6.5 By Country
7. Therapy Type - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
7.1 Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy
7.2 Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy
7.3 Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy
7.4 Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy
7.5 Progestogen Hormone Replacement Therapy
8. Disease Type - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
8.1 Menopause
8.2 Hypothyroidism
8.3 Male Hypogonadism
8.4 Growth Hormone Deficiency
8.5 Others
9. Route of Administration - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
9.1 Oral
9.2 Parental
9.3 Others
10. Distribution Channel - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
10.1 Hospitals Pharmacies
10.2 Retail Pharmacies & Stores
10.3 Online Pharmacies
11. Country - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
11.1 North America
11.1.1 United States
11.1.2 Canada
11.2 Europe
11.2.1 France
11.2.2 Germany
11.2.3 Italy
11.2.4 Spain
11.2.5 United Kingdom
11.2.6 Belgium
11.2.7 Netherlands
11.2.8 Turkey
11.3 Asia Pacific
11.3.1 China
11.3.2 Japan
11.3.3 India
11.3.4 South Korea
11.3.5 Thailand
11.3.6 Malaysia
11.3.7 Indonesia
11.3.8 Australia
11.3.9 New Zealand
11.4 Latin America
11.4.1 Brazil
11.4.2 Mexico
11.4.3 Argentina
11.5 Middle East & Africa
11.5.1 Saudi Arabia
11.5.2 UAE
11.5.3 South Africa
12. Porter’s Five Analysis - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
12.1 Bargaining Power of Buyers
12.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
12.3 Degree of Rivalry
12.4 Threat of New Entrants
12.5 Threat of Substitutes
13. SWOT Analysis - Global Hormone Replacement Therapy Market
13.1 Strength
13.2 Weakness
13.3 Opportunity
13.4 Threat
14. Company Analysis
14.1 Abbott Laboratories
14.1.1 Company Overview
14.1.2 Product Portfolio
14.1.3 Recent Development
14.1.4 Financial Performance
14.2 Bayer AG
14.2.1 Company Overview
14.2.2 Product Portfolio
14.2.3 Recent Development
14.2.4 Financial Performance
14.3 Eli Lilly & Company
14.3.1 Company Overview
14.3.2 Product Portfolio
14.3.3 Recent Development
14.3.4 Financial Performance
14.4 Novartis AG
14.4.1 Company Overview
14.4.2 Product Portfolio
14.4.3 Recent Development
14.4.4 Financial Performance
14.5 Novo Nordisk A/S
14.5.1 Company Overview
14.5.2 Product Portfolio
14.5.3 Recent Development
14.5.4 Financial Performance
14.6 Pfizer Inc.
14.6.1 Company Overview
14.6.2 Product Portfolio
14.6.3 Recent Development
14.6.4 Financial Performance
14.7 Abbvie Inc. (Allergan plc)
14.7.1 Company Overview
14.7.2 Product Portfolio
14.7.3 Recent Development
14.7.4 Financial Performance
14.8 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
14.8.1 Company Overview
14.8.2 Product Portfolio
14.8.3 Recent Development
14.8.4 Financial Performance
14.9 Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd
14.9.1 Company Overview
14.9.2 Product Portfolio
14.9.3 Recent Development
14.9.4 Financial Performance
List of Figures
Figure 01: Global - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Billion US$), 2019-2023
Figure 02: Global - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Billion US$), 2024-2032
Figure 03: Therapy Type - Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 04: Therapy Type - Forecast for Estrogen Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 05: Therapy Type - Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 06: Therapy Type - Forecast for Human Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 07: Therapy Type - Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 08: Therapy Type - Forecast for Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 09: Therapy Type - Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 10: Therapy Type - Forecast for Testosterone Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 11: Therapy Type - Progestogen Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 12: Therapy Type - Forecast for Progestogen Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 13: Disease Type - Menopause Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 14: Disease Type - Forecast for Menopause Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 15: Disease Type - Hypothyroidism Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 16: Disease Type - Forecast for Hypothyroidism Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 17: Disease Type - Male Hypogonadism Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 18: Disease Type - Forecast for Male Hypogonadism Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 19: Disease Type - Growth Hormone Deficiency Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 20: Disease Type - Forecast for Growth Hormone Deficiency Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 21: Disease Type - Others Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 22: Disease Type - Forecast for Others Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 23: Route of Administration - Oral Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 24: Route of Administration - Forecast for Oral Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 25: Route of Administration - Parental Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 26: Route of Administration - Forecast for Parental Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 27: Route of Administration - Others Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 28: Route of Administration - Forecast for Others Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 29: Distribution Channel - Hospitals Pharmacies Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 30: Distribution Channel - Forecast for Hospitals Pharmacies Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 31: Distribution Channel - Retail Pharmacies & Stores Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 32: Distribution Channel - Forecast for Retail Pharmacies & Stores Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 33: Distribution Channel - Online Pharmacies Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 34: Distribution Channel - Forecast for Online Pharmacies Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 35: United States - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 36: United States - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 37: Canada - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 38: Canada - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 39: France - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 40: France - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 41: Germany - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 42: Germany - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 43: Italy - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 44: Italy - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 45: Spain - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 46: Spain - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 47: United Kingdom - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 48: United Kingdom - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 49: Belgium - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 50: Belgium - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 51: Netherlands - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 52: Netherlands - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 53: Turkey - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 54: Turkey - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 55: China - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 56: China - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 57: Japan - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 58: Japan - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 59: India - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 60: India - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 61: South Korea - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 62: South Korea - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 63: Thailand - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 64: Thailand - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 65: Malaysia - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 66: Malaysia - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 67: Indonesia - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 68: Indonesia - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 69: Australia - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 70: Australia - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 71: New Zealand - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 72: New Zealand - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 73: Brazil - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 74: Brazil - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 75: Mexico - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 76: Mexico - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 77: Argentina - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 78: Argentina - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 79: Saudi Arabia - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 80: Saudi Arabia - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 81: UAE - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 82: UAE - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 83: South Africa - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 84: South Africa - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 85: Abbott Laboratories - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 86: Abbott Laboratories - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 87: Bayer AG - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 88: Bayer AG - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 89: Eli Lilly & Company - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 90: Eli Lilly & Company - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 91: Novartis AG - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 92: Novartis AG - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 93: Novo Nordisk A/S - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 94: Novo Nordisk A/S - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 95: Pfizer Inc. - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 96: Pfizer Inc. - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 97: Abbvie Inc. (Allergan plc) - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 98: Abbvie Inc. (Allergan plc) - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 99: Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 100: Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
Figure 101: Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd - Global Revenue (Million US$), 2019-2023
Figure 102: Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd - Forecast for Global Revenue (Million US$), 2024-2032
List of Tables
Table 01: Global - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Therapy Type (Percent), 2019-2023
Table 02: Global - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Therapy Type (Percent), 2024-2032
Table 03: Global - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Disease Type (Percent), 2019-2023
Table 04: Global - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Disease Type (Percent), 2024-2032
Table 05: Global - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Route of Administration (Percent), 2019-2023
Table 06: Global - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Route of Administration (Percent), 2024-2032
Table 07: Global - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Distribution Channel (Percent), 2019-2023
Table 08: Global - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Distribution Channel (Percent), 2024-2032
Table 09: Global - Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Countries (Percent), 2019-2023
Table 10: Global - Forecast for Hormone Replacement Therapy Market Share by Countries (Percent), 2024-2032

Companies Mentioned

  • Abbott Laboratories
  • Bayer AG
  • Eli Lilly & Company
  • Novartis AG
  • Novo Nordisk A/S
  • Pfizer Inc.
  • Abbvie Inc. (Allergan plc)
  • Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd
  • Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd

Methodology

In this report, for analyzing the future trends for the studied market during the forecast period, the publisher has incorporated rigorous statistical and econometric methods, further scrutinized by secondary, primary sources and by in-house experts, supported through their extensive data intelligence repository. The market is studied holistically from both demand and supply-side perspectives. This is carried out to analyze both end-user and producer behavior patterns, in the review period, which affects price, demand and consumption trends. As the study demands to analyze the long-term nature of the market, the identification of factors influencing the market is based on the fundamentality of the study market.

Through secondary and primary researches, which largely include interviews with industry participants, reliable statistics, and regional intelligence, are identified and are transformed to quantitative data through data extraction, and further applied for inferential purposes. The publisher's in-house industry experts play an instrumental role in designing analytic tools and models, tailored to the requirements of a particular industry segment. These analytical tools and models sanitize the data & statistics and enhance the accuracy of their recommendations and advice.

Primary Research

The primary purpose of this phase is to extract qualitative information regarding the market from the key industry leaders. The primary research efforts include reaching out to participants through mail, tele-conversations, referrals, professional networks, and face-to-face interactions. The publisher also established professional corporate relations with various companies that allow us greater flexibility for reaching out to industry participants and commentators for interviews and discussions, fulfilling the following functions:

  • Validates and improves the data quality and strengthens research proceeds
  • Further develop the analyst team’s market understanding and expertise
  • Supplies authentic information about market size, share, growth, and forecast

The researcher's primary research interview and discussion panels are typically composed of the most experienced industry members. These participants include, however, are not limited to:

  • Chief executives and VPs of leading corporations specific to the industry
  • Product and sales managers or country heads; channel partners and top level distributors; banking, investment, and valuation experts
  • Key opinion leaders (KOLs)

Secondary Research

The publisher refers to a broad array of industry sources for their secondary research, which typically includes, however, is not limited to:

  • Company SEC filings, annual reports, company websites, broker & financial reports, and investor presentations for competitive scenario and shape of the industry
  • Patent and regulatory databases for understanding of technical & legal developments
  • Scientific and technical writings for product information and related preemptions
  • Regional government and statistical databases for macro analysis
  • Authentic new articles, webcasts, and other related releases for market evaluation
  • Internal and external proprietary databases, key market indicators, and relevant press releases for market estimates and forecasts
 

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