1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Biocompatible Materials Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2023
1.5. Analyst Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
2.2.1. Drivers
2.2.2. Restraints
2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.5.1. Supply
2.5.2. Demand
2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
2.7. Economic Overview
2.7.1. World Economic Projections
2.8. PESTLE Analysis
3. Global Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
3.1. Global Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
3.1.1. Key Highlights
3.1.1.1. Polymers
3.1.1.1.1. Natural
3.1.1.1.1.1. Hyaluronic Acid
3.1.1.1.1.2. Chitosan
3.1.1.1.1.3. Hydroxyapatite
3.1.1.1.1.4. Others
3.1.1.1.2. Synthetic
3.1.1.1.2.1. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
3.1.1.1.2.2. Polyurethane
3.1.1.1.2.3. Polyester
3.1.1.1.2.4. Polytetrafluoroethylene
3.1.1.1.2.5. Silicone
3.1.1.1.2.6. Polyethylene Terephthalate
3.1.1.1.2.7. Others
3.1.1.2. Metal
3.1.1.3. Ceramic
3.1.1.4. Composites
3.2. Global Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
3.2.1. Key Highlights
3.2.1.1. Surgical & Medical Instruments
3.2.1.1.1. Brain Surgery
3.2.1.1.2. Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
3.2.1.1.3. Vascular Surgery
3.2.1.1.4. Cardiovascular Surgery
3.2.1.1.5. Others
3.2.1.2. Implants
3.2.1.2.1. Orthopedic
3.2.1.2.2. Cardiac
3.2.1.2.3. Dental
3.2.1.3. Drug Delivery
3.2.1.4. Others
3.3. Global Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
3.3.1. Key Highlights
3.3.1.1. Medical Device Manufacturers
3.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
3.3.1.3. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmaceutical Companies
3.4. Global Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
3.4.1. Key Highlights
3.4.1.1. North America
3.4.1.2. Europe
3.4.1.3. Asia Pacific
3.4.1.4. Latin America
3.4.1.5. Middle East & Africa
4. North America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
4.1. North America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.1.1. Key Highlights
4.1.1.1. Polymers
4.1.1.1.1. Natural
4.1.1.1.1.1. Hyaluronic Acid
4.1.1.1.1.2. Chitosan
4.1.1.1.1.3. Hydroxyapatite
4.1.1.1.1.4. Others
4.1.1.1.2. Synthetic
4.1.1.1.2.1. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
4.1.1.1.2.2. Polyurethane
4.1.1.1.2.3. Polyester
4.1.1.1.2.4. Polytetrafluoroethylene
4.1.1.1.2.5. Silicone
4.1.1.1.2.6. Polyethylene Terephthalate
4.1.1.1.2.7. Others
4.1.1.2. Metal
4.1.1.3. Ceramic
4.1.1.4. Composites
4.2. North America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.2.1. Key Highlights
4.2.1.1. Surgical & Medical Instruments
4.2.1.1.1. Brain Surgery
4.2.1.1.2. Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
4.2.1.1.3. Vascular Surgery
4.2.1.1.4. Cardiovascular Surgery
4.2.1.1.5. Others
4.2.1.2. Implants
4.2.1.2.1. Orthopedic
4.2.1.2.2. Cardiac
4.2.1.2.3. Dental
4.2.1.3. Drug Delivery
4.2.1.4. Others
4.3. North America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.3.1. Key Highlights
4.3.1.1. Medical Device Manufacturers
4.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
4.3.1.3. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmaceutical Companies
4.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
4.4. North America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1. Key Highlights
4.4.1.1. U.S. Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.2. U.S. Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.3. U.S. Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.4. Canada Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.5. Canada Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1.6. Canada Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5. Europe Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
5.1. Europe Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.1.1. Key Highlights
5.1.1.1. Polymers
5.1.1.1.1. Natural
5.1.1.1.1.1. Hyaluronic Acid
5.1.1.1.1.2. Chitosan
5.1.1.1.1.3. Hydroxyapatite
5.1.1.1.1.4. Others
5.1.1.1.2. Synthetic
5.1.1.1.2.1. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
5.1.1.1.2.2. Polyurethane
5.1.1.1.2.3. Polyester
5.1.1.1.2.4. Polytetrafluoroethylene
5.1.1.1.2.5. Silicone
5.1.1.1.2.6. Polyethylene Terephthalate
5.1.1.1.2.7. Others
5.1.1.2. Metal
5.1.1.3. Ceramic
5.1.1.4. Composites
5.2. Europe Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.2.1. Key Highlights
5.2.1.1. Surgical & Medical Instruments
5.2.1.1.1. Brain Surgery
5.2.1.1.2. Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
5.2.1.1.3. Vascular Surgery
5.2.1.1.4. Cardiovascular Surgery
5.2.1.1.5. Others
5.2.1.2. Implants
5.2.1.2.1. Orthopedic
5.2.1.2.2. Cardiac
5.2.1.2.3. Dental
5.2.1.3. Drug Delivery
5.2.1.4. Others
5.3. Europe Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.3.1. Key Highlights
5.3.1.1. Medical Device Manufacturers
5.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
5.3.1.3. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmaceutical Companies
5.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5.4. Europe Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1. Key Highlights
5.4.1.1. Germany Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.2. Germany Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.3. Germany Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.4. U.K. Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.5. U.K. Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.6. U.K. Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.7. France Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.8. France Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.9. France Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.10. Italy Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.11. Italy Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.12. Italy Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.13. Turkey Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.14. Turkey Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.15. Turkey Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.16. Russia Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.17. Russia Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.18. Russia Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.19. Rest of Europe Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.20. Rest of Europe Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1.21. Rest of Europe Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6. Asia Pacific Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
6.1. Asia Pacific Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.1.1. Key Highlights
6.1.1.1. Polymers
6.1.1.1.1. Natural
6.1.1.1.1.1. Hyaluronic Acid
6.1.1.1.1.2. Chitosan
6.1.1.1.1.3. Hydroxyapatite
6.1.1.1.1.4. Others
6.1.1.1.2. Synthetic
6.1.1.1.2.1. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
6.1.1.1.2.2. Polyurethane
6.1.1.1.2.3. Polyester
6.1.1.1.2.4. Polytetrafluoroethylene
6.1.1.1.2.5. Silicone
6.1.1.1.2.6. Polyethylene Terephthalate
6.1.1.1.2.7. Others
6.1.1.2. Metal
6.1.1.3. Ceramic
6.1.1.4. Composites
6.2. Asia Pacific Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.2.1. Key Highlights
6.2.1.1. Surgical & Medical Instruments
6.2.1.1.1. Brain Surgery
6.2.1.1.2. Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
6.2.1.1.3. Vascular Surgery
6.2.1.1.4. Cardiovascular Surgery
6.2.1.1.5. Others
6.2.1.2. Implants
6.2.1.2.1. Orthopedic
6.2.1.2.2. Cardiac
6.2.1.2.3. Dental
6.2.1.3. Drug Delivery
6.2.1.4. Others
6.3. Asia Pacific Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.3.1. Key Highlights
6.3.1.1. Medical Device Manufacturers
6.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
6.3.1.3. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmaceutical Companies
6.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.4. Asia Pacific Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1. Key Highlights
6.4.1.1. China Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.2. China Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.3. China Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.4. Japan Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.5. Japan Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.6. Japan Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.7. South Korea Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.8. South Korea Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.9. South Korea Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.10. India Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.11. India Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.12. India Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.13. Southeast Asia Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.14. Southeast Asia Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.15. Southeast Asia Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.16. Rest of Asia Pacific Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.17. Rest of Asia Pacific Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1.18. Rest of Asia Pacific Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. Latin America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
7.1. Latin America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.1.1. Key Highlights
7.1.1.1. Polymers
7.1.1.1.1. Natural
7.1.1.1.1.1. Hyaluronic Acid
7.1.1.1.1.2. Chitosan
7.1.1.1.1.3. Hydroxyapatite
7.1.1.1.1.4. Others
7.1.1.1.2. Synthetic
7.1.1.1.2.1. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
7.1.1.1.2.2. Polyurethane
7.1.1.1.2.3. Polyester
7.1.1.1.2.4. Polytetrafluoroethylene
7.1.1.1.2.5. Silicone
7.1.1.1.2.6. Polyethylene Terephthalate
7.1.1.1.2.7. Others
7.1.1.2. Metal
7.1.1.3. Ceramic
7.1.1.4. Composites
7.2. Latin America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.2.1. Key Highlights
7.2.1.1. Surgical & Medical Instruments
7.2.1.1.1. Brain Surgery
7.2.1.1.2. Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
7.2.1.1.3. Vascular Surgery
7.2.1.1.4. Cardiovascular Surgery
7.2.1.1.5. Others
7.2.1.2. Implants
7.2.1.2.1. Orthopedic
7.2.1.2.2. Cardiac
7.2.1.2.3. Dental
7.2.1.3. Drug Delivery
7.2.1.4. Others
7.3. Latin America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.3.1. Key Highlights
7.3.1.1. Medical Device Manufacturers
7.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
7.3.1.3. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmaceutical Companies
7.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7.4. Latin America Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1. Key Highlights
7.4.1.1. Brazil Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.2. Brazil Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.3. Brazil Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.4. Mexico Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.5. Mexico Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.6. Mexico Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.7. Argentina Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.8. Argentina Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.9. Argentina Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.10. Rest of Latin America Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.11. Rest of Latin America Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1.12. Rest of Latin America Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. Middle East & Africa Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
8.1. Middle East & Africa Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.1.1. Key Highlights
8.1.1.1. Polymers
8.1.1.1.1. Natural
8.1.1.1.1.1. Hyaluronic Acid
8.1.1.1.1.2. Chitosan
8.1.1.1.1.3. Hydroxyapatite
8.1.1.1.1.4. Others
8.1.1.1.2. Synthetic
8.1.1.1.2.1. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
8.1.1.1.2.2. Polyurethane
8.1.1.1.2.3. Polyester
8.1.1.1.2.4. Polytetrafluoroethylene
8.1.1.1.2.5. Silicone
8.1.1.1.2.6. Polyethylene Terephthalate
8.1.1.1.2.7. Others
8.1.1.2. Metal
8.1.1.3. Ceramic
8.1.1.4. Composites
8.2. Middle East & Africa Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.2.1. Key Highlights
8.2.1.1. Surgical & Medical Instruments
8.2.1.1.1. Brain Surgery
8.2.1.1.2. Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
8.2.1.1.3. Vascular Surgery
8.2.1.1.4. Cardiovascular Surgery
8.2.1.1.5. Others
8.2.1.2. Implants
8.2.1.2.1. Orthopedic
8.2.1.2.2. Cardiac
8.2.1.2.3. Dental
8.2.1.3. Drug Delivery
8.2.1.4. Others
8.3. Middle East & Africa Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.3.1. Key Highlights
8.3.1.1. Medical Device Manufacturers
8.3.1.2. Academic and Research Institutes
8.3.1.3. Biopharmaceutical & Pharmaceutical Companies
8.3.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.4. Middle East & Africa Biocompatible Materials Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1. Key Highlights
8.4.1.1. GCC Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.2. GCC Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.3. GCC Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.4. South Africa Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.5. South Africa Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.6. South Africa Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.7. Egypt Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.8. Egypt Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.9. Egypt Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.10. Nigeria Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.11. Nigeria Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.12. Nigeria Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.13. Rest of Middle East & Africa Biocompatible Materials Market by Material, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.14. Rest of Middle East & Africa Biocompatible Materials Market by Application, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1.15. Rest of Middle East & Africa Biocompatible Materials Market by End User, Value (US$ Mn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Competitive Landscape
9.1. By Material vs by Application Heat map
9.2. Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
9.3. Competitive Dashboard
9.4. Company Profiles
9.4.1. Dupont
9.4.1.1. Company Overview
9.4.1.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.1.3. Financial Overview
9.4.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.2. Ensinger
9.4.2.1. Company Overview
9.4.2.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.2.3. Financial Overview
9.4.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.3. Stratasys Ltd.
9.4.3.1. Company Overview
9.4.3.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.3.3. Financial Overview
9.4.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.4. Covestro AG
9.4.4.1. Company Overview
9.4.4.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.4.3. Financial Overview
9.4.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.5. Foster Corporation
9.4.5.1. Company Overview
9.4.5.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.5.3. Financial Overview
9.4.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.6. Merck KGaA
9.4.6.1. Company Overview
9.4.6.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.6.3. Financial Overview
9.4.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.7. BASF SE (Exxon Mobil Corporation)
9.4.7.1. Company Overview
9.4.7.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.7.3. Financial Overview
9.4.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.8. Wacker Chemie AG
9.4.8.1. Company Overview
9.4.8.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.8.3. Financial Overview
9.4.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.9. Celanese Corporation
9.4.9.1. Company Overview
9.4.9.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.9.3. Financial Overview
9.4.9.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.10. Royal DSM
9.4.10.1. Company Overview
9.4.10.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.10.3. Financial Overview
9.4.10.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.11. Evonik Industries AG
9.4.11.1. Company Overview
9.4.11.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.11.3. Financial Overview
9.4.11.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.12. Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd.
9.4.12.1. Company Overview
9.4.12.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.12.3. Financial Overview
9.4.12.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.4.13. Henkel AG &Co.
9.4.13.1. Company Overview
9.4.13.2. Product Portfolio
9.4.13.3. Financial Overview
9.4.13.4. Business Strategies and Development
10. Appendix
10.1.Research Methodology
10.2.Report Assumptions
10.3.Acronyms and Abbreviations